Myrsine: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}} |
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{{taxobox |
{{Automatic taxobox |
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|image = Myrsine alyxifolia5.jpg |
|image = Myrsine alyxifolia5.jpg |
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|image_caption = ''Myrsine alyxifolia'' |
|image_caption = ''Myrsine alyxifolia'' |
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|regnum = [[Plantae]] |
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|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] (1753) |
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|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]] |
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|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] |
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|unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]] |
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|subdivision_ref = <ref name = powo>[https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:27339-1 ''Myrsine'' L.] ''[[Plants of the World Online]]''. Retrieved 5 October 2023.</ref> |
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|ordo = [[Ericales]] |
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|familia = [[Myrsinaceae]] |
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*''Anamtia'' {{small|Koidz. (1923)}} |
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|genus = '''''Myrsine''''' |
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*''Athruphyllum'' {{small|Lour. (1790)}} |
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|genus_authority = L. |
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*''Caballeria'' {{small|Ruiz & Pav. (1794)}} |
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*''Duhamelia'' {{small|Dombey ex Lam. (1783)}} |
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*''Fialaris'' {{small|Raf. (1838)}} |
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'' |
*''Heurlinia'' {{small|Raf. (1838)}} |
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*''Hunsteinia'' {{small|Lauterb. (1918)}} |
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*''Manglilla'' {{small|Juss. (1789)}} |
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*''Merista'' {{small|Banks & Sol. ex A.Cunn. (1839)}} |
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*''Pilogyne'' {{small|Gagnep. (1948), nom. illeg.}} |
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*''Plotia'' {{small|Adans. in Fam. Pl. 2: 226 (1763)}} |
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*''Rapanea'' {{small|Aubl. in Hist. Pl. Guiane: 121 (1775)}} |
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*''Scleroxylum'' {{small|Willd. (1809)}} |
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*''Suttonia'' {{small|A.Rich. (1832)}} |
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|synonyms_ref = <ref name = powo/> |
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'''''Myrsine''''' is a genus of flowering plants |
'''''Myrsine''''' is a genus of flowering plants in the family [[Primulaceae]]. It was formerly placed in the family [[Myrsinaceae]] before this was merged into the Primulaceae.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free |hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> It is found nearly worldwide, primarily in [[tropical]] and [[subtropical]] areas. It contains over 280 species,<ref name = powo/> including several notable radiations, such as the '''matipo''' of [[New Zealand]] and the '''kōlea''' of [[Hawaii|Hawai{{okina}}i]] (the New Zealand "black matipo", ''[[Pittosporum tenuifolium]]'', is not related to ''Myrsine''). In the [[United States]], members of this genus are known as '''colicwood'''. Some species, especially ''[[Myrsine africana|M. africana]]'', are grown as ornamental shrubs. |
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The leathery, [[evergreen]] leaves are simple and alternate, with smooth or toothed margins and without [[stipule]]s. The one-seeded, |
