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{{Short description|Extinct family of ground sloths}}
{{Short description|Extinct family of ground sloths}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = [[Oligocene|Late Oligocene]] ([[Deseadan]])-[[Holocene|Early Holocene Pleistocene]] ([[Lujanian]])<br />~{{fossilrange|23|0.011}}
| fossil_range = [[Oligocene|Late Oligocene]] ([[Deseadan]])-[[Holocene|Early Holocene]] ([[Lujanian]])<br />~{{fossilrange|29|0.008}}
| image = Eremotherium.jpg
| image = Eremotherium.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Eremotherium]]'' skeleton, [[National Museum of Natural History|NMNH]], [[Washington, DC]].
| image_caption = ''[[Eremotherium]]'' skeleton, [[National Museum of Natural History|NMNH]], [[Washington, DC]].
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| authority = [[J. E. Gray]] 1821
| authority = [[J. E. Gray]] 1821
| type_genus = †[[Megatherium|Megatherium americanum]]
| type_genus = †[[Megatherium|Megatherium americanum]]
| subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
| subdivision_ranks = Subgroups
| subdivision = * †''[[Thalassocnus]]''?<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Eli Amson |author2=Christian de Muizon |author3=Timothy J. Gaudin |year=2017 |title=A reappraisal of the phylogeny of the Megatheria (Mammalia: Tardigrada), with an emphasis on the relationships of the Thalassocninae, the marine sloths |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=179 |issue=1 |pages=217–236 |doi=10.1111/zoj.12450 |url=http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01331193/file/Amson_2016_A_reappraisal_of.pdf |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Varela2019">{{cite journal|last1= Varela|first1= L.|last2= Tambusso|first2= P.S.|last3= McDonald|first3= H.G.|last4= Fariña|first4= R.A.|last5= Fieldman|first5= M.|title= Phylogeny, Macroevolutionary Trends and Historical Biogeography of Sloths: Insights From a Bayesian Morphological Clock Analysis|journal= Systematic Biology|volume= 68|issue= 2|year= 2019|pages= 204–218|doi= 10.1093/sysbio/syy058|pmid= 30239971}}</ref>
| subdivision = See text
*†'''Planopsinae'''
** †''[[Planops]]''
** †''[[Prepoplanops]]''
** †''[[Prepotherium]]''
** †''[[Proprepotherium]]''
*†[[Megatheriinae]]
}}
}}
[[File:Ground Sloth (hand).jpg|thumb|right|Closeup of hand, showing claws]]
[[File:Ground Sloth (hand).jpg|thumb|right|Closeup of hand, showing claws]]
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'''Megatheriidae''' is a family of [[Extinction|extinct]] [[ground sloth]]s that lived from approximately 23 [[Annum|mya]]—11,000 years ago.<ref>[http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=43608& Paleobiology Database: Megatheriidae]</ref>
'''Megatheriidae''' is a family of [[Extinction|extinct]] [[ground sloth]]s that lived from approximately 23 [[Annum|mya]]—11,000 years ago.<ref>[http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=43608& Paleobiology Database: Megatheriidae]</ref>


Megatheriids appeared during the [[Oligocene|Late Oligocene]] ([[Deseadan]] in the [[South American land mammal age|SALMA classification]]), some 23 million years ago, in [[South America]]. The group includes the heavily built ''[[Megatherium]]'' (given its name 'great beast' by [[Georges Cuvier]]<ref>G. Cuvier (1796)</ref>) and ''[[Eremotherium]]''. An early megatheriid, the more slightly built ''[[Hapalops]]'', reached a length of about {{convert|1.2|m|ft}}. The nothrotheres have recently been placed in their own family, [[Nothrotheriidae]].<ref name = "Muizen2004a">{{cite journal
Megatheriids appeared during the [[Oligocene|Late Oligocene]] ([[Deseadan]] in the [[South American land mammal age|SALMA classification]]), some 29 million years ago, in [[South America]]. The group includes the heavily built ''[[Megatherium]]'' (given its name 'great beast' by [[Georges Cuvier]]<ref>G. Cuvier (1796)</ref>) and ''[[Eremotherium]]''. An early genus that was originally considered a megatheriid, the more slightly built ''[[Hapalops]]'', reached a length of about {{convert|1.2|m|ft}}. The nothrotheres have recently been placed in their own family, [[Nothrotheriidae]].<ref name = "Muizen2004a">{{cite journal
| last = Muizon
| last = Muizon
| first = C. de
| first = C. de
Line 28: Line 35:
| url = http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1671/2429a
| url = http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1671/2429a
| doi = 10.1671/2429a
| doi = 10.1671/2429a
| bibcode = 2004JVPal..24..387D
| s2cid = 83732878
| s2cid = 83732878
| accessdate = 2009-01-29}}</ref>
| accessdate = 2009-01-29}}</ref>
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The skeletal structure of these ground sloths indicates that the animals were massive. Their thick [[bone]]s and even thicker [[joint]]s (especially those on the hind legs) gave their appendages tremendous power that, combined with their size and fearsome [[claw]]s, provided a formidable defense against predators.
The skeletal structure of these ground sloths indicates that the animals were massive. Their thick [[bone]]s and even thicker [[joint]]s (especially those on the hind legs) gave their appendages tremendous power that, combined with their size and fearsome [[claw]]s, provided a formidable defense against predators.


