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{{about|the ancient polity|the modern barangay|Namayan, Mandaluyong}}
The ancient '''Kingdom of Namayan''', alternately referred to as the ''Kingdom of Sapa'' after its capital, was one of three major Kingdoms that dominated the area around the upper portion of the Pasig River and the coast of Laguna Lake in the Philippines before the arrival of Spanish colonizers in the 1500s.
{{use Philippine English|date=February 2023}}
{{use mdy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox country
| native_name = {{script|Tglg|ᜈᜋᜌᜈ᜔}} {{small|([[Baybayin]])}}
| conventional_long_name = Namayan
| common_name = Namayan
| era =
| status = [[Precolonial barangay]]<ref name="Scott1994"/> <br /> under the house<ref name="Huerta"/><br /> of Lakan Tagkan<ref name="Scott1994"/>{{rp|page=193}}<br />[[Personal union]] with [[Tondo (historical polity)|Tondo]] through the traditional lineage of Kalangitan and Bagtas (Legendary antiquity)<ref name="Odal2000"/>
| status_text =
| empire =
| government_type = [[Feudalism]] under [[barangay state]] led by the house of Lakan Tagkan<ref name="Huerta"/><ref name="Scott1994"/><ref name="JoaquinManila">Joaquin, Nick. Manila My Manila: A History for the Young. City Government of Manila. Manila: 1990.</ref>
| p1 =
| flag_p1 =
| p2 =
| flag_p2 =
| s1 = Captaincy General of the Philippines
| flag_s1 = Flag of New Spain.svg
| s2 = Manila (province)
| flag_s2 = Flag of New Spain.svg
| year_start = before 1175
| year_end = 1571
| event_start =
| event_end = Conquest by [[Spanish Empire|Spain]]
| image_flag =
| flag =
| flag_type =
| image_coat =
| symbol =
| symbol_type =
| image_map = Santa_Ana_and_Pasay_shown_on_a_Detail_of_Plano_de_la_ciudad_de_Manila,_capital_de_las_Yslas_Filipinas.jpg
| image_map_caption = Santa Ana (highlighted in blue) and Pasay (highlighted in green) on a detail of the 1819 map "''Plano de la ciudad de Manila, capital de las Yslas Filipinas''", prepared by Francisco Xavier de Herrera lo Grabó for the Manila Land Survey Year of 1819. According to Fray. Felix Huerta, the district of Santa Ana was raised in a former territory of the pre-Hispanic polity called Namayan.<ref name="Huerta"/>
| capital = [[Namayan, Mandaluyong]] or [[Santa Ana, Manila|Maysapan]]
| currency = [[Piloncitos]] and gold rings<ref name="OcampoPiloncitos"/>
| common_languages = [[Old Tagalog]], [[Old Malay]]
| today = [[Philippines]]
}}


{{History of the Philippines}}
Namayan is said to be the oldest of the three kingdoms, pre-dating [[Ancient Tondo]] and [[Manila]]. -- traveleronfoot Formed by a confederation of barangays, it is said to have achieved its peak in 1175.<ref name="Pasay">{{cite web | title = About Pasay -- History: Kingdom of Namayan | work = pasay city government website | publisher = City Government of Pasay | url =http://www.pasay.gov.ph/About%20Pasay/History.html | format = HTML | accessdate = 5 February 2008 }}</ref>


'''Namayan''' ([[Baybayin]]: Pre-Kudlit: {{script|Tglg|ᜈᜋᜌ}} or {{script|Tglg|ᜐᜉ}} (''Sapa''), Post-Kudlit: {{script|Tglg|ᜈᜋᜌᜈ᜔}}), also called '''Sapa''',<ref name="LocsinandLocsin1967">Locsin, Leandro V. and Cecilia Y. Locsin. 1967. ''Oriental Ceramics Discovered in the Philippines.'' Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Company. {{ISBN|0804804478}}</ref> '''Maysapan,''' and sometimes '''Lamayan''',<ref name="traveleronfoot"/> was an independent indigenous<ref name="Scott1994">{{cite book | last = Scott | first = William Henry | author-link = William Henry Scott (historian) | title = Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society | publisher = Ateneo de Manila University Press | year = 1994 | location = Quezon City | isbn = 971-550-135-4 }}</ref>{{rp|page=193}} [[Ancient barangay|polity]]<ref name="PCDSPO2015">{{Cite web|url=http://malacanang.gov.ph/75832-pre-colonial-manila|title=Pre-colonial Manila|date=June 23, 2015|website=Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library|series=Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library Araw ng Maynila Briefers|publisher=Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309014757/http://malacanang.gov.ph/75832-pre-colonial-manila/|archive-date=March 9, 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=April 27, 2017|ref=PCDSPO2015}}</ref><ref>Abinales, Patricio N. and Donna J. Amoroso, State and Society in the Philippines. Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005.</ref> on the banks of the [[Pasig River]] in the [[Philippines]]. It is believed to have achieved its peak in 1175,<ref name="Pasay">{{cite web | title = About Pasay&nbsp;– History: Kingdom of Namayan | work = Pasay city government website | publisher = City Government of Pasay | url =http://www.pasay.gov.ph/About.html | access-date = February 5, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100921185725/http://www.pasay.gov.ph/About.html |archive-date = September 21, 2010}}</ref> and to have gone into decline sometime in the 13th century,<ref name="Fox1977"/> although it continued to be inhabited until the arrival of European colonizers in the 1570s.<ref name="Scott1994"/>
== Territorial range ==
Namayan's territory has been described bordering Manila Bay, the Pasig river, and Laguna Lake. -- .pasay.gov -- traveleronfoot A more precise description of Namayan's administrative area is given by Franciscan scholar Fr. Felix de Huertas, who, noting that Namayan was a confederation of several barangays, identified these component communities as they were named during the mid 1800s. <ref name="Huertas">{{cite book | last = Huertas | first = Felix, de | authorlink = Felix de Huerta | title = Estado Geografico, Topografico, Estadistico, Historico-Religioso de la Santa y Apostolica Provincia de San Gregorio Magno | publisher = Imprenta de M. Sanchez y Compañia | date = 1865 | location = Binondo }}</ref>


Formed by a confederation of [[Barangay state|barangay]]s,<ref name="Huerta"/> it was one of several polities on the Pasig River just prior to the [[History of the Philippines (1565–1898)|Spanish colonization of the Philippines]], alongside [[Tondo (historical polity)|Tondo]], [[Rajahnate of Maynila|Maynila]], and [[Cainta (historical polity)|Cainta]].<ref name="Scott1994"/><ref name="Odal2000">{{cite book |author=Odal-Devora |first=Grace |title=The River Dwellers, in Book Pasig : The River of Life (Edited by Reynaldo Gamboa Alejandro and Alfred A. Yuson) |publisher=Unilever Philippines |year=2000 |pages=43–66}}</ref>
These were: Meycatmon, Calatondangan, Dongos, Dibag, Pinacauasan, Yamagtogon, Maysapan, Malate, Dilao (Paco), Pandacan, Quiapo, Sampaloc, San Miguel, San Juan del Monte, San Felipe Neri (Mandaluyong), San Pedro de Makati and Taytay.