The leathery, [[evergreen]] leaves are simple and alternate, with smooth or toothed margins and without [[stipule]]s. The one-seeded, [[indehiscent]] fruit is a thin-fleshed globose [[drupe]]. The flowers and fruits often do not develop until after leaf fall and thus appear naked on the branches. The fruits often do not mature until the year after flowering. The [[sepal|calyx]] is persistent. |
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The Pacific basin and New World species formerly separated in the genera '' |
The Pacific basin and New World species formerly separated in the genera ''Rapanea'' and ''Suttonia'' (distinguished from the [[Africa]]n and [[Southeast Asia]]n ''Myrsine sensu stricto'' by having the [[gynoecium|style]] absent and [[stamen|staminal tube]] and filaments completely adnate to the [[corolla (flower)|corolla]]) are now generally included in ''Myrsine''.<ref name="wagner">{{cite book|year=1999|title=Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii|location=Honolulu|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|page=934|author1=Wagner, W. L. |author2=D. R. Herbst |author3=S. H. Sohmer |name-list-style=amp }}</ref> |
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==Species== |
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{{main|List of Myrsine species}} |
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282 species are currently accepted.<ref name = powo/> |
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[[Hawaii]]an native species include:<ref>Appelhans, M. S., Paetzold, C., Wood, K. R., & Wagner, W. L. (2020). RADseq resolves the phylogeny of Hawaiian Myrsine (Primulaceae) and provides evidence for hybridization. Journal of Systematics and Evolution.[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/jse.12668]</ref> |
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* ''[[Myrsine denticulata]]'' {{small|(Wawra) Hosaka}} (Kauai) |
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* ''[[Myrsine fosbergii]]'' <small>Hosaka</small> ([[Oahu|O{{okina}}ahu]] and Kaua{{okina}}i in Hawai{{okina}}i) |
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* ''[[Myrsine helleri]]'' {{small|(O.Deg. & I.Deg.) H.St.John}} |
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* ''[[Myrsine knudsenii]]'' <small>(Rock) Hosaka</small> (Kaua{{okina}}i in Hawai{{okina}}i) |
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* ''[[Myrsine lanaiensis]]'' {{small|Hillebr.}} |
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⚫ | * ''[[Myrsine lessertiana]]'' <small>[[Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle|A.DC.]]</small> – ''Kōlea lau nui'' ([[Hawaii|Hawai{{okina}}i]])<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/data/CommonTreesHI/CFT_Myrsine_lessertiana.pdf |title=Kōlea |first=Elbert L. |last=Little Jr. |author2=Roger G. Skolmen |publisher=[[United States Forest Service]] |year=1989 }}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |
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* ''[[Myrsine linearifolia]]'' {{small|Hosaka}} |
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* ''[[Myrsine mezii]]'' <small>Hosaka</small> ([[Kauai|Kaua{{okina}}i]] in Hawai{{okina}}i) |
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* ''[[Myrsine petiolata]]'' <small>Hosaka</small> ([[Kauai|Kaua{{okina}}i]] in Hawai{{okina}}i) |
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* ''[[Myrsine pukooensis]]'' {{small|(H.Lév.) Hosaka}} |
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* ''[[Myrsine punctata]]'' {{small|(H.Lév.) Wilbur}} |
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⚫ | * ''[[Myrsine sandwicensis]]'' <small>[[Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle|A.DC.]]</small> – ''Kōlea lau li{{okina}}i'' (Hawai{{okina}}i)<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/forestry/data/CommonTreesHI/CFT_Myrsine_sandwicensis.pdf |title=Kōlea lau-liʻi |first=Elbert L. |last=Little Jr. |author2=Roger G. Skolmen |publisher=[[United States Forest Service]] |year=1989 }}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |
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* ''[[Myrsine vaccinioides]]'' {{small|W.L.Wagner, D.R.Herbst & Sohmer}} |
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* ''[[Myrsine wawrae]]'' {{small|(Mez) Hosaka}} |
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===Other selected species=== |