The earliest megatheriid in [[North America]] was ''Eremotherium eomigrans'' which arrived 2.2 million years ago, after crossing the recently formed [[Panama]]nian land bridge. At more than five tons in weight, 6 meters in length, and able to reach as high as {{convert|17|ft|m}}, it was taller than an [[African bush elephant]] bull. Unlike relatives, this species retained a [[plesiomorph]]ic extra claw. While other species of ''Eremotherium'' had four fingers with only two or three claws, ''E. eomigrans'' had five fingers, four of them with claws up to nearly a foot long.<ref>De Iuliis and Cartelle (1999)</ref>
The earliest megatheriid in [[North America]] was ''[[Sibotherium]]'' which arrived 5.3 million years ago, after crossing the recently formed [[Panama]]nian land bridge. At more than five tons in weight, {{convert|6|m|ft}} in length, and able to reach as high as {{convert|17|ft|m|order=flip}}, ''[[Eremotherium]]'' was taller than an [[African bush elephant]] bull. Unlike relatives, this species retained a [[plesiomorph]]ic extra claw. While other species of ''Eremotherium'' had four fingers with only two or three claws, ''E. eomigrans'' had five fingers, four of them with claws up to nearly {{convert|1|ft|cm|order=flip}} long.<ref>De Iuliis and Cartelle (1999)</ref>

== Classification ==
''[[Proschismotherium]]''
'''Family †Megatheriidae {{small|Gray 1821}}'''
* Subfamily †[[Megatheriinae]]
** Tribe †[[Megatheriini]]
*** Subtribe †[[Prepotheriina]]
**** Genus †''[[Proprepotherium]]''
**** Genus †''[[Planops]]''
**** Genus †''[[Prepotherium]]''
*** Subtribe †[[Megatheriina]]
**** Genus †''[[Megathericulus]]''
**** Genus †''[[Promegatherium]]''
**** Genus †''[[Plesiomegatherium]]''
**** Genus †''[[Megatheridium]]''
**** Genus †''[[Pyramiodontherium]]''
**** Genus †''[[Megatherium]]''
**** Genus †''[[Eremotherium]]''<!-- Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 4 (2): 199–209 -->
**** Genus †''[[Ocnopus]]''
**** Genus †''[[Perezfontanatherium]]''
* ?Subfamily †[[Schismotheriinae]]<ref>However, a phylogenetic study conducted by Amson, de Muizon & Gaudin (2017) indicates that at least the genera ''Schismotherium'', ''Pelecyodon'', ''Analcimorphus'' and ''Hapaloides'' do not belong to the family Megatheriidae, or even to the group Megatheria (containing the families Megatheriidae and [[Nothrotheriidae]]). See: {{cite journal |author1=Eli Amson |author2=Christian de Muizon |author3=Timothy J. Gaudin |year=2017 |title=A reappraisal of the phylogeny of the Megatheria (Mammalia: Tardigrada), with an emphasis on the relationships of the Thalassocninae, the marine sloths |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=179 |issue=1 |pages=217–236 |doi=10.1111/zoj.12450 |url=http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01331193/file/Amson_2016_A_reappraisal_of.pdf |doi-access=free }}</ref>
** Genus †''[[Hapaloides]]''
** Genus †''[[Schismotherium]]''
** Genus †''[[Hapalops]]''
** Genus †''[[Pelecyodon]]''
** Genus †''[[Parapelecyodon]]''
** Genus †''[[Analcimorphus]]''
** Genus †''[[Hyperleptus]]''
** Genus †''[[Neohapalops]]''
* ?Subfamily †[[Thalassocninae]]<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Eli Amson |author2=Christian de Muizon |author3=Timothy J. Gaudin |year=2017 |title=A reappraisal of the phylogeny of the Megatheria (Mammalia: Tardigrada), with an emphasis on the relationships of the Thalassocninae, the marine sloths |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=179 |issue=1 |pages=217–236 |doi=10.1111/zoj.12450 |url=http://hal.upmc.fr/hal-01331193/file/Amson_2016_A_reappraisal_of.pdf |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Varela2019">{{cite journal|last1= Varela|first1= L.|last2= Tambusso|first2= P.S.|last3= McDonald|first3= H.G.|last4= Fariña|first4= R.A.|last5= Fieldman|first5= M.|title= Phylogeny, Macroevolutionary Trends and Historical Biogeography of Sloths: Insights From a Bayesian Morphological Clock Analysis|journal= Systematic Biology|volume= 68|issue= 2|year= 2019|pages= 204–218|doi= 10.1093/sysbio/syy058|pmid= 30239971}}</ref>
** Genus †''[[Thalassocnus]]''