Archeological findings in Santa Ana have produced the oldest evidence of continuous habitation among the Pasig River polities, pre-dating artifacts found within the historical sites of Maynila and Tondo.<ref name="LocsinandLocsin1967"/><ref name="Fox1977">Fox, Robert B. and Avelino M. Legaspi. 1977. ''Excavations at Santa Ana. ''Manila: National Museum of the Philippines</ref><ref group=Notes>Tondo is mentioned in an even older document (the [[Laguna Copperplate Inscription]]), however, providing earlier evidence of a polity named "Tondo", even if the artifact was found in a different site.{{URL|1="Postma1992"|2=Postma, Antoon (1992). "The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary". Philippine Studies. Ateneo de Manila University. 40 (2): 182–203.}}</ref>
Moreover, administrative and political records of Spanish Manila indicate that these settlements mentioned as territories of the Kingdom of Sapa were recorded in 1578 as parts and visitas of Sta. Ana de Sapa.<ref name="traveleronfoot">{{cite web | title = The Kingdom of Namayan and Maytime Fiesta in Sta. Ana of Old Manila | work = Traveler on Foot: A Travel Journal | date =May 12, 2008 | url = http://traveleronfoot.wordpress.com/2008/05/12/the-kingdom-of-sapa-and-maytime-fiesta-in-sta-ana-of-old-manila/ | format = HTML | accessdate = 27 September 2008 }}</ref>


== Sources ==
The capital, Sapa, would later be called Maysapan, and then Santa Ana de Sapa, and is known today simply as Santa Ana, a district of the City of Manila.<ref name="Pasay"/>
Historians studying Namayan have the advantage of being able to draw both from written sources and from artifacts uncovered in controlled archeological digs.<ref name="PCDSPO2015"/><ref name="Fox1977"/>


The most prominent primary written sources regarding precolonial Namayan is "''Estado Geográfico, Topográfico, Estadístico, Histórico-Religioso de la Santa y Apostólica Província de San Gregorio Magno''", published in 1865 by Franciscan scholar Fr. [[Felix de Huerta]]. His description of Namayan included important details such as the extent of Namayan's territories, and the lineage of its rulers.<ref name="Huerta">{{cite book | last = Huerta | first = Felix, de | author-link = Felix Huerta | title = Estado Geografico, Topografico, Estadistico, Historico-Religioso de la Santa y Apostolica Provincia de San Gregorio Magno | publisher = Imprenta de M. Sanchez y Compañia | year = 1865 | location = Binondo }}</ref>
Fr. Huertas notes that “''this town takes its name from the titular saint and the addition of Sapa for its having been established in a site immediately upon an estuary or rivulet proceeding from the Pasig River, which the natives call Sapa and the name of the town itself.''”<ref name="Huertas"/>


Controlled archaeological excavations conducted by the National Museum of the Philippines in the 1960s, meantime, produced artifacts from a pre-Hispanic grave site within the Santa Ana Church complex,<ref name="LocsinandLocsin1967"/><ref name="Fox1977" /> providing important information about maritime trade around Southeast Asia and China from 12th to 15th century AD, as well as the elaborate mortuary practices of Namayan's inhabitants.<ref name="Fox1977" />
== Rulers of Namayan ==
Fr. Huertas also recorded the history of Namayan's rulers. It had been ruled from Sapa by Lakan Tagkan (Lacatagcan) or Takhan, and Lady Buan. They had five children, of whom the principal was named Palaba. Palaba had a son named Laboy, who had a son named Calamayin whose own son was christened Martin when he converted to Catholicism. <ref name="Huertas"/>


==Capital sites==
Of perhaps greater interest, however, is Tagkan's child by his Bornean slave-wife. This child was named Pasay, and inherited the territory now comprising the territories of Culi-culi, Pasay and Baclaran. Pasay city still bears the name of this individual. --traveleronfoot There is some discrepancy over whether Pasay was a son or daughter, with some legends referring to "Dayang-dayang (Princess) Pasay" <ref name="Huertas"/><ref name="Pasay"/>
Three present-day locations are identified as the political centers of Namayan. Two of these are within the present-day [[Santa Ana, Manila|Santa Ana]] district in [[Manila]], and Barangay [[Namayan, Mandaluyong|Namayan]] in [[Mandaluyong]] across the river from the other sites.


== After colonization ==
=== Namayan, Mandaluyong ===
Barangay [[Namayan, Mandaluyong|Namayan]] in Mandaluyong bears the name of the polity, and was believed to be the seat of power of Lakan Tagkan. However, it would be incorporated into Santa Ana de Sapa as a [[barrio]] in 1578.<ref name="Huerta" />
When the parish of Sta. Ana de Sapa was founded in 1578, Franciscan missionaries chose to build their church, and thus another settlement, some distance away from the ancient town, so today's Santa Ana is no longer located at the original site of Namayan's capital. <ref name="Huertas"/>This has raised some questions about pre-colonial graves that have recently been excavated near the Santa Ana church.<ref name="traveleronfoot"/>


=== Sapa ===
During the spanish times, Santa was a fishing village whose other industries included carpentry and masonry, piña-embroidery, and the production of tinapa, cigar, bricks, sugar, and bread. A street named Lamayan (which in tagalog means "the site of a wake") is said to be the site of the ancient capital where Lacatagcan and Buan ruled.<ref name="traveleronfoot"/>
The site most associated with the Namayan polity is the town proper of Santa Ana, which grew around [[Santa Ana Church|Our Lady of the Abandoned Parish]]. This site did not become the main settlement until 1578, when [[Franciscan]] missionaries built the first church some distance from the original town. Local referred to the site as "''Maysapan''" or "''Sapà.''"