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* ''[[Myrsine andersonii]]'' <small>Fosbert & Sachet</small> (French Polynesia) |
* ''[[Myrsine andersonii]]'' <small>Fosbert & Sachet</small> (French Polynesia) |
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* ''[[Myrsine aquilonia]]'' <small></small> |
* ''[[Myrsine aquilonia]]'' <small>de Lange & Heenan</small> (North Island of New Zealand) |
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* ''[[Myrsine argentea]]'' <small></small> |
* ''[[Myrsine argentea]]'' <small>Heenan & de Lange</small> (South Island of New Zealand) |
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* ''[[Myrsine australis]]'' <small></small> |
* ''[[Myrsine australis]]'' <small></small> – Red matipo, ''mapou'' (New Zealand) |
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* ''[[Myrsine |
* ''[[Myrsine borneensis]]'' {{small|Scheff.}} (Borneo) |
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* ''[[Myrsine brownii]]'' <small>Fosbert & Sachet</small> (French Polynesia) |
* ''[[Myrsine brownii]]'' <small>Fosbert & Sachet</small> (French Polynesia) |
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* ''[[Myrsine bullata]]'' <small>Pipoly</small> ([[Peru]]) |
* ''[[Myrsine bullata]]'' <small>Pipoly</small> ([[Peru]]) |
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* ''[[Myrsine |
* ''[[Myrsine ceylanica]]'' <small>(Mez) Wadhwa</small> (Sri Lanka) |
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* ''[[Myrsine |
* ''[[Myrsine cheesemanii]]'' <small>(Mez) Hemsl. ex Prain</small> (Cook Islands) |
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* ''[[Myrsine |
* ''[[Myrsine collina]]'' <small>Nadeaud</small> ([[Society Islands]]) |
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* ''[[Myrsine |
* ''[[Myrsine cubana]]'' {{small|A.DC.}} (Caribbean, Central America, southern Mexico, and Florida) |
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* ''[[Myrsine diazii]]'' <small>Pipoly</small> ([[Peru]]) |
* ''[[Myrsine diazii]]'' <small>Pipoly</small> ([[Peru]]) |
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* ''[[Myrsine divaricata]]'' <small></small> |
* ''[[Myrsine divaricata]]'' <small>Cunn</small> (New Zealand) |
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* ''[[Myrsine falcata]]'' <small>Nadeaud</small> (French Polynesia) |
* ''[[Myrsine falcata]]'' <small>Nadeaud</small> (French Polynesia) |
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* ''[[Myrsine fasciculata]]'' <small>(J.Moore) Fosberg & Sachet</small> (French Polynesia) |
* ''[[Myrsine fasciculata]]'' <small>(J.Moore) Fosberg & Sachet</small> (French Polynesia) |
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* ''[[Myrsine fusca]]'' <small>(J.Moore) Fosberg & Sachet</small> (French Polynesia) |
* ''[[Myrsine fusca]]'' <small>(J.Moore) Fosberg & Sachet</small> (French Polynesia) |
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* ''[[Myrsine gracilissima]]'' <small>Fosberg & Sachet</small> (French Polynesia) |
* ''[[Myrsine gracilissima]]'' <small>Fosberg & Sachet</small> (French Polynesia) |
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* ''[[Myrsine hartii]]'' <small></small> |
* ''[[Myrsine hartii]]'' <small>(M.L.Grant) Fosberg & Sachet</small> (Society Islands) |
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* ''[[Myrsine hosakae]]'' <small>H.St.John</small> ([[Pitcairn Islands]]) |
* ''[[Myrsine hosakae]]'' <small>H.St.John</small> ([[Pitcairn Islands]]) |
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* ''[[Myrsine howittiana]]'' <small>([[Ferdinand von Mueller|F.Muell.]] ex [[Carl Christian Mez|Mez]]) [[Jackes]]</small> (Eastern Australia) |
* ''[[Myrsine howittiana]]'' <small>([[Ferdinand von Mueller|F.Muell.]] ex [[Carl Christian Mez|Mez]]) [[Betsy Rivers Jackes|Jackes]]</small> (Eastern Australia) |
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* ''[[Myrsine juergensenii]]'' {{small|(Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly}} (Mexico and Central America) |
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* ''[[Myrsine kermadecensis]]'' <small></small> |
* ''[[Myrsine kermadecensis]]'' <small>Cheeseman</small> (Kermadec Islands) |
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* ''[[Myrsine |
