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{{Short description|Superfamily of flies}}
{{Taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| image =Tethina_lusitanica.jpg
| image =Tethina_lusitanica.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Tethina lusitanica]]'' from family [[Canacidae]]
| image_caption = ''[[Tethina lusitanica]]'' from family [[Canacidae]]
| display_parents = 2
| name = Carnoidea
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| taxon = Carnoidea
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis = [[Insecta]]
| ordo = [[Diptera]]
| subordo = [[Brachycera]]
| zoosectio = [[Schizophora]]
| zoosubsectio = [[Acalyptratae]]
| superfamilia = '''Carnoidea'''
| subdivision_ranks = Families
| subdivision_ranks = Families
| subdivision = *[[Acartophthalmidae]]
| subdivision = *[[Acartophthalmidae]]
Line 18: Line 12:
*[[Carnidae]]
*[[Carnidae]]
*[[Chloropidae]] - frit flies
*[[Chloropidae]] - frit flies
*[[Cryptochaetidae]]
*[[Inbiomyiidae]]
*[[Inbiomyiidae]]
*[[Milichiidae]]
*[[Milichiidae]]
*[[Tethinidae]]
}}
}}


'''Carnoidea''' are a [[Family (biology)|superfamily]] of [[Acalyptratae]] [[Fly|flies]].
'''Carnoidea''' is a [[Family (biology)|superfamily]] of [[Acalyptratae]] [[Fly|flies]].


== Description ==
⚫
==External links==
In general, member of Carnoidea are small flies no more than a few millimetres long.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Family Canacidae |url=https://bugguide.net/node/view/746961 |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=bugguide.net}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Diptera {{!}} What Bug Is That? |url=https://anic.csiro.au/insectfamilies/biota_details.aspx?OrderID=26547&BiotaID=46347&PageID=families |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=anic.csiro.au}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Buck |first=Matthias |date=2006 |title=A new family and genus of acalypterate flies from the Neotropical region, with a phylogenetic analysis of Carnoidea family relationships (Diptera, Schizophora): A new family and genus of acalypterate flies |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-3113.2006.00328.x |journal=Systematic Entomology |language=en |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=377–404 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-3113.2006.00328.x|s2cid=86429320 }}</ref>
⚫
*[http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/Diptera/carnid/ca-home.html Carnidae Online], Dedicated website


Carnoidea is a poorly defined superfamily. In 1989, ten [[Apomorphy and synapomorphy|synapomorphies]] were described for the group,<ref>{{Cite book |last=F. |first=McAlpine, J. |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1066994117 |title=Manual of Nearctic Diptera, vol. 3. |date=1989 |publisher=Dept. of Agriculture, Research Branch |isbn=0-660-12961-2 |pages=1397–1518 |oclc=1066994117}}</ref> but most of these have later been challenged. As of 2006, the following synapomorphies were described: uppermost fronto-orbital bristle(s) of the head is exclinate; phallus of the male is flexible, unsclerotized, simple and elongate; and phallus is microtrichose.<ref name=":1" />
⚫
{{Diptera|2}}


== Ecology ==
[[Category:Flies]]
Braulidae are associated with [[Honey bee|honey bees]], with larvae developing in [[beeswax]] while adults attach to bees and feed from bee mouthparts.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Ebejer |first=M. J. |date=2012 |title=Diptera Carnoidea of the Maltese Islands |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/298011221 |journal=Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Malta |volume=5 |pages=73–76}}</ref>


Canacidae adults are mainly found on seashore habitats such as beaches, [[Estuary|estuarine]] tidal flats, wave-swept rocks and [[Mangrove|mangroves]]. Little is known about their larvae, but they are believed to mainly feed on [[algae]] in the intertidal zone.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diptera {{!}} What Bug Is That? |url=https://anic.csiro.au/insectfamilies/biota_details.aspx?OrderID=26547&BiotaID=46349&PageID=families |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=anic.csiro.au}}</ref> Australimyzidae are also found on seashores, being associated with dead or decaying plant matter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Factsheet: Australasian coastal fly- Australimyza sp. |url=https://nzacfactsheets.landcareresearch.co.nz/factsheet/InterestingInsects/Australasian-coastal-fly---Australimyza-sp.html |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=nzacfactsheets.landcareresearch.co.nz}}</ref>
{{fly-stub}}

Carnidae are [[Scavenger|scavengers]] found in various kinds of plant matter, animal dung, carrion and vertebrate nests. Milichiidae are also scavengers and most occur in a range of habitats, though some are restricted to ant nests, bee nests or bat dung in caves.<ref name=":2" />

Chloropidae are more varied in their larval ecology, including scavengers, [[Herbivore|herbivores]] in plant shoots and stems (these may be largely [[Microbivory|bacterial feeders]]), parasites feeding on frog blood, and [[Predation|predators]] of insect or spider eggs.<ref name=":0" />

Adults of Inbiomyiidae are believed to be microbial grazers, as dissections have found fungal, algal and probably bacterial material in their guts. The larvae are unknown.<ref name=":1" />

== Phylogeny ==
Australimyzidae and Inbiomyiidae are [[Sister group|sister groups]], meaning they are more closely related to each other than to any other family.<ref name=":1" />