''Sapà'' is the [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] and [[Kapampangan language|Kapampangan]] word for a small [[Stream|creek]]. Nearby bodies of water matching the description include what are now ''Estero de Tripa de Gallina'' ("Rooster’s Gut Estuary") and a smaller creek (Estero de Sta. Clara) in the vicinity of the present-day streets of Del Pan, Havana, and Tejerón. However, old Santa Ana was known for being "criss-crossed by brooks and creeks", any number of which could have been obscured by urbanization.
== Sources ==


Christianised into ''Santa Ana de Sapa'', the name eventually encompassed the modern [[Santa Ana, Manila|Santa Ana]] district of [[Manila]].<ref name="Pasay"/> De Huerta notes that "this town takes its name from the titular saint and the addition of ''Sapa'' for its having been established in a site immediately upon an estuary or rivulet proceeding from the Pasig River, which the natives call ''Sapa'' and the name of the town itself."<ref name="Huerta"/>


=== Lamayan ===
Instead of the Sapa site, local traditions say that an area called ''Lamayan'' (Tagalog and Kapampangan for "the place where a [[Funeral wake|wake]] was held"), on the banks of the Pasig itself. It was said to be the site of the ancient capital from which Lakan Tagkan and Buwan once ruled. It is still recognizable today, as a street in the area still bears its name.<ref name="traveleronfoot"/>


==Territory==
== Additional Reading ==
[[File:Tondo and Pasig 1450.png|thumb|189x189px|Tondo, Pasig, and barangays influenced including the territories of Namayan under the rule of Dayang Kalangitan of Pasig in 1450. ]]Namayan's territory has been described bordering [[Manila Bay]], the Pasig River, and [[Laguna de Bay]].<ref name="traveleronfoot"/><ref name="Pasay"/> A more precise description of Namayan's administrative area is given by Fr. de Huerta, who, noting that Namayan was a confederation of several barangays, identified these component communities as they were named during the mid 19th century.<ref name="Huerta"/>
*{{cite web

| last =
Most are now districts or barangays within the modern [[Manila|City of Manila]]:<ref name="Huerta" />
| first =

| authorlink =
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
| coauthors =
*Namayan (Lakan Tagkan's seat of power; modern-day [[Namayan, Mandaluyong]])
| title = History of Makati: PRE-SPANISH PERIOD
*Meysapan (now the district of [[Santa Ana, Manila|Santa Ana]])
| work = Makati City Portal
*Meycatmon (which literally means "a place with ''Catmon'' (''[[Dillenia indica]]'') trees")<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stuartxchange.org/Katmon.html|title = Katmon, illenia philippinensis, PHILIPPINE CATMON / Herbal Medicine / Philippine Alternative Meeicine / StuartXchange}}</ref>
| publisher = City Government of Makati
*Calatondangan/Calatondongan
| date =
*Dongos
| url =
*Dibag
http://www.makati.gov.ph/portal/contents/about_makati/makati_history/prespanish.htm
*Pinacauasan
| format = HTML
*Yamagtogon
| doi =
*Dilao ([[Paco, Manila|Paco]])
| accessdate = 5 February 2008 }}
*[[Pandacan]]
* Nick Joaquin’s Almanac for Manileños
*[[Quiapo, Manila|Quiapo]]
*[[Sampaloc, Manila|Sampaloc]]
*[[San Miguel, Manila|San Miguel]]
{{col div end}}
Four settlements are now separate [[Cities of the Philippines|cities]] in and around [[Metro Manila]]:
{{div col}}
*San Juan del Monte (now [[San Juan, Metro Manila|San Juan]])
*San Felipe Neri (now [[Mandaluyong]])
*San Pedro de Macati (now [[Makati]])
*[[Taytay, Rizal]]
{{col div end}}

Administrative and political records of Spanish Manila indicate that these settlements mentioned as territories of Namayan were recorded in 1578 as parts and ''visitas'' (satellite settlements) of Sta. Ana de Sapa.<ref name="traveleronfoot">{{cite web | title = The Kingdom of Namayan and Maytime Fiesta in Sta. Ana of Old Manila | work = Traveler on Foot: A Travel Journal | date =May 12, 2008 | url = http://traveleronfoot.wordpress.com/2008/05/12/the-kingdom-of-sapa-and-maytime-fiesta-in-sta-ana-of-old-manila/ | access-date = September 27, 2008 }}</ref>

{{Pre-hispanic History of the Philippines}}
A number of these settlements' names are no longer used today, but [[Philippine National Artist]] for Literature [[Nick Joaquin]], in his book "Manila My Manila: A History for the Young", says that Namayan's territories included what are now Santa Ana, Quiapo, San Miguel, Sampaloc, Santa Mesa, Paco, Pandacan in Manila; Mandaluyong, San Juan, Makati, Pasay, Pateros, Taguig, Taytay, and Parañaque.<ref name="JoaquinManila">Joaquin, Nick. Manila My Manila: A History for the Young. City Government of Manila. Manila: 1990.</ref>

==Economic activities==
Huerta describes the original settlement in Santa Ana as a fishing village that had other industries including carpentry, masonry, piña (pineapple cloth) embroidery, ''[[tinapa|tinapá]]'', cigars, bricks, sugar and bread.<ref name="Huerta"/>

This contrasts sharply with the economic activities of the contemporaneous polities of Tondo and Maynila, which monopolized the influx of goods coming from China, and monopolized the re-sale of the same Chinese goods to other ports in the archipelago, respectively.<ref name="Scott1994"/>

===Gold as currency===
[[Image:Manila Mint Museum, PI Piloncitos.jpg|left|thumb|250px|A collection of Piloncitos.]]
The Namayans, like Tondo, used [[Piloncitos]], small gold [[ingot]]s some of the size of a corn kernel—and weighing from 0.09 to 2.65 grams. Large Piloncitos weighing 2.65 grams approximate the weight of one mass. Piloncitos have been excavated from Mandaluyong, [[Bataan]] and the banks of the Pasig River.<ref name="OcampoPiloncitos">{{Cite web|url=http://opinion.inquirer.net/10991/%E2%80%98piloncitos%E2%80%99-and-the-%E2%80%98philippine-golden-age%E2%80%99|title='Piloncitos' and the 'Philippine golden age'|last=Ocampo|first=Ambeth R.|website=opinion.inquirer.net|date=August 30, 2011|language=en|access-date=April 28, 2017}}</ref>