* ''[[Myrsine laetevirens]]'' <small>(Mez) Arechav.</small> (subtropical South America) |
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* ''[[Myrsine |
* ''[[Myrsine longifolia]]'' {{small|Nadeaud}} (Tahiti) |
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* ''[[Myrsine mccomishii]]'' {{small|(Sprague) Jackes}} (Lord Howe Island) |
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⚫ | * ''[[Myrsine lessertiana]]'' <small>[[Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle|A.DC.]]</small> |
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* ''[[Myrsine |
* ''[[Myrsine melanophloeos]]'' {{small|(L.) R.Br. ex Sweet}} (sub-Saharan Africa) |
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* ''[[Myrsine |
* ''[[Myrsine myrtillina]]'' {{small|(Mez) Jackes}} (Lord Howe Island) |
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* ''[[Myrsine |
* ''[[Myrsine naiuensis]]'' <small>Fosberg & Sachet</small> (French Polynesia) |
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* ''[[Myrsine neo-zealandensis]]'' = ''[[Myrsine montana|M. montana]]'' |
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* ''[[Myrsine nukuhivensis]]'' <small>Fosberg & Sachet</small> (French Polynesia) |
* ''[[Myrsine nukuhivensis]]'' <small>Fosberg & Sachet</small> (French Polynesia) |
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* ''[[Myrsine obovata]]'' <small>(J.Moore) Fosberg & Sachet</small> (French Polynesia) |
* ''[[Myrsine obovata]]'' <small>(J.Moore) Fosberg & Sachet</small> (French Polynesia) |
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* ''[[Myrsine oliveri]]'' <small>Allan</small> (New Zealand) |
* ''[[Myrsine oliveri]]'' <small>Allan</small> (New Zealand) |
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* ''[[Myrsine orohenensis]]'' <small>(J.Moore) Fosberg & Sachet</small> (French Polynesia) |
* ''[[Myrsine orohenensis]]'' <small>(J.Moore) Fosberg & Sachet</small> (French Polynesia) |
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* ''[[Myrsine |
* ''[[Myrsine pearcei]]'' <small>(Mez) Pipoly</small> (Peru) |
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* ''[[Myrsine |
* ''[[Myrsine perakensis]]'' {{small|King & Gamble}} (Peninsular Malaysia) |
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* ''[[Myrsine platystigma]]'' {{small|F.Muell.}} (Lord Howe Island) |
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* ''[[Myrsine raiateensis]]'' <small>(J.Moore) Fosberg & Sachet</small> (French Polynesia) |
* ''[[Myrsine raiateensis]]'' <small>(J.Moore) Fosberg & Sachet</small> (French Polynesia) |
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* ''[[Myrsine rapensis]]'' <small>(F.Brown) Fosberg & Sachet</small> (French Polynesia) |
* ''[[Myrsine rapensis]]'' <small>(F.Brown) Fosberg & Sachet</small> (French Polynesia) |
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* ''[[Myrsine reynelii]]'' <small>Pipoly</small> (Peru) |
* ''[[Myrsine reynelii]]'' <small>Pipoly</small> (Peru) |
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* ''[[Myrsine rivularis]]'' <small>(Mez) Pipoly</small> (Peru) |
* ''[[Myrsine rivularis]]'' <small>(Mez) Pipoly</small> (Peru) |
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* ''[[Myrsine ronuiensis]]'' <small>(M.Grant) Fosberg & Sachet</small> (French Polynesia) |
* ''[[Myrsine ronuiensis]]'' <small>(M.Grant) Fosberg & Sachet</small> (French Polynesia) |
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* ''[[Myrsine salicina]]'' |
* ''[[Myrsine salicina]]'' {{small|(Hook.f.) Heward ex Hook.f.}} (New Zealand) |
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* ''[[Myrsine seychellarum]]'' {{small|(Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly}} (Seychelles) |
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⚫ | * ''[[Myrsine sandwicensis]]'' <small>[[Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle|A.DC.]]</small> |
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* ''[[Myrsine sodiroana]]'' <small>(Mez) Pipoly</small> ([[Ecuador]]) |
* ''[[Myrsine sodiroana]]'' <small>(Mez) Pipoly</small> ([[Ecuador]]) |
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* ''[[Myrsine striata]]'' {{small|(Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly}} (southwestern India) |
