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The populist press reacted to the appearance of a new [[List of spouses or partners of the president of France|"First Lady"]] with astonishment. [[:fr:Michelle Auriol| Michelle Auriol ]], her predecessor in the role, dressed extravagently and cultivated a sophisticated elegance. The contrast with Germaine Coty, a comfortably corpulent woman who did not baulk at the simple chores associated with keeping house, and who was perfectly happy to wear an apron when welcoming journalists who had come to meet the wife of the new head of state, could hardly have been more complete.<ref name=BMS>Bertrand Meyer-Stabley, Les Dames de l'Élysée. Celles d'hier et de demain, Librairie académique Perrin, Paris.</ref> Although some commentators have inferred an element of contrivance in the public face presented by Germaine Coty, most sources accept that the new "First Lady" was totally genuine, without either the inclination or the ability to create any sort of "alternative version of herself for pubic consumption".<ref name=GCselonElG/><ref name=GCaGrenoble/> In 1954 a second version of "Nouveaux Portraits" appeared in which the respected writer-politician [[Françoise Giroud]] stressed what she saw as the natural humility of Genevienve Coty: "Immediately after [reading in newspapers the result of the presidential election] she was both shocked and suddenly saddened: Look at me ... I do not pretend to be thin, but in the end, all the same ...".<ref name=RCetlaguerre1418/>{{efn |«Regardez-moi ... je ne prétends pas être mince, mais enfin tout de même ...»<ref name=RCetlaguerre1418/>}} She is also quoted at around the same time sharing her shock accompanied by the insight, "I'm no pin-up: I'm a grand mother!".<ref name=GCselonPolNet/>{{efn |«... je ne suis pas une pin-up, je suis une grand-mère.»<ref name=GCselonPolNet/>}} During the early months of 1954 a number of the soubriquets she attracted in print and on the streets were brutal: "Madame without the corset",<ref name=BMS/> "Christmas log",<ref name=BMS/> "Madame plenty"<ref name=BMS/><ref name="SYLVA">{{cite book |author=Antoine Da Sylva |title=René Coty|work=Les potins de l'histoire 3 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=979-10-90226-10-4 |pages=145–146}}</ref>
The populist press reacted to the appearance of a new [[List of spouses or partners of the president of France|"First Lady"]] with astonishment. [[:fr:Michelle Auriol| Michelle Auriol ]], her predecessor in the role, dressed extravagently and cultivated a sophisticated elegance. The contrast with Germaine Coty, a comfortably corpulent woman who did not baulk at the simple chores associated with keeping house, and who was perfectly happy to wear an apron when welcoming journalists who had come to meet the wife of the new head of state, could hardly have been more complete.<ref name=BMS>Bertrand Meyer-Stabley, Les Dames de l'Élysée. Celles d'hier et de demain, Librairie académique Perrin, Paris.</ref> Although some commentators have inferred an element of contrivance in the public face presented by Germaine Coty, most sources accept that the new "First Lady" was totally genuine, without either the inclination or the ability to create any sort of "alternative version of herself for pubic consumption".<ref name=GCselonElG/><ref name=GCaGrenoble/> In 1954 a second version of "Nouveaux Portraits" appeared in which the respected writer-politician [[Françoise Giroud]] stressed what she saw as the natural humility of Genevienve Coty: "Immediately after [reading in newspapers the result of the presidential election] she was both shocked and suddenly saddened: Look at me ... I do not pretend to be thin, but in the end, all the same ...".<ref name=RCetlaguerre1418/>{{efn |«Regardez-moi ... je ne prétends pas être mince, mais enfin tout de même ...»<ref name=RCetlaguerre1418/>}} She is also quoted at around the same time sharing her shock accompanied by the insight, "I'm no pin-up: I'm a grand mother!".<ref name=GCselonPolNet/>{{efn |«... je ne suis pas une pin-up, je suis une grand-mère.»<ref name=GCselonPolNet/>}} During the early months of 1954 a number of the soubriquets she attracted in print and on the streets were brutal: "Madame without the corset",<ref name=BMS/> "Christmas log",<ref name=BMS/> "Madame plenty"<ref name=BMS/><ref name="SYLVA">{{cite book |author=Antoine Da Sylva |title=René Coty|work=Les potins de l'histoire 3 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=979-10-90226-10-4 |pages=145–146}}</ref>