Other than Piloncitos, the Namayans also used gold rings, or gold ring-like ingots, very similar to the first coins invented in the Kingdom of Lydia in the present-day Turkey. Barter rings were circulated in the Philippines up to the 16th century.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://coin.filipinonumismatist.com/2011/06/piloncitos-treasure-of-philippine.html |title=Philippine Coin Information: PILONCITOS: The treasure of Philippine numismatic |access-date=March 22, 2017 |archive-date=February 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219181808/http://coin.filipinonumismatist.com/2011/06/piloncitos-treasure-of-philippine.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
==Rulers==
Fray Huerta also recorded the genealogy of Namayan's ruling family, tracing it to a Lakan Tagkan (also known as Lacantagcan, or Lakan Takhan in some oral histories), and his wife Buan. Under the heading "''Santa Ana''", he records:
<blockquote>''"In origin of the natives of this town comes from a ruler (''"regulo"'') called Lacantagcan, and his wife named Bouan, lords (''"señores"'') of the Namayan territories [...] The first Christian name found in the genealogical tree of this great (''"gran"'') family is a certain Martin in this form. Martin, son of Calamayin: Calamayin, son of Laboy, Laboy, son of Palaba, and Palaba, firstborn son of the ruler (''"regulo"'') Lacantagcan and his wife Bouan."''<ref name="Huerta"/></blockquote>

Historian William Henry Scott notes that "Rajah Kalamayin" was the name of the ruler of Namayan at the point of colonial contact in the early 1570s,<ref name="Scott1994"/> and Huerta here records that his son was baptized "Martin" upon conversion to [[Roman Catholicism]]. Huerta only traces the genealogical tree of Lacan Tagcan back through Martin, and thus only mentions the eldest of Tagcan and Bouan's sons, Palaba. The other four sons of Tagcan are not named, and no daughters are mentioned.

Huerta does go on, however, to mention that Tagcan had another male son, named Pasay, whose mother was a Bornean slave:

<blockquote>''"The said Lacantagcan, in addition to five children of his legitimate wife Bouan, had a bastard (''"bastardo"'') with a slave of Bornean lineage (''"esclava de casta bornea"''), called Pasay, who was the origin of the town known by the same name, for having fixed there his residence as landowner, supported by his father."''<ref name="Huerta"/></blockquote>

While Huerta thus definitively establishes that the rulers of Namayan and the settlement called Pasay were related, the precise nature of their relationship during the 1500s is unclear: Scott records that during that period, Pasay's rulers interacted with the Spanish themselves instead of "Rajah Kalamayin" speaking on their behalf.<ref name="Scott1994"/>

Some local oral traditions cite Tagkan's child Pasay as a daughter, bestowing her with the title "''Dayang-dayang''" ("princess").<ref name="Pasay"/> However, the descriptor "''bastardo''" (bastard), used by Huerta, is masculine in form.<ref name="Huerta"/>

Historian Grace Odal-Devora notes that Kapampangan oral histories also mention a "Sultana Kalangitan", described as "the Lady of the Pasig" who ruled the "Kingdom of Namayan." She is said to have been the grandmother of "Prinsipe Balagtas" (or Bagtas), and the legend says that the Kapampangan people are descended from him. Odal notes that this demonstrates the interconnections of the Tagalog ruling elites.<ref name="Odal2000"/>
=== Documented rulers of Namayan ===
The rulers of Namayan from the period of colonial contact (the 1570s) back to three prior generations, were documented by Franciscan Historian Fray Felix Huerta in the work ''Estado geográfico, topográfico, estadístico, histórico- religioso de la santa y apostólica Provincia de San Gregorio Magno'' ("Geographical, topographical, statistical, historical and religious state of the holy and apostolic province of St. Gregory the Great"), a record of the histories of Franciscan missions which is now a primary resource for local histories of [[Municipalities of the Philippines|Philippine municipalities]].<ref name="Scott1994"/>

{| width=90% class="wikitable"
! width=5%, | Title
! width=5%, | Name
! width=25% | Notes
! width=5% | Documented Period of Rule
! width=5% | Primary Sources
|-
| ''Lakan''<ref name="Huerta"/>||'''Tagkan'''<ref name="Huerta"/> || Named "Lacantagcan" by Huerta and described as the ruler to whom the "original residents" of Namayan trace their origin<ref name="Huerta"/> || exact years not documented; three generations prior to Calamayin (presumed to be in the 1460s-1490s) ||Huerta
|-
| ''Lakan''<ref name="Huerta"/>)||'''Palaba''' || Noted by Huerta<ref name="Huerta"/> as the "Principal Son" of Lakan Tagkan. || exact years not documented; two generations prior to Calamayin (presumed to be 1500s-1530s)<ref name="Huerta"/>||Huerta
|-
| ''Lakan''<ref name="Huerta"/>) ||'''Laboy''' || Noted by Franciscan genealogical records to be the son of Lakan Palaba, and the father of Lakan Kalamayin.<ref name="Huerta"/> ||exact years not documented; one generation prior to Calamayin (presumed to be 1540s until about the late 1560s)<ref name="Huerta"/> ||Huerta
|-
|''Lakan<ref name="Scott1994"/>''||'''Kalamayin'''|| referred to by Scott (1984) as '''''Lakan'' Kalamayin'''.<ref name="Scott1994"/><br /> Described by Scott (1984)<ref name="Scott1994"/> as the paramount ruler of Namayan at the time of colonial contact. || immediately prior to and after Spanish colonial contact (ca. 1571–1575)<ref name="Scott1994"/>
| Huerta
|-
| (no title documented by Huerta<ref name="Huerta"/>) || '''''Martin'''''<nowiki>*</nowiki> || <nowiki>*</nowiki>''Huerta<ref name="Huerta"/> does not mention if Kalamayin's son, baptized "Martin", held a government position during the early Spanish colonial period'' || early Spanish colonial period ||Huerta
|-
|}

=== Legendary rulers of Namayan ===
{{See also|List of ancient Philippine consorts}}
Aside from the records of Huerta, a number of names of rulers are associated with Namayan by folk/oral traditions, as recounted in documents such as the will of Fernando Malang (1589) and documented by academics such as Grace Odal-Devora<ref name="Odal2000"/> and writers such as Nick Joaquin.<ref name="JoaquinManila"/>