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* ''[[Myrsine tahuatensis]]'' <small>Fosbert & Sachet</small> (French Polynesia) |
* ''[[Myrsine tahuatensis]]'' <small>Fosbert & Sachet</small> (French Polynesia) |
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* ''[[Myrsine umbricola]]'' <small></small> |
* ''[[Myrsine umbricola]]'' <small>Heenan & de Lange</small> (North Island of New Zealand) |
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* ''[[Myrsine variabilis]] |
* ''[[Myrsine variabilis]]'' <small>R.Br.</small> (eastern Australia) |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{ |
{{Reflist}} |
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* [http://nzflora.landcareresearch.co.nz/default.aspx?selected=NameDetails&TabNum=0&NameId=6616B018-473E-4B09-82B2-CF18E7E640CD Ngā Tipu Aotearoa] |
* [http://nzflora.landcareresearch.co.nz/default.aspx?selected=NameDetails&TabNum=0&NameId=6616B018-473E-4B09-82B2-CF18E7E640CD Ngā Tipu Aotearoa] – Most recent taxonomy (only of NZ species). |
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* [http://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/taxon.aspx?id=_1928e390-214c-434d-b664-847b3227250a Flora of New Zealand]. |
* [http://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/taxon.aspx?id=_1928e390-214c-434d-b664-847b3227250a Flora of New Zealand]. |
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==External links== |
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* {{Wikispecies-inline}} |
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q159796}} |
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[[Category:Myrsine| ]] |
[[Category:Myrsine| ]] |
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[[Category:Primulaceae genera]] |
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[[Category:Pantropical flora]] |
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[[es:Myrsine]] |
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[[hsb:Myrsina]] |
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[[pt:Capororoca]] |
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[[zh:铁仔属]] |
Latest revision as of 02:52, 8 April 2024
Myrsine | |
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Myrsine alyxifolia | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Ericales |
Family: | Primulaceae |
Subfamily: | Myrsinoideae |
Genus: | Myrsine L. (1753) |
Species[1] | |
282; see text | |
Synonyms[1] | |
|
Myrsine is a genus of flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. It was formerly placed in the family Myrsinaceae before this was merged into the Primulaceae.[2] It is found nearly worldwide, primarily in tropical and subtropical areas. It contains over 280 species,[1] including several notable radiations, such as the matipo of New Zealand and the kōlea of Hawaiʻi (the New Zealand "black matipo", Pittosporum tenuifolium, is not related to Myrsine). In the United States, members of this genus are known as colicwood. Some species, especially M. africana, are grown as ornamental shrubs.
The leathery, evergreen leaves are simple and alternate, with smooth or toothed margins and without stipules. The one-seeded, indehiscent fruit is a thin-fleshed globose drupe. The flowers and fruits often do not develop until after leaf fall and thus appear naked on the branches. The fruits often do not mature until the year after flowering. The calyx is persistent.
The Pacific basin and New World species formerly separated in the genera Rapanea and Suttonia (distinguished from the African and Southeast Asian Myrsine sensu stricto by having the style absent and staminal tube and filaments completely adnate to the corolla) are now generally included in Myrsine.[3]
Species[edit]
282 species are currently accepted.[1]
Hawaiian species[edit]
Hawaiian native species include:[4]
- Myrsine degeneri Hosaka (Oʻahu in Hawaiʻi)
- Myrsine denticulata (Wawra) Hosaka (Kauai)
- Myrsine fernseei (Mez) Hosaka (Kauaʻi in Hawaiʻi)
- Myrsine fosbergii Hosaka (Oʻahu and Kauaʻi in Hawaiʻi)
- Myrsine helleri (O.Deg. & I.Deg.) H.St.John
- Myrsine juddii Hosaka
- Myrsine kauaiensis Hillebr.
- Myrsine knudsenii (Rock) Hosaka (Kauaʻi in Hawaiʻi)
- Myrsine lanaiensis Hillebr.