== Phylogeny ==
== Phylogeny ==
{{Phylogeny/Megatherioidea}}
The following sloth family phylogenetic tree is based on collagen and mitochondrial DNA sequence data (see Fig. 4 of Presslee ''et al''., 2019).<ref name="Presslee2019">{{cite journal|last1= Presslee|first1= S.|last2= Slater|first2=G. J.|last3= Pujos|first3= F.|last4= Forasiepi|first4=A. M.|last5= Fischer|first5= R.|last6= Molloy|first6= K.|last7= Mackie|first7= M.|last8= Olsen|first8=J. V.|last9= Kramarz|first9= A.|last10= Taglioretti|first10= M.|last11= Scaglia|first11= F.|last12= Lezcano|first12= M.|last13= Lanata|first13=J. L.|last14= Southon|first14= J.|last15= Feranec|first15= R.|last16= Bloch|first16= J.|last17= Hajduk|first17= A.|last18= Martin|first18=F. M.|last19= Gismondi|first19= R. S.|last20= Reguero|first20 =M.|last21=de Muizon|first21= C.|last22= Greenwood|first22= A.|last23= Chait|first23=B. T.|last24= Penkman|first24= K.|author24-link= Kirsty Penkman |last25= Collins|first25= M.|last26= MacPhee|first26= R.D.E.|title= Palaeoproteomics resolves sloth relationships|journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution|volume= 3|issue= 7|pages= 1121–1130|year= 2019|doi= 10.1038/s41559-019-0909-z|pmid= 31171860|s2cid= 174813630|url= http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/147061/1/5426_3_merged_1554730549.pdf}}</ref>


The following phylogeny is based on Varela ''et al''. 2019.<ref name="Varela2018">{{cite journal|last1= Varela|first1= L.|last2= Tambusso|first2=P. S.|last3= McDonald|first3= H. G.|last4= Fariña|first4=R. A.|title= Phylogeny, Macroevolutionary Trends and Historical Biogeography of Sloths: Insights From a Bayesian Morphological Clock Analysis|volume=68|issue= 2|pages= 204–218|journal= Systematic Biology|year= 2018|doi= 10.1093/sysbio/syy058|pmid= 30239971}}</ref>
{{clade | style = font-size: 100%;line-height:100%