{| width=90% class="wikitable"
! width=5%, | Title
! width=5%, | Name
! width=25% | Notes
! width=5% | Period of Rule
! width=5% | Primary Sources
|-
| "''Princess''" or "''Lady''"''<br /><small>(term used in oral tradition, as documented by Odal-Devora<ref name="Odal2000" />)</small>'' || '''[[Empress Sasaban|Sasaban]]''' || In oral Tradition recounted by [[Nick Joaquin]] and Leonardo Vivencio, a "lady of Namayan" who went to the [[Majapahit]] court to marry Emperor Soledan, eventually giving birth to Balagtas, who then returned to Namayan/Pasig in 1300.<ref name="Odal2000" />{{rp|page=51}} ||prior to 1300<br /> (according to oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio)<ref name="Odal2000" /> ||Batangueño folk tradition (cited by Odal-Devora, 2000<ref name="Odal2000" />), and oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio<ref name="Odal2000" />
|-
| ''Prince''<ref name="Odal2000" />''<br /><small>(term used in oral tradition, as documented by Odal-Devora<ref name="Odal2000" />)</small>'' || '''Bagtas''' or '''Balagtas''' || In '''Batangueño Folk Tradition''' as cited by Odal-Devora,<ref name="Odal2000" /> the King of Balayan and Taal who married Panginoan, daughter of Kalangitan and Lontok who were rulers of Pasig.{{rp|page=51}}<br /> <br /> In '''Kapampangan<ref name="Odal2000" /> Folk Tradition''' as cited by Odal-Devora,<ref name="Odal2000" /> the "grandson of Kalangitan" and a "Prince of Madjapahit" who married the "Princess Panginoan of Pampanga"{{rp|pages=47,51}}<br /><br /> Either the son in law (''Batangueño Tradition'') or grandson (''Kapampangan Tradition'') of Kalangitan<ref name="Odal2000" /><br /> <br /> In oral tradition recounted by [[Nick Joaquin]] and Leonardo Vivencio, the Son of Emperor Soledan of [[Majapahit]] who married Sasaban of Sapa/Namayan. Married Princess Panginoan of Pasig at about the year 1300 in order to consolidate his family line and rule of Namayan<ref name="Odal2000" />{{rp|pages=47,51}} || ca. 1300 A.D. according to oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio<ref name="Odal2000" /> ||Batangueño and Kapampangan folk traditions cited by Odal-Devora, and oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio<ref name="Odal2000" />
|-
| "''Princess''" or "''Lady''"''<br /><small>(term used in oral tradition, as documented by Odal-Devora<ref name="Odal2000" />)</small>'' || '''Panginoan''' || In '''Batangueño Folk Tradition''' as cited by Odal-Devora,<ref name="Odal2000" /> the daughter of Kalangitan and Lontok who were rulers of Pasig, who eventually married ''Balagtas, King of Balayan and Taal''.{{rp|page=51}}<br /> <br />In '''Kapampangan<ref name="Odal2000" /> Folk Tradition''' as cited by Odal-Devora,<ref name="Odal2000" /> who eventually married ''Bagtas, the "grandson of Kalangitan''."{{rp|pages=47,51}}<br /> <br /> In oral tradition recounted by [[Nick Joaquin]] and Leonardo Vivencio, "Princess Panginoan of Pasig" who was married by Balagtas, the Son of Emperor Soledan of [[Majapahit]] in 1300 AD in an effort consolidate rule of Namayan<ref name="Odal2000" />{{rp|pages=47,51}}|| ca. 1300 A.D. according to oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio<ref name="Odal2000" /> ||Batangueño and Kapampangan folk traditions cited by Odal-Devora, and oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio<ref name="Odal2000" />
|-
| ''Gat''{{attribution needed|date=May 2017}} || '''Lontok''' || In '''Batangueño Folk Tradition''' as cited by Odal-Devora,<ref name="Odal2000"/> husband of Kalangitan, serving as "rulers of Pasig" together.<ref name="Odal2000"/>{{rp|page=51}} ||Legendary antiquity<ref name="Odal2000"/> ||Batangueño folk tradition (cited by Odal-Devora, 2000<ref name="Odal2000"/>)
|-
| ''Dayang''{{attribution needed|date=May 2017}} or ''Sultana''<ref name="Odal2000"/><ref group=Notes>The term "Sultana" is used by Odal-Devora in her essay The River Dwellers (2000, page 47), saying "''This Prince Bagtas, a grandson of Sultana Kalangitan, the Lady of Pasig, was also said to have ruled the Kingdom of Namayan or Sapa, in the present Sta Ana-Mandaluyong-San Juan- Makati Area. This would explain the Pasig-Sta Ana-Tondo-Bulacan-Pampanga-Batangas interconnections of the Tagalog ruling elites.''"</ref> ||'''[[Dayang Kalangitan|Kalangitan]]'''<ref name="Odal2000"/> || Legendary "Lady of the Pasig"<ref name="Odal2000"/> in '''Batangueño Folk Tradition''' and "Ruler of Sapa" in '''Kapampangan Folk Tradition''' (as documented by Odal-Devora<ref name="Odal2000"/>). <br /><br /> Either the mother in law (''Batangueño Tradition'') or grandmother (''Kapampangan Tradition'') of the ruler known as "Prinsipe Balagtas"<ref name="Odal2000"/>||Legendary antiquity<ref name="Odal2000"/> ||Batangueño and Kapampangan folk traditions (cited by Odal-Devora, 2000<ref name="Odal2000"/>)
|-
|}

==After colonization==
When the parish of Sta. Ana de Sapa was founded in 1578, [[Franciscan]] missionaries chose to build their church, and eventually another settlement, some distance away from the ancient town. The result is that the present-day Santa Ana is no longer located at the original site.<ref name="Huerta"/> This has raised some questions about pre-colonial graves that have recently been excavated near the Santa Ana church.<ref name="traveleronfoot"/>

==See also==
{{div col}}
*[[Rajahnate of Maynila]]
*[[Tondo (historical polity)]]
*[[Cainta (historical polity)]]
*[[Hinduism in the Philippines]]
*[[History of the Philippines (900–1521)]]
*[[Tagalog people]]
*[[History of Luzon]]
{{col div end}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=Notes}}

== References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite web| title =History of Makati: PRE-SPANISH PERIOD| work =Makati City Portal| publisher =City Government of Makati| url =http://www.makati.gov.ph/portal/contents/about_makati/makati_history/prespanish.htm| access-date =February 5, 2008| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080328234953/http://www.makati.gov.ph/portal/contents/about_makati/makati_history/prespanish.htm| archive-date =March 28, 2008}}
* Nick Joaquin's Almanac for Manileños
* The River Dwellers by Grace P. Odal
* The River Dwellers by Grace P. Odal
* {{cite web
|last = Quezon
|first = Manuel L. III
|author-link = Manuel L. Quezon III
|title = An Essential Experience
|work = The Long View
|publisher = Philippine Daily Inquirer
|date = May 19, 2008
|url = http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20080519-137375/An-essential-experience
|access-date = April 1, 2013
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130701132400/http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20080519-137375/An-essential-experience
|archive-date = July 1, 2013
}}

{{Former and present states in the Philippines}}
{{Asia in topic|Hinduism in}}
{{India-related topics in Philippines}}
{{Asia in topic|History of}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Namayan, Kingdom of}}
[[Category:1175 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:1571 disestablishments]]
[[Category:Precolonial barangays]]
[[Category:Historical regions]]
[[Category:Indianized kingdoms]]
[[Category:Former countries in Philippine history]]
[[Category:History of Metro Manila]]
[[Category:History of Luzon]]

Latest revision as of 05:59, 13 May 2024

This article is about the ancient polity. For the modern barangay, see Namayan, Mandaluyong.