- Myrsine lessertiana A.DC. – Kōlea lau nui (Hawaiʻi)[5]
- Myrsine linearifolia Hosaka
- Myrsine mezii Hosaka (Kauaʻi in Hawaiʻi)
- Myrsine petiolata Hosaka (Kauaʻi in Hawaiʻi)
- Myrsine pukooensis (H.Lév.) Hosaka
- Myrsine punctata (H.Lév.) Wilbur
- Myrsine sandwicensis A.DC. – Kōlea lau liʻi (Hawaiʻi)[6]
- Myrsine vaccinioides W.L.Wagner, D.R.Herbst & Sohmer
- Myrsine wawrae (Mez) Hosaka
Other selected species[edit]
- Myrsine adamsonii Fosberg & Sachet (French Polynesia)
- Myrsine africana L. (Africa, Southern Asia and the Azores)
- Myrsine andersonii Fosbert & Sachet (French Polynesia)
- Myrsine aquilonia de Lange & Heenan (North Island of New Zealand)
- Myrsine argentea Heenan & de Lange (South Island of New Zealand)
- Myrsine australis – Red matipo, mapou (New Zealand)
- Myrsine borneensis Scheff. (Borneo)
- Myrsine brownii Fosbert & Sachet (French Polynesia)
- Myrsine bullata Pipoly (Peru)
- Myrsine ceylanica (Mez) Wadhwa (Sri Lanka)
- Myrsine cheesemanii (Mez) Hemsl. ex Prain (Cook Islands)
- Myrsine collina Nadeaud (Society Islands)
- Myrsine cubana A.DC. (Caribbean, Central America, southern Mexico, and Florida)
- Myrsine diazii Pipoly (Peru)
- Myrsine divaricata Cunn (New Zealand)
- Myrsine falcata Nadeaud (French Polynesia)
- Myrsine fasciculata (J.Moore) Fosberg & Sachet (French Polynesia)
- Myrsine fusca (J.Moore) Fosberg & Sachet (French Polynesia)
- Myrsine gracilissima Fosberg & Sachet (French Polynesia)
- Myrsine hartii (M.L.Grant) Fosberg & Sachet (Society Islands)
- Myrsine hosakae H.St.John (Pitcairn Islands)
- Myrsine howittiana (F.Muell. ex Mez) Jackes (Eastern Australia)
- Myrsine juergensenii (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly (Mexico and Central America)
- Myrsine kermadecensis Cheeseman (Kermadec Islands)
- Myrsine laetevirens (Mez) Arechav. (subtropical South America)
- Myrsine longifolia Nadeaud (Tahiti)
- Myrsine mccomishii (Sprague) Jackes (Lord Howe Island)
- Myrsine melanophloeos (L.) R.Br. ex Sweet (sub-Saharan Africa)
- Myrsine myrtillina (Mez) Jackes (Lord Howe Island)
- Myrsine naiuensis Fosberg & Sachet (French Polynesia)
- Myrsine nukuhivensis Fosberg & Sachet (French Polynesia)
- Myrsine obovata (J.Moore) Fosberg & Sachet (French Polynesia)
- Myrsine oliveri Allan (New Zealand)
- Myrsine orohenensis (J.Moore) Fosberg & Sachet (French Polynesia)
- Myrsine pearcei (Mez) Pipoly (Peru)
- Myrsine perakensis King & Gamble (Peninsular Malaysia)
- Myrsine platystigma F.Muell. (Lord Howe Island)
- Myrsine raiateensis (J.Moore) Fosberg & Sachet (French Polynesia)
- Myrsine rapensis (F.Brown) Fosberg & Sachet (French Polynesia)
- Myrsine reynelii Pipoly (Peru)
- Myrsine richmondensis Jackes (Australia)
- Myrsine rivularis (Mez) Pipoly (Peru)
- Myrsine ronuiensis (M.Grant) Fosberg & Sachet (French Polynesia)
- Myrsine salicina (Hook.f.) Heward ex Hook.f. (New Zealand)
- Myrsine seychellarum (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly (Seychelles)
- Myrsine sodiroana (Mez) Pipoly (Ecuador)
- Myrsine striata (Mez) Ricketson & Pipoly (southwestern India)
- Myrsine tahuatensis Fosbert & Sachet (French Polynesia)
- Myrsine umbricola Heenan & de Lange (North Island of New Zealand)
- Myrsine variabilis R.Br. (eastern Australia)
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d Myrsine L. Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
- ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. hdl:10654/18083.
- ^ Wagner, W. L.; D. R. Herbst & S. H. Sohmer (1999). Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. p. 934.
- ^ Appelhans, M. S., Paetzold, C., Wood, K. R., & Wagner, W. L. (2020). RADseq resolves the phylogeny of Hawaiian Myrsine (Primulaceae) and provides evidence for hybridization. Journal of Systematics and Evolution.[1]
- ^ Little Jr., Elbert L.; Roger G. Skolmen (1989). "Kōlea" (PDF). United States Forest Service.
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(help)[permanent dead link] - ^ Little Jr., Elbert L.; Roger G. Skolmen (1989). "Kōlea lau-liʻi" (PDF). United States Forest Service.
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- Ngā Tipu Aotearoa – Most recent taxonomy (only of NZ species).
- Flora of New Zealand.