Germaine Coty quickly became very popular with the wider public, however, and the public criticism targetting her perceived vulnerabilities ceased because of the protests it generated. The French appreciated and empathised with her powerful maternal drive. It became known that she had several rooms in the [[Élysée Palace |presidential "Élysée Palace"]] in order to make it possible to accommodate all ten of her grand children.<ref name=GCselonJP/><ref name=GCselonCA>{{cite web|title=Ce que l’on dit de Penelope Fillon est curieusement daté|author=Claude Askolovitch|date=6 February 2017 |work=Henriette Caillaux, Bernadette Chirac, Cécilia Sarkozy, Penelope Fillon... L'histoire montre que la France aime fantasmer le rôle des épouses d'hommes politiques.|publisher=SlateFR |url=http://www.slate.fr/story/136643/fillon-penelope|accessdate=24 June 2021}}</ref> Sources also reference instances of her "child-like simplicity". A particularly frequently repeated anecdote concerns the time she acted as an incognito guide for two American students visiting the [[Château de Rambouillet]]. On another occasion her actions were widely reported when she distributed pastries to children in the streets of [[Vizille]], near to what was at that time still an official [[Château de Vizille|presidential residence]] (and one of which [[René Coty|President Coty]] was particularly fond). It became known that Germaine Coty always took particular care to befriend and look after palace staff at [[Élysée Palace |"the Élysée"]]. She was also seen to be generous with her time, scheduling five hours each day for her work on different social and welfare projects. In addition, notwithstanding reports of her underlying humility, she acquired a certain beneficent personal authority.<ref name=GCselonSenat/><ref name=GCselonElG/>
Germaine Coty quickly became very popular with the wider public, however, and the public criticism targetting her perceived vulnerabilities ceased because of the protests it generated. The French appreciated and empathised with her powerful maternal drive. It became known that she had several rooms in the [[Élysée Palace |presidential "Élysée Palace"]] in order to make it possible to accommodate all ten of her grand children.<ref name=GCselonJP/><ref name=GCselonCA>{{cite web|title=Ce que l’on dit de Penelope Fillon est curieusement daté|author=Claude Askolovitch|date=6 February 2017 |work=Henriette Caillaux, Bernadette Chirac, Cécilia Sarkozy, Penelope Fillon... L'histoire montre que la France aime fantasmer le rôle des épouses d'hommes politiques.|publisher=SlateFR |url=http://www.slate.fr/story/136643/fillon-penelope|accessdate=24 June 2021}}</ref> Sources also reference instances of her "child-like simplicity". A particularly frequently repeated anecdote concerns the time she acted as an incognito guide for two American students visiting the [[Château de Rambouillet]]. On another occasion her actions were widely reported when she distributed pastries to children in the streets of [[Vizille]], near to what was at that time still an official [[Château de Vizille|presidential residence]] (and one of which [[René Coty|President Coty]] was particularly fond). It became known that Germaine Coty always took particular care to befriend and look after palace staff at [[Élysée Palace |"the Élysée"]]. She was also seen to be generous with her time, scheduling five hours each day for her work on different social and welfare projects. It was also noticed that with Germaine Coty running the the house, letters addressed to "la dame de l’Élysée" (''approximately, "the lady of the palace"''), received serious attention and proper replies.<ref name=GCselonColombeylDE/> Notwithstanding reports of her underlying humility, she acquired a certain beneficent personal authority.<ref name=GCselonSenat/><ref name=GCselonElG/>