Namayan
ᜈᜋᜌᜈ᜔ (Baybayin)
before 1175–1571
Santa Ana (highlighted in blue) and Pasay (highlighted in green) on a detail of the 1819 map "Plano de la ciudad de Manila, capital de las Yslas Filipinas", prepared by Francisco Xavier de Herrera lo Grabó for the Manila Land Survey Year of 1819. According to Fray. Felix Huerta, the district of Santa Ana was raised in a former territory of the pre-Hispanic polity called Namayan.[1]
Santa Ana (highlighted in blue) and Pasay (highlighted in green) on a detail of the 1819 map "Plano de la ciudad de Manila, capital de las Yslas Filipinas", prepared by Francisco Xavier de Herrera lo Grabó for the Manila Land Survey Year of 1819. According to Fray. Felix Huerta, the district of Santa Ana was raised in a former territory of the pre-Hispanic polity called Namayan.[1]
StatusPrecolonial barangay[2]
under the house[1]
of Lakan Tagkan[2]: 193 
Personal union with Tondo through the traditional lineage of Kalangitan and Bagtas (Legendary antiquity)[3]
CapitalNamayan, Mandaluyong or Maysapan
Common languagesOld Tagalog, Old Malay
GovernmentFeudalism under barangay state led by the house of Lakan Tagkan[1][2][4]
History 
• Established
before 1175
• Conquest by Spain
1571
CurrencyPiloncitos and gold rings[5]
 Succeeded by
Captaincy General of the Philippines
Manila (province)
Today part ofPhilippines
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Namayan (Baybayin: Pre-Kudlit: ᜈᜋᜌ or ᜐᜉ (Sapa), Post-Kudlit: ᜈᜋᜌᜈ᜔), also called Sapa,[6] Maysapan, and sometimes Lamayan,[7] was an independent indigenous[2]: 193  polity[8][9] on the banks of the Pasig River in the Philippines. It is believed to have achieved its peak in 1175,[10] and to have gone into decline sometime in the 13th century,[11] although it continued to be inhabited until the arrival of European colonizers in the 1570s.[2]

Formed by a confederation of barangays,[1] it was one of several polities on the Pasig River just prior to the Spanish colonization of the Philippines, alongside Tondo, Maynila, and Cainta.[2][3]

Archeological findings in Santa Ana have produced the oldest evidence of continuous habitation among the Pasig River polities, pre-dating artifacts found within the historical sites of Maynila and Tondo.[6][11][Notes 1]

Sources[edit]

Historians studying Namayan have the advantage of being able to draw both from written sources and from artifacts uncovered in controlled archeological digs.[8][11]

The most prominent primary written sources regarding precolonial Namayan is "Estado Geográfico, Topográfico, Estadístico, Histórico-Religioso de la Santa y Apostólica Província de San Gregorio Magno", published in 1865 by Franciscan scholar Fr. Felix de Huerta. His description of Namayan included important details such as the extent of Namayan's territories, and the lineage of its rulers.[1]

Controlled archaeological excavations conducted by the National Museum of the Philippines in the 1960s, meantime, produced artifacts from a pre-Hispanic grave site within the Santa Ana Church complex,[6][11] providing important information about maritime trade around Southeast Asia and China from 12th to 15th century AD, as well as the elaborate mortuary practices of Namayan's inhabitants.[11]

Capital sites[edit]

Three present-day locations are identified as the political centers of Namayan. Two of these are within the present-day Santa Ana district in Manila, and Barangay Namayan in Mandaluyong across the river from the other sites.

Namayan, Mandaluyong[edit]

Barangay Namayan in Mandaluyong bears the name of the polity, and was believed to be the seat of power of Lakan Tagkan. However, it would be incorporated into Santa Ana de Sapa as a barrio in 1578.[1]

Sapa[edit]

The site most associated with the Namayan polity is the town proper of Santa Ana, which grew around Our Lady of the Abandoned Parish. This site did not become the main settlement until 1578, when Franciscan missionaries built the first church some distance from the original town. Local referred to the site as "Maysapan" or "Sapà."

Sapà is the Tagalog and Kapampangan word for a small creek. Nearby bodies of water matching the description include what are now Estero de Tripa de Gallina ("Rooster’s Gut Estuary") and a smaller creek (Estero de Sta. Clara) in the vicinity of the present-day streets of Del Pan, Havana, and Tejerón. However, old Santa Ana was known for being "criss-crossed by brooks and creeks", any number of which could have been obscured by urbanization.

Christianised into Santa Ana de Sapa, the name eventually encompassed the modern Santa Ana district of Manila.[10] De Huerta notes that "this town takes its name from the titular saint and the addition of Sapa for its having been established in a site immediately upon an estuary or rivulet proceeding from the Pasig River, which the natives call Sapa and the name of the town itself."[1]

Lamayan[edit]

Instead of the Sapa site, local traditions say that an area called Lamayan (Tagalog and Kapampangan for "the place where a wake was held"), on the banks of the Pasig itself. It was said to be the site of the ancient capital from which Lakan Tagkan and Buwan once ruled. It is still recognizable today, as a street in the area still bears its name.[7]

Territory[edit]

Tondo, Pasig, and barangays influenced including the territories of Namayan under the rule of Dayang Kalangitan of Pasig in 1450.