Carnoidea may not be a [[Monophyly|monophyletic]] group. One molecular analysis found that its constituent families are more closely related to members of other superfamilies, such as Braulidae to [[Drosophilidae]] (superfamily [[Ephydroidea]]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bayless |first1=Keith M. |last2=Trautwein |first2=Michelle D. |last3=Meusemann |first3=Karen |last4=Shin |first4=Seunggwan |last5=Petersen |first5=Malte |last6=Donath |first6=Alexander |last7=Podsiadlowski |first7=Lars |last8=Mayer |first8=Christoph |last9=Niehuis |first9=Oliver |last10=Peters |first10=Ralph S. |last11=Meier |first11=Rudolf |date=2021-02-08 |title=Beyond Drosophila: resolving the rapid radiation of schizophoran flies with phylotranscriptomics |journal=BMC Biology |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=23 |doi=10.1186/s12915-020-00944-8 |issn=1741-7007 |pmc=7871583 |pmid=33557827 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

⚫
==External links==
⚫
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061017161643/http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/Diptera/carnid/ca-home.html Carnidae Online], Dedicated website

⚫
{{Diptera|2}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1617301}}


[[it:Carnoidea]]
[[Category:Carnoidea| ]]
[[Category:Diptera superfamilies]]
[[no:Carnoidea]]
[[ru:Carnoidea]]
[[vi:Carnoidea]]

Latest revision as of 01:59, 3 December 2023

Carnoidea
Tethina lusitanica from family Canacidae
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Diptera
Section: Schizophora
Subsection: Acalyptratae
Superfamily: Carnoidea
Families

Carnoidea is a superfamily of Acalyptratae flies.

Description[edit]

In general, member of Carnoidea are small flies no more than a few millimetres long.[1][2][3]

Carnoidea is a poorly defined superfamily. In 1989, ten synapomorphies were described for the group,[4] but most of these have later been challenged. As of 2006, the following synapomorphies were described: uppermost fronto-orbital bristle(s) of the head is exclinate; phallus of the male is flexible, unsclerotized, simple and elongate; and phallus is microtrichose.[3]

Ecology[edit]

Braulidae are associated with honey bees, with larvae developing in beeswax while adults attach to bees and feed from bee mouthparts.[5]

Canacidae adults are mainly found on seashore habitats such as beaches, estuarine tidal flats, wave-swept rocks and mangroves. Little is known about their larvae, but they are believed to mainly feed on algae in the intertidal zone.[6] Australimyzidae are also found on seashores, being associated with dead or decaying plant matter.[7]

Carnidae are scavengers found in various kinds of plant matter, animal dung, carrion and vertebrate nests. Milichiidae are also scavengers and most occur in a range of habitats, though some are restricted to ant nests, bee nests or bat dung in caves.[5]

Chloropidae are more varied in their larval ecology, including scavengers, herbivores in plant shoots and stems (these may be largely bacterial feeders), parasites feeding on frog blood, and predators of insect or spider eggs.[2]

Adults of Inbiomyiidae are believed to be microbial grazers, as dissections have found fungal, algal and probably bacterial material in their guts. The larvae are unknown.[3]

Phylogeny[edit]

Australimyzidae and Inbiomyiidae are sister groups, meaning they are more closely related to each other than to any other family.[3]

Carnoidea may not be a monophyletic group. One molecular analysis found that its constituent families are more closely related to members of other superfamilies, such as Braulidae to Drosophilidae (superfamily Ephydroidea).[8]

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Family Canacidae". bugguide.net. Retrieved 2022-11-01.
  2. ^ a b "Diptera | What Bug Is That?". anic.csiro.au. Retrieved 2022-11-01.
  3. ^ a b c d Buck, Matthias (2006). "A new family and genus of acalypterate flies from the Neotropical region, with a phylogenetic analysis of Carnoidea family relationships (Diptera, Schizophora): A new family and genus of acalypterate flies". Systematic Entomology. 31 (3): 377–404. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3113.2006.00328.x. S2CID 86429320.
  4. ^ F., McAlpine, J. (1989). Manual of Nearctic Diptera, vol. 3. Dept. of Agriculture, Research Branch. pp. 1397–1518. ISBN 0-660-12961-2. OCLC 1066994117.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ a b Ebejer, M. J. (2012). "Diptera Carnoidea of the Maltese Islands". Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Malta. 5: 73–76.
  6. ^ "Diptera | What Bug Is That?". anic.csiro.au. Retrieved 2022-11-01.
  7. ^ "Factsheet: Australasian coastal fly- Australimyza sp". nzacfactsheets.landcareresearch.co.nz. Retrieved 2022-11-01.
  8. ^ Bayless, Keith M.; Trautwein, Michelle D.; Meusemann, Karen; Shin, Seunggwan; Petersen, Malte; Donath, Alexander; Podsiadlowski, Lars; Mayer, Christoph; Niehuis, Oliver; Peters, Ralph S.; Meier, Rudolf (2021-02-08). "Beyond Drosophila: resolving the rapid radiation of schizophoran flies with phylotranscriptomics". BMC Biology. 19 (1): 23. doi:10.1186/s12915-020-00944-8. ISSN 1741-7007. PMC 7871583. PMID 33557827.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carnoidea&oldid=1188051948"