It should be added that Germaine Coty's public image was much enhanced, both during her life time and posthumously, by influential sections in the "women's press"<ref name="SANTAMARIADUHAMEL2015">{{cite book|author1=Jacques Santamaria |author2=Patrice Duhamel |title=Jamais sans elles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rSyZCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT89|date=8 October 2015|publisher=Place des éditeurs|isbn=978-2-259-24870-9|pages=89–91}}</ref> and by a campaign in her defence led by [[Le Pèlerin]], the mass-circulation weekly magazine of the Catholic Church in France, even if the perspective offered by the traditionalist catholic magazine is underpinned by attitudes that might invite incredulity or ridicule two generations later: "We [the French] are a people who recommend that wives should stay home, care for their husbands, their children: and yet when [one of these wives] is called by the dice of democracy to the top job [of First Lady], the press mocks her because she does not look like a fashion model, because her priorities are family-related".<ref name=BMS/><ref name=GCselonCA/>{{efn | "Nous sommes un peuple qui recommande à ses femmes de rester au foyer, de s'occuper de leur mari, de leurs enfants, et voilà qu'au moment où l'une d'elles est appelée à la situation suprême par le jeu de la démocratie, la presse la ridiculise parce qu'elle ne ressemble pas à un mannequin, parce que son horizon est familial".<ref name=BMS/><ref name=GCselonCA/>}}
It should be added that Germaine Coty's public image was much enhanced, both during her life time and posthumously, by influential sections in the "women's press"<ref name="SANTAMARIADUHAMEL2015">{{cite book|author1=Jacques Santamaria |author2=Patrice Duhamel |title=Jamais sans elles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rSyZCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT89|date=8 October 2015|publisher=Place des éditeurs|isbn=978-2-259-24870-9|pages=89–91}}</ref> and by a campaign in her defence led by [[Le Pèlerin]], the mass-circulation weekly magazine of the Catholic Church in France, even if the perspective offered by the traditionalist catholic magazine is underpinned by attitudes that might invite incredulity or ridicule two generations later: "We [the French] are a people who recommend that wives should stay home, care for their husbands, their children: and yet when [one of these wives] is called by the dice of democracy to the top job [of First Lady], the press mocks her because she does not look like a fashion model, because her priorities are family-related".<ref name=BMS/><ref name=GCselonCA/>{{efn | "Nous sommes un peuple qui recommande à ses femmes de rester au foyer, de s'occuper de leur mari, de leurs enfants, et voilà qu'au moment où l'une d'elles est appelée à la situation suprême par le jeu de la démocratie, la presse la ridiculise parce qu'elle ne ressemble pas à un mannequin, parce que son horizon est familial".<ref name=BMS/><ref name=GCselonCA/>}}


There was no major restoration or redecoration of [[Élysée Palace |"the Élysée"]] on the Cotys' watch. The presidential palace had been thorughly modernised between 1947 and 1953 under [[Vincent Auriol|Président and]] [[:fr:Michelle Auriol|Présidente Auriol]]. A noteworthy rearrangement to the palace gardens was nevertheless undertaken by the Cotys, and the presidential chapel was dusted down and reopened.<ref name=GCselonColombeylDE>{{cite web |title=Germaine COTY, la gentillesse maternelle (1954-1955) |work= Portraits des Premières dames .... une exposition temporaire, Salle Konrad Adenauer: Dossier de presse |date=June 2015 |page=8 |url=http://www.memorial-charlesdegaulle.fr/UserFiles_degaulle/files/DP%20exposition%20premieres%20dames%20BD.pdf |publisher=Le Mémorial Charles de Gaulle, Colombey-les-Deux-Églises |author= Thomas Wauthier (coordination) |accessdate=24 June 2021}}</ref>
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Revision as of 16:36, 24 June 2021

Germaine Coty
Germaine Coty in Amsterdam, accompanying President Coty during a state visit
Wim van Rossem, 21 July 1954
Spouse of the President of France
In office
16 January 1954 – 12 November 1955
PresidentRené Coty (1882 - 1962)
Personal details
Born
Germaine Alice Corblet

(1886-04-09)April 9, 1886
Le Havre, Seine-Inférieure, France
DiedNovember 12, 1955(1955-11-12) (aged 69)
Château de Rambouillet, Seine-et-Oise, France
Children2
Parent(s)Edouard Corblet (1847-1913)
Marie Jeanne Clotilde Belhomme<

Germaine Coty (born Germaine Alice Corblet: 9 April 1886 - 12 November 1955) was the daughter of a Normandy ship owner who became the wife of the French lawyer-politician René Coty (1882 - 1962)). She therefore became "First Lady" - wife of the president - on 16 January 1954 as a result of her husband's election to the presidency. When she died, slightly less than 22 months later, she became the first wife of a French president to die while her husband was still in office. By that time she had become popular with the French public "for her simplicity and kindness: [hostile commentators who had mocked her when she moved into the presidential "Élysée Palace" quickly ceased their mockery in response to vehement public protests".[1][2][3][a]