Namayan's territory has been described bordering Manila Bay, the Pasig River, and Laguna de Bay.[7][10] A more precise description of Namayan's administrative area is given by Fr. de Huerta, who, noting that Namayan was a confederation of several barangays, identified these component communities as they were named during the mid 19th century.[1]

Most are now districts or barangays within the modern City of Manila:[1]

Four settlements are now separate cities in and around Metro Manila:

Administrative and political records of Spanish Manila indicate that these settlements mentioned as territories of Namayan were recorded in 1578 as parts and visitas (satellite settlements) of Sta. Ana de Sapa.[7]

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A number of these settlements' names are no longer used today, but Philippine National Artist for Literature Nick Joaquin, in his book "Manila My Manila: A History for the Young", says that Namayan's territories included what are now Santa Ana, Quiapo, San Miguel, Sampaloc, Santa Mesa, Paco, Pandacan in Manila; Mandaluyong, San Juan, Makati, Pasay, Pateros, Taguig, Taytay, and Parañaque.[4]

Economic activities[edit]

Huerta describes the original settlement in Santa Ana as a fishing village that had other industries including carpentry, masonry, piña (pineapple cloth) embroidery, tinapá, cigars, bricks, sugar and bread.[1]

This contrasts sharply with the economic activities of the contemporaneous polities of Tondo and Maynila, which monopolized the influx of goods coming from China, and monopolized the re-sale of the same Chinese goods to other ports in the archipelago, respectively.[2]

Gold as currency[edit]

A collection of Piloncitos.

The Namayans, like Tondo, used Piloncitos, small gold ingots some of the size of a corn kernel—and weighing from 0.09 to 2.65 grams. Large Piloncitos weighing 2.65 grams approximate the weight of one mass. Piloncitos have been excavated from Mandaluyong, Bataan and the banks of the Pasig River.[5]

Other than Piloncitos, the Namayans also used gold rings, or gold ring-like ingots, very similar to the first coins invented in the Kingdom of Lydia in the present-day Turkey. Barter rings were circulated in the Philippines up to the 16th century.[13]

Rulers[edit]

Fray Huerta also recorded the genealogy of Namayan's ruling family, tracing it to a Lakan Tagkan (also known as Lacantagcan, or Lakan Takhan in some oral histories), and his wife Buan. Under the heading "Santa Ana", he records:

"In origin of the natives of this town comes from a ruler ("regulo") called Lacantagcan, and his wife named Bouan, lords ("señores") of the Namayan territories [...] The first Christian name found in the genealogical tree of this great ("gran") family is a certain Martin in this form. Martin, son of Calamayin: Calamayin, son of Laboy, Laboy, son of Palaba, and Palaba, firstborn son of the ruler ("regulo") Lacantagcan and his wife Bouan."[1]

Historian William Henry Scott notes that "Rajah Kalamayin" was the name of the ruler of Namayan at the point of colonial contact in the early 1570s,[2] and Huerta here records that his son was baptized "Martin" upon conversion to Roman Catholicism. Huerta only traces the genealogical tree of Lacan Tagcan back through Martin, and thus only mentions the eldest of Tagcan and Bouan's sons, Palaba. The other four sons of Tagcan are not named, and no daughters are mentioned.

Huerta does go on, however, to mention that Tagcan had another male son, named Pasay, whose mother was a Bornean slave:

"The said Lacantagcan, in addition to five children of his legitimate wife Bouan, had a bastard ("bastardo") with a slave of Bornean lineage ("esclava de casta bornea"), called Pasay, who was the origin of the town known by the same name, for having fixed there his residence as landowner, supported by his father."[1]

While Huerta thus definitively establishes that the rulers of Namayan and the settlement called Pasay were related, the precise nature of their relationship during the 1500s is unclear: Scott records that during that period, Pasay's rulers interacted with the Spanish themselves instead of "Rajah Kalamayin" speaking on their behalf.[2]

Some local oral traditions cite Tagkan's child Pasay as a daughter, bestowing her with the title "Dayang-dayang" ("princess").[10] However, the descriptor "bastardo" (bastard), used by Huerta, is masculine in form.[1]

Historian Grace Odal-Devora notes that Kapampangan oral histories also mention a "Sultana Kalangitan", described as "the Lady of the Pasig" who ruled the "Kingdom of Namayan." She is said to have been the grandmother of "Prinsipe Balagtas" (or Bagtas), and the legend says that the Kapampangan people are descended from him. Odal notes that this demonstrates the interconnections of the Tagalog ruling elites.[3]

Documented rulers of Namayan[edit]

The rulers of Namayan from the period of colonial contact (the 1570s) back to three prior generations, were documented by Franciscan Historian Fray Felix Huerta in the work Estado geográfico, topográfico, estadístico, histórico- religioso de la santa y apostólica Provincia de San Gregorio Magno ("Geographical, topographical, statistical, historical and religious state of the holy and apostolic province of St. Gregory the Great"), a record of the histories of Franciscan missions which is now a primary resource for local histories of Philippine municipalities.[2]

Title Name Notes Documented Period of Rule Primary Sources
Lakan[1] Tagkan[1] Named "Lacantagcan" by Huerta and described as the ruler to whom the "original residents" of Namayan trace their origin[1] exact years not documented; three generations prior to Calamayin (presumed to be in the 1460s-1490s) Huerta
Lakan[1]) Palaba Noted by Huerta[1] as the "Principal Son" of Lakan Tagkan. exact years not documented; two generations prior to Calamayin (presumed to be 1500s-1530s)[1] Huerta
Lakan[1]) Laboy Noted by Franciscan genealogical records to be the son of Lakan Palaba, and the father of Lakan Kalamayin.[1] exact years not documented; one generation prior to Calamayin (presumed to be 1540s until about the late 1560s)[1] Huerta
Lakan[2] Kalamayin referred to by Scott (1984) as Lakan Kalamayin.[2]
Described by Scott (1984)[2] as the paramount ruler of Namayan at the time of colonial contact.		 immediately prior to and after Spanish colonial contact (ca. 1571–1575)[2] Huerta
(no title documented by Huerta[1]) Martin* *Huerta[1] does not mention if Kalamayin's son, baptized "Martin", held a government position during the early Spanish colonial period early Spanish colonial period Huerta

Legendary rulers of Namayan[edit]

See also: List of ancient Philippine consorts

Aside from the records of Huerta, a number of names of rulers are associated with Namayan by folk/oral traditions, as recounted in documents such as the will of Fernando Malang (1589) and documented by academics such as Grace Odal-Devora[3] and writers such as Nick Joaquin.[4]