| label1 = &nbsp; [[Folivora]] &nbsp;
{{clade| style=font-size:75%;line-height:75%
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Sloth|Folivora]]
|1=[[Megalocnidae]]† (Caribbean sloths)
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pseudoglyptodon]]''
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|label1=Bradypodidae&nbsp;
|label2=Eufolivora&nbsp;
|1=''[[Bradypus]]''
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Mylodontidae]]&nbsp;
|label2=[[Megatherioidea]]&nbsp;
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Nematherium]]''
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Scelidotheriinae]]&nbsp;
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Analcitherium]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Neonematherium]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Sibyllotherium]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Proscelidodon]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Catonyx]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Scelidotherium]]''
|2=''[[Valgipes]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pseudoprepotherium]]''
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Orophodontinae]]?&nbsp;
|label2=[[Mylodontinae]]&nbsp;
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1 = &nbsp; [[Nothrotheriidae]] &nbsp;
|1=''[[Brievabradys]]''
|label2 = &nbsp; '''Megatheriidae''' &nbsp;
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Nothrotheriops|Nothrotheriops shastensis]]''† &nbsp; &nbsp;
|1=''[[Octodontotherium]]''
|2=''[[Megatherium|Megatherium americanum]]''†
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Paroctodontotherium]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Octomylodon]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Urumacotherium]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Baraguatherium]]''
|2=''[[Octodontobradys]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Mylodon]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Thinobadistes]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Lestodon]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Lestobradys]]''
|2=''[[Bolivartherium]]''
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Simomylodon]]''
|2=''[[Pleurolestodon]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Glossotherium]]''
|2=''[[Paramylodon]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Schismotherium]]''
|2=''[[Pelecyodon]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Megalonychidae]]&nbsp;
|label2=[[Megatheria]]&nbsp;
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Hapalops]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Hyperleptus]]''
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|label1 = &nbsp; [[Megalonychidae]] &nbsp;
|1=''[[Eucholoeops]]''
|2={{clade
|label2 = [[Bradypodidae]]<br/>&nbsp; (three-fingered sloths) &nbsp;
|1=''[[Megalonyx|Megalonyx jeffersoni]]''†
|1=''[[Pseudortotherium]]''
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Bradypus torquatus|B. torquatus]]''
|1=''[[Megalonychotherium]]''
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Megalonychinae]]&nbsp;
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Pliometanastes]]''
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Bradypus pygmaeus|B. pygmaeus]]''
|1=''[[Megalonyx]]''
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Bradypus tridactylus|B. tridactylus]]''
|1=''[[Australonyx]]''
|2=''[[Bradypus variegatus|B. variegatus]]''
|2={{clade
}}
|1=''[[Megistonyx]]''
|2=''[[Ahytherium]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pliomorphus]]''
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Megalocninae]]&nbsp;
|label2=[[Choloepodinae]]&nbsp;
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Megalocnus]]''
|2=''[[Parocnus]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Acratocnus]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Neocnus]]''
|2=''[[Choloepus]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1=[[Scelidotheriidae]]†
|1=''[[Analcimorphus]]''
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Nothrotheriidae]]&nbsp;
|label2='''Megatheriidae'''&nbsp;
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Thalassocninae]]&nbsp;
|label2=[[Nothrotheriinae]]&nbsp;
|1=''[[Thalassocnus]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Lakukullus]]''
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Mionothropus]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Nothrotherium]]''
|2=''[[Nothrotheriops]]''
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pronothrotherium]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Aymaratherium]]''
|2=''[[Xyophorus]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1=[[Choloepodidae]] (two-fingered sloths)
|label1=[[Planopsinae]]&nbsp;
|2=[[Mylodontidae]]†
|label2=[[Megatheriinae]]&nbsp;
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Prepoplanops]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Planops]]''
|2=''[[Prepotherium]]''
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Diabolotherium]]''
|2=''[[Megathericulus]]''
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Anisodontherium]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Pyramiodontherium]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Proeremotherium]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Eremotherium]]''
|2=''[[Megatherium]]''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|grouplabelstyle1=vertical-align:left;
|grouplabel1={{clade label|'''Megatherioidea'''|color=red|width=8em}}
|bar1=red
|grouplabel2={{clade label|'''Mylodontoidea'''|color=green|width=7.5em}}
|bar2=green
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}


== References ==
== References ==
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[[Category:Prehistoric sloths| ]]
[[Category:Prehistoric sloths| ]]
[[Category:Prehistoric mammal families]]
[[Category:Prehistoric mammal families]]
[[Category:Oligocene xenarthrans| ]]
[[Category:Miocene xenarthrans| ]]
[[Category:Miocene xenarthrans| ]]
[[Category:Pliocene xenarthrans| ]]
[[Category:Pliocene xenarthrans| ]]
[[Category:Pleistocene xenarthrans| ]]
[[Category:Pleistocene xenarthrans| ]]
[[Category:Rupelian first appearances]]
[[Category:Burdigalian first appearances]]
[[Category:Pleistocene extinctions]]
[[Category:Holocene extinctions]]
[[Category:Paleogene mammals of South America]]
[[Category:Neogene mammals of South America]]
[[Category:Neogene mammals of South America]]
[[Category:Neogene mammals of North America]]
[[Category:Pleistocene mammals of South America]]
[[Category:Pleistocene mammals of South America]]
[[Category:Pleistocene mammals of North America]]
[[Category:Pleistocene mammals of North America]]