Biography

Provenance and childhood

Germaine Corblet was born in Le Havre, a major port city in northern France, located at the mouth of the Seine. She was the second-born of her parents' three recorded children, and the eldest daughter of Edouard Corblet (1847-1913) by his marriage in 1875 to Marie Jeanne Clotilde Belhomme. Edouard Corblet was a ship owner and, in 1896, the co-founder with a sea captain called Cicero Brown of the company "Brown & Corblet", a business created to specialise in the potentially lucrative business of shipping nickel from New Caledonia to Europe.[4][5] Much of Germaine's education was provided by church institutions, first in France and later in England: she would remain a practicing Catholic throughout her life.[6] Because of the time she spent at a convent school across the sea to the north, in Southampton, she also became fluent in the English language.[7][8]

Marriage and family

By the time she met the young lawyer-notary René Coty early in 1907 she already knew both Nelly and Marthe, his two elder sisters.[2] The engagement was short. On 21 May 1907 Germaine Coty married René Coty. The marriage was solemnised at St Michael's Church (subsequently destroyed and replaced with a modern structure) in Le Havre.[9][b] Later that year her new husband launched himself on a political career, elected as a local councillor, and identifying himself on the ballot paper as a "radical and radical-socialist" candidate. It is not clear why the election was subsequently formally invalidated, but the next year he stood for election again and was re-elected: René Coty continued to be listed as a local councillor between 1908 and 1919.[9]

The couple's marriage was followed by the births of their two daughters in 1908 and 1910.[11] The daughters married in 1929 and 1932, and Germaine Coty very soon became a multiple hands-on grandmother, a role which she greatly relished for the rest of her life.[1][12] The younger of the two daughters, Anne-Marie (1910-1987​), married the otorhinolaryngologist turned politician Maurice Georges, who in 1974 was among those who signed the so-called "Call of the 43 [politicians]", urging Valéry Giscard d'Estaing to stand for the presidency in that year's presidentential election (though he subsequently left the "group of 43" following a disagreement).[13]

Middle years

The Cotys were separated during the First World War after René Coty volunteered for military service. He served with the 129th Infantry Regiment (which had its home base at Le Havre); and fought at Verdun. The letters that the couple exchanged during this period indicate that their partnership was a close one and that Germaine Coty handled the separation and associated worry with her customary quiet strength.[1][12][14]

A plaque on an outside wall identifies the Paris apartment building in which René and Germaine Coty lived between October 1936 and January 1954.

After the war René Coty resumed his legal work. He had been a member of the bar at Le Havre, specialising in maritime and commercial law. The quality of his advocacy and court-room oratory meant he was on occasion called upon to appear in other cases, both civil and criminal. However, his political work became increasingly time consuming, and in 1932 he was obliged to terminate his court room work.[9] In May 1923 he moved on from local to national politics, elected to membership of the Chamber of Deputies (lower house) of the French Parliament in a bye-election triggered by the deaths of Jules Siegfried and Pierre de Bagneux. For electoral purposes he described himself as a member of the Democratic Union ("Union démocratique"), referenncing a centrist nineteenth century political grouping. René Coty continued to sit as a member of the Chamber of Deputies without a break till 1936 without ever pinning his colours very clearly to any of the main political parties. At the end of 1935 he was elected to membership of the senate.[1][9] Throughout this period he was supported, in the background, with unceasing fortitude and unquestioning devotion by Germaine, who ran the family and the household with shrewd efficiency, leaving her husband to focus on his career. In the context of the times the arrangement was evidently one that suited them both very well.[12]

Mme la Présidente

The 1953 presidential election, conducted between 17 and 23 December, by a combined electorate comprising all the members from both houses of parliament, was a convoluted affair which, some believed, brought the French Fourth Republic into disrepute: René Coty's victory and came only at the thirteenth ballot, after the other candidates had been eliminated one by one, round by round.[15] René Coty's emergence as the winner of the last men standing came as a surprise to colleagues and commentators alike. Germaine Coty was informed of it by a news reporter who had found his way to the front door of her apartment in the 4th arrondissement of Paris, which René and Germaine Coty had shared since relocating from Normandy in 1936. The reporter rang the bell, hoping for a reaction from the wife of the new president. He was not disppointed. Germaine Coty had been in the kitchen and had not bothered to remove her apron before opening the door to the unexpected visitor. Her reaction was direct: "I'll make him a tart".[16] [c]