Title Name Notes Period of Rule Primary Sources
"Princess" or "Lady"
(term used in oral tradition, as documented by Odal-Devora[3])		 Sasaban In oral Tradition recounted by Nick Joaquin and Leonardo Vivencio, a "lady of Namayan" who went to the Majapahit court to marry Emperor Soledan, eventually giving birth to Balagtas, who then returned to Namayan/Pasig in 1300.[3]: 51  prior to 1300
(according to oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio)[3]		 Batangueño folk tradition (cited by Odal-Devora, 2000[3]), and oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio[3]
Prince[3]
(term used in oral tradition, as documented by Odal-Devora[3])		 Bagtas or Balagtas In Batangueño Folk Tradition as cited by Odal-Devora,[3] the King of Balayan and Taal who married Panginoan, daughter of Kalangitan and Lontok who were rulers of Pasig.: 51 

In Kapampangan[3] Folk Tradition as cited by Odal-Devora,[3] the "grandson of Kalangitan" and a "Prince of Madjapahit" who married the "Princess Panginoan of Pampanga": 47, 51 

Either the son in law (Batangueño Tradition) or grandson (Kapampangan Tradition) of Kalangitan[3]

In oral tradition recounted by Nick Joaquin and Leonardo Vivencio, the Son of Emperor Soledan of Majapahit who married Sasaban of Sapa/Namayan. Married Princess Panginoan of Pasig at about the year 1300 in order to consolidate his family line and rule of Namayan[3]: 47, 51 		 ca. 1300 A.D. according to oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio[3] Batangueño and Kapampangan folk traditions cited by Odal-Devora, and oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio[3]
"Princess" or "Lady"
(term used in oral tradition, as documented by Odal-Devora[3])		 Panginoan In Batangueño Folk Tradition as cited by Odal-Devora,[3] the daughter of Kalangitan and Lontok who were rulers of Pasig, who eventually married Balagtas, King of Balayan and Taal.: 51 

In Kapampangan[3] Folk Tradition as cited by Odal-Devora,[3] who eventually married Bagtas, the "grandson of Kalangitan.": 47, 51 

In oral tradition recounted by Nick Joaquin and Leonardo Vivencio, "Princess Panginoan of Pasig" who was married by Balagtas, the Son of Emperor Soledan of Majapahit in 1300 AD in an effort consolidate rule of Namayan[3]: 47, 51 		 ca. 1300 A.D. according to oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio[3] Batangueño and Kapampangan folk traditions cited by Odal-Devora, and oral tradition cited by Joaquin and Vicencio[3]
Gat[attribution needed] Lontok In Batangueño Folk Tradition as cited by Odal-Devora,[3] husband of Kalangitan, serving as "rulers of Pasig" together.[3]: 51  Legendary antiquity[3] Batangueño folk tradition (cited by Odal-Devora, 2000[3])
Dayang[attribution needed] or Sultana[3][Notes 2] Kalangitan[3] Legendary "Lady of the Pasig"[3] in Batangueño Folk Tradition and "Ruler of Sapa" in Kapampangan Folk Tradition (as documented by Odal-Devora[3]).

Either the mother in law (Batangueño Tradition) or grandmother (Kapampangan Tradition) of the ruler known as "Prinsipe Balagtas"[3]		 Legendary antiquity[3] Batangueño and Kapampangan folk traditions (cited by Odal-Devora, 2000[3])

After colonization[edit]

When the parish of Sta. Ana de Sapa was founded in 1578, Franciscan missionaries chose to build their church, and eventually another settlement, some distance away from the ancient town. The result is that the present-day Santa Ana is no longer located at the original site.[1] This has raised some questions about pre-colonial graves that have recently been excavated near the Santa Ana church.[7]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Tondo is mentioned in an even older document (the Laguna Copperplate Inscription), however, providing earlier evidence of a polity named "Tondo", even if the artifact was found in a different site.[http://"Postma1992" Postma, Antoon (1992). "The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary". Philippine Studies. Ateneo de Manila University. 40 (2): 182–203.]
  2. ^ The term "Sultana" is used by Odal-Devora in her essay The River Dwellers (2000, page 47), saying "This Prince Bagtas, a grandson of Sultana Kalangitan, the Lady of Pasig, was also said to have ruled the Kingdom of Namayan or Sapa, in the present Sta Ana-Mandaluyong-San Juan- Makati Area. This would explain the Pasig-Sta Ana-Tondo-Bulacan-Pampanga-Batangas interconnections of the Tagalog ruling elites."

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Huerta, Felix, de (1865). Estado Geografico, Topografico, Estadistico, Historico-Religioso de la Santa y Apostolica Provincia de San Gregorio Magno. Binondo: Imprenta de M. Sanchez y Compañia.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 971-550-135-4.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj Odal-Devora, Grace (2000). The River Dwellers, in Book Pasig : The River of Life (Edited by Reynaldo Gamboa Alejandro and Alfred A. Yuson). Unilever Philippines. pp. 43–66.
  4. ^ a b c Joaquin, Nick. Manila My Manila: A History for the Young. City Government of Manila. Manila: 1990.
  5. ^ a b Ocampo, Ambeth R. (August 30, 2011). "'Piloncitos' and the 'Philippine golden age'". opinion.inquirer.net. Retrieved April 28, 2017.
  6. ^ a b c Locsin, Leandro V. and Cecilia Y. Locsin. 1967. Oriental Ceramics Discovered in the Philippines. Vermont: Charles E. Tuttle Company. ISBN 0804804478
  7. ^ a b c d e "The Kingdom of Namayan and Maytime Fiesta in Sta. Ana of Old Manila". Traveler on Foot: A Travel Journal. May 12, 2008. Retrieved September 27, 2008.
  8. ^ a b "Pre-colonial Manila". Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library. Malacañang Presidential Museum and Library Araw ng Maynila Briefers. Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office. June 23, 2015. Archived from the original on March 9, 2016. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
  9. ^ Abinales, Patricio N. and Donna J. Amoroso, State and Society in the Philippines. Maryland: Rowman and Littlefield, 2005.
  10. ^ a b c d "About Pasay – History: Kingdom of Namayan". Pasay city government website. City Government of Pasay. Archived from the original on September 21, 2010. Retrieved February 5, 2008.
  11. ^ a b c d e Fox, Robert B. and Avelino M. Legaspi. 1977. Excavations at Santa Ana. Manila: National Museum of the Philippines
  12. ^ "Katmon, illenia philippinensis, PHILIPPINE CATMON / Herbal Medicine / Philippine Alternative Meeicine / StuartXchange".
  13. ^ "Philippine Coin Information: PILONCITOS: The treasure of Philippine numismatic". Archived from the original on February 19, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2017.

Further reading[edit]

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