Latest revision as of 00:20, 1 April 2024

Megatheriidae
Temporal range: Late Oligocene (Deseadan)-Early Holocene (Lujanian)
~29–0.008 Ma
Eremotherium skeleton, NMNH, Washington, DC.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Pilosa
Clade: †Megatheria
Family: †Megatheriidae
J. E. Gray 1821
Type genus
†Megatherium americanum
Subgroups
Closeup of hand, showing claws
Closeup of skull

Megatheriidae is a family of extinct ground sloths that lived from approximately 23 mya—11,000 years ago.[3]

Megatheriids appeared during the Late Oligocene (Deseadan in the SALMA classification), some 29 million years ago, in South America. The group includes the heavily built Megatherium (given its name 'great beast' by Georges Cuvier[4]) and Eremotherium. An early genus that was originally considered a megatheriid, the more slightly built Hapalops, reached a length of about 1.2 metres (3.9 ft). The nothrotheres have recently been placed in their own family, Nothrotheriidae.[5]

The skeletal structure of these ground sloths indicates that the animals were massive. Their thick bones and even thicker joints (especially those on the hind legs) gave their appendages tremendous power that, combined with their size and fearsome claws, provided a formidable defense against predators.

The earliest megatheriid in North America was Sibotherium which arrived 5.3 million years ago, after crossing the recently formed Panamanian land bridge. At more than five tons in weight, 6 metres (20 ft) in length, and able to reach as high as 5.2 metres (17 ft), Eremotherium was taller than an African bush elephant bull. Unlike relatives, this species retained a plesiomorphic extra claw. While other species of Eremotherium had four fingers with only two or three claws, E. eomigrans had five fingers, four of them with claws up to nearly 30 centimetres (1 ft) long.[6]

Phylogeny[edit]

The following sloth family phylogenetic tree is based on collagen and mitochondrial DNA sequence data (see Fig. 4 of Presslee et al., 2019).[7]

Folivora

The following phylogeny is based on Varela et al. 2019.[8]

Folivora

Pseudoglyptodon

Bradypodidae 

Bradypus

Eufolivora 
Mylodontidae 
Megatherioidea 

References[edit]

  1. ^ Eli Amson; Christian de Muizon; Timothy J. Gaudin (2017). "A reappraisal of the phylogeny of the Megatheria (Mammalia: Tardigrada), with an emphasis on the relationships of the Thalassocninae, the marine sloths" (PDF). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 179 (1): 217–236. doi:10.1111/zoj.12450.
  2. ^ Varela, L.; Tambusso, P.S.; McDonald, H.G.; Fariña, R.A.; Fieldman, M. (2019). "Phylogeny, Macroevolutionary Trends and Historical Biogeography of Sloths: Insights From a Bayesian Morphological Clock Analysis". Systematic Biology. 68 (2): 204–218. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syy058. PMID 30239971.
  3. ^ Paleobiology Database: Megatheriidae
  4. ^ G. Cuvier (1796)
  5. ^ Muizon, C. de; McDonald, H. G.; Salas, R.; Urbina, M. (June 2004). "The Youngest Species of the Aquatic Sloth Thalassocnus and a Reassessment of the Relationships of the Nothrothere Sloths (Mammalia: Xenarthra)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24 (2). Society of Vertebrate Paleontology: 387–397. Bibcode:2004JVPal..24..387D. doi:10.1671/2429a. S2CID 83732878. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  6. ^ De Iuliis and Cartelle (1999)
  7. ^ Presslee, S.; Slater, G. J.; Pujos, F.; Forasiepi, A. M.; Fischer, R.; Molloy, K.; et al. (2019). "Palaeoproteomics resolves sloth relationships" (PDF). Nature Ecology & Evolution. 3 (7): 1121–1130. Bibcode:2019NatEE...3.1121P. doi:10.1038/s41559-019-0909-z. PMID 31171860. S2CID 174813630. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 September 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
  8. ^ Varela, L.; Tambusso, P. S.; McDonald, H. G.; Fariña, R. A. (2018). "Phylogeny, Macroevolutionary Trends and Historical Biogeography of Sloths: Insights From a Bayesian Morphological Clock Analysis". Systematic Biology. 68 (2): 204–218. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syy058. PMID 30239971.

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Megatheriidae&oldid=1216603965"