The populist press reacted to the appearance of a new "First Lady" with astonishment. Michelle Auriol , her predecessor in the role, dressed extravagently and cultivated a sophisticated elegance. The contrast with Germaine Coty, a comfortably corpulent woman who did not baulk at the simple chores associated with keeping house, and who was perfectly happy to wear an apron when welcoming journalists who had come to meet the wife of the new head of state, could hardly have been more complete.[17] Although some commentators have inferred an element of contrivance in the public face presented by Germaine Coty, most sources accept that the new "First Lady" was totally genuine, without either the inclination or the ability to create any sort of "alternative version of herself for pubic consumption".[3][16] In 1954 a second version of "Nouveaux Portraits" appeared in which the respected writer-politician Françoise Giroud stressed what she saw as the natural humility of Genevienve Coty: "Immediately after [reading in newspapers the result of the presidential election] she was both shocked and suddenly saddened: Look at me ... I do not pretend to be thin, but in the end, all the same ...".[14][d] She is also quoted at around the same time sharing her shock accompanied by the insight, "I'm no pin-up: I'm a grand mother!".[8][e] During the early months of 1954 a number of the soubriquets she attracted in print and on the streets were brutal: "Madame without the corset",[17] "Christmas log",[17] "Madame plenty"[17][18]

Germaine Coty quickly became very popular with the wider public, however, and the public criticism targetting her perceived vulnerabilities ceased because of the protests it generated. The French appreciated and empathised with her powerful maternal drive. It became known that she had several rooms in the presidential "Élysée Palace" in order to make it possible to accommodate all ten of her grand children.[2][19] Sources also reference instances of her "child-like simplicity". A particularly frequently repeated anecdote concerns the time she acted as an incognito guide for two American students visiting the Château de Rambouillet. On another occasion her actions were widely reported when she distributed pastries to children in the streets of Vizille, near to what was at that time still an official presidential residence (and one of which President Coty was particularly fond). It became known that Germaine Coty always took particular care to befriend and look after palace staff at "the Élysée". She was also seen to be generous with her time, scheduling five hours each day for her work on different social and welfare projects. It was also noticed that with Germaine Coty running the the house, letters addressed to "la dame de l’Élysée" (approximately, "the lady of the palace"), received serious attention and proper replies.[20] Notwithstanding reports of her underlying humility, she acquired a certain beneficent personal authority.[1][3]

It should be added that Germaine Coty's public image was much enhanced, both during her life time and posthumously, by influential sections in the "women's press"[21] and by a campaign in her defence led by Le Pèlerin, the mass-circulation weekly magazine of the Catholic Church in France, even if the perspective offered by the traditionalist catholic magazine is underpinned by attitudes that might invite incredulity or ridicule two generations later: "We [the French] are a people who recommend that wives should stay home, care for their husbands, their children: and yet when [one of these wives] is called by the dice of democracy to the top job [of First Lady], the press mocks her because she does not look like a fashion model, because her priorities are family-related".[17][19][f]

There was no major restoration or redecoration of "the Élysée" on the Cotys' watch. The presidential palace had been thorughly modernised between 1947 and 1953 under Président and Présidente Auriol. A noteworthy rearrangement to the palace gardens was nevertheless undertaken by the Cotys, and the presidential chapel was dusted down and reopened.[20]

Notes

  1. ^ "Germaine Coty séduit immédiatement les Français par sa simplicité et sa gentillesse. . Les chansonniers qui la raillent font vite taire leurs moqueries en raison des protestations véhémentes du public".[1]
  2. ^ Marriages in France must be effected by means of a civil ceremony at a town hall in order to be accepted by the government and its egencies as legally constituted; but it is open to the parties to follow through with a church ceremony. Many couples do that.[10]
  3. ^ "Je vais lui faire une tarte."[16]
  4. ^ «Regardez-moi ... je ne prétends pas être mince, mais enfin tout de même ...»[14]
  5. ^ «... je ne suis pas une pin-up, je suis une grand-mère.»[8]
  6. ^ "Nous sommes un peuple qui recommande à ses femmes de rester au foyer, de s'occuper de leur mari, de leurs enfants, et voilà qu'au moment où l'une d'elles est appelée à la situation suprême par le jeu de la démocratie, la presse la ridiculise parce qu'elle ne ressemble pas à un mannequin, parce que son horizon est familial".[17][19]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f "Madame Coty". Histoire du Sénat .... Décembre 1953 : René Coty, un sénateur à l'Elysée. Le Sénat, Paris. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  2. ^ a b c Jacqueline Piatier [in French] (14 November 1955). "Mme René Coty est décedée cette nuit a Rambouillet". Mme René Coty, épouse du président de la République, est décédée ce matin, peu après 4 heures, au château de Rambouillet, d'une crise cardiaque. Le Monde, Paris. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  3. ^ a b c Erwan Le Gall. "Histoire d'une image : Germaine Coty". En Envor, l'histoire contemporaine en Bretagne, Ploemeur. ISSN 2266-3916. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  4. ^ Ivan Sache (author-compiler) (9 April 2012). "... Brown & Corblet". [predecessor companies of] Compagnie Havraise de Navigation. CRW Flags Inc., MD. Retrieved 23 June 2021. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  5. ^ Richard Gildersleeve (January 2016). "Captain Cicero Brown" (PDF). Newsletter. Portland Historical Society, Portland CT. pp. 4–7. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  6. ^ Catherine Rambert (26 June 2014). Jeux dangereux à l'Elysée. edi8, Paris. pp. 108–110. ISBN 978-2-7540-6842-0.
  7. ^ "Mrs Coty, wife of the president, dies in France". Germaine Coty, above, 69-year-old wife of President Rene Coty of France, died ... The Times Record, Troy, New York. 12 November 1955. p. 1. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  8. ^ a b c "Germaine Coty, portrait de l'épouse du deuxième président de la IVe République". politique.net. 28 April 2009. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  9. ^ a b c d "Fonds René Coty". Inventaire - 111AJ/1-111AJ/147. Archives nationales, Pierrefitte-sur-Seine. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  10. ^ Jonathan Luxmoore (15 April 2015). "European countries distinguish between religious, civil marriages". Catholic news service. The National Catholic Reporter Publishing Company, Kansas City MO. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  11. ^ "René Coty-Décédé". Biographie ... Famille. Cartes postales du Morbihan. 22 November 1962. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  12. ^ a b c C. S. (16 January 2014). "Germaine Coty, «première grand-mère» de France". Sous la rubrique «Les femmes dont on parle», en 1954, un portrait de l’épouse du président de la République d’alors, René Coty. Gazette de Lausanne, 9 mars 1954, republished online from their "archives historiques" 60 years later by Le Temps, Lausanne which appears to be a successor newspaper to the Gazette. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
  13. ^ "Dans la majorité: M. Messmer pourrait apporter son soutien à M. Chaban-Delmas". Le Monde, Paris. 18 April 1974. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  14. ^ a b c "Coty René". Mémoires de Guerre .... Personnalités Politiques. 27 October 2019. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  15. ^ "L'exercice de la fonction présidentielle sous la IVème et la Vème République .... Un rôle de représentation et d'influence sous la IVème République". L'évolution de la fonction présidentielle en France depuis 1947. Académie de Reims: Canopé, le réseau de création et d'accompagnement pédagogiques. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  16. ^ a b c Sylvaine Romanaz (5 April 2020). "Plus forte que Kate Middleton, Germaine Coty!". Le Dauphiné vous fait revivre un évènement du passé. Mais en plein confinement, difficile d'aller fouiller dans les archives... Pas de panique chers internautes, vous avez quand même droit à une histoire! Certes pas inédite, mais une histoire qui va vous changer les idées. C'est déjà ça... Le Dauphiné Libéré, Grenoble. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
  17. ^ a b c d e f Bertrand Meyer-Stabley, Les Dames de l'Élysée. Celles d'hier et de demain, Librairie académique Perrin, Paris.
  18. ^ Antoine Da Sylva. René Coty. Lulu.com. pp. 145–146. ISBN 979-10-90226-10-4. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  19. ^ a b c Claude Askolovitch (6 February 2017). "Ce que l'on dit de Penelope Fillon est curieusement daté". Henriette Caillaux, Bernadette Chirac, Cécilia Sarkozy, Penelope Fillon... L'histoire montre que la France aime fantasmer le rôle des épouses d'hommes politiques. SlateFR. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
  20. ^ a b Thomas Wauthier (coordination) (June 2015). "Germaine COTY, la gentillesse maternelle (1954-1955)" (PDF). Portraits des Premières dames .... une exposition temporaire, Salle Konrad Adenauer: Dossier de presse. Le Mémorial Charles de Gaulle, Colombey-les-Deux-Églises. p. 8. Retrieved 24 June 2021.
  21. ^ Jacques Santamaria; Patrice Duhamel (8 October 2015). Jamais sans elles. Place des éditeurs. pp. 89–91. ISBN 978-2-259-24870-9.
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