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== History ==
== History ==
===Origins===
===Origins===
''Astronomy & Astrophysics'' was created as an answer to the publishing situation found in Europe in the 1960s. At that time, multiple journals were being published in several countries around the continent. These journals usually had a limited number of subscribers, and articles were written in languages other than English. They were less widely read than American and British journals and the research they reported had therefore less impact in the community.<ref name="meynet2006">{{Citation | last=Meynet | first=Georges | title=Astronomy & Astrophysics – A Journal of Astronomers for Astronomers|date=2006|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5301-6_15 | work=Organizations and Strategies in Astronomy | volume=7 | pages=273–283|editor-last=Heck | editor-first=André | series=Astrophysics and Space Science Library | place=Dordrecht | publisher=Springer Netherlands | language=en | doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-5301-6_15 | isbn=978-1-4020-5301-6 | access-date=29 April 2023}}</ref>
''Astronomy & Astrophysics'' was created as an answer to the publishing situation found in Europe in the 1960s. At that time, multiple journals were being published in several countries around the continent. These journals usually had a limited number of subscribers, and articles were written in languages other than English. They were less widely read than American and British journals and the research they reported had therefore less impact in the community.<ref name="meynet2006">{{Citation | last=Meynet | first=Georges | title=Astronomy & Astrophysics – A Journal of Astronomers for Astronomers | date=2006 | url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5301-6_15 | work=Organizations and Strategies in Astronomy | volume=7 | pages=273–283 | editor-last=Heck | editor-first=André | series=Astrophysics and Space Science Library | place=Dordrecht | publisher=Springer Netherlands | language=en | doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-5301-6_15 | isbn=978-1-4020-5301-6 | access-date=29 April 2023 | archive-date=19 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819174901/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4020-5301-6_15 | url-status=live }}</ref>


Starting in 1963, conversations between astronomers from European countries assessed the need for a common astronomical journal. On 8 April 1968, leading astronomers from Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Scandinavian countries met in [[Leiden University]] to prepare a possible merging of some of the principal existing journals. It was proposed that the new journal be called ''Astronomy and Astrophysics, A European Journal''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Pottasch |first=S. R. |date=2011 |title=The history of the creation of''Astronomy & Astrophysics'' |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/eas/1149002 |journal=EAS Publications Series |volume=49 |pages=23–31 |doi=10.1051/eas/1149002 |bibcode=2011EAS....49...23P |issn=1633-4760}}</ref>
Starting in 1963, conversations between astronomers from European countries assessed the need for a common astronomical journal. On 8 April 1968, leading astronomers from Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Scandinavian countries met in [[Leiden University]] to prepare a possible merging of some of the principal existing journals. It was proposed that the new journal be called ''Astronomy and Astrophysics, A European Journal''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Pottasch |first=S. R. |date=2011 |title=The history of the creation of''Astronomy & Astrophysics'' |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/eas/1149002 |journal=EAS Publications Series |volume=49 |pages=23–31 |doi=10.1051/eas/1149002 |bibcode=2011EAS....49...23P |issn=1633-4760 |access-date=2023-08-05 |archive-date=2023-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819174911/https://www.eas-journal.org/articles/eas/abs/2011/04/eas1149002/eas1149002.html |url-status=live }}</ref>


The main policy-making body of the new journal was to be the "Board of Directors", consisting of senior astronomers or government representatives of the sponsoring countries. The board appoints the editors-in chief, who are responsible for the scientific contents of the journal. The [[European Southern Observatory]] was chosen as an additional body that acts on behalf of the board and handles the administrative, financial, and legal matters of the journal.
The main policy-making body of the new journal was to be the "Board of Directors", consisting of senior astronomers or government representatives of the sponsoring countries. The board appoints the editors-in chief, who are responsible for the scientific contents of the journal. The [[European Southern Observatory]] was chosen as an additional body that acts on behalf of the board and handles the administrative, financial, and legal matters of the journal.
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===Early years===
===Early years===
The first issue of A&A was published in January 1969, merging several national journals of individual European countries into one comprehensive publication.<ref name="meynet2006" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name="blaauweditorial1969">{{cite journal |last=Blaauw |first=Adriaan |author-link=Adriaan Blaauw |date=1969 |title=Astronomy and Astrophysics, A European Journal |url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1969A&A.....1....1B |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=1 |page=1 |bibcode=1969A&A.....1....1B |number=1}}</ref> These journals, with their ISSN and date of first publication, are as follows:
The first issue of A&A was published in January 1969, merging several national journals of individual European countries into one comprehensive publication.<ref name="meynet2006" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name="blaauweditorial1969">{{cite journal |last=Blaauw |first=Adriaan |author-link=Adriaan Blaauw |date=1969 |title=Astronomy and Astrophysics, A European Journal |url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1969A%26A.....1....1B |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=1 |page=1 |bibcode=1969A&A.....1....1B |number=1 |access-date=2023-08-19 |archive-date=2023-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511013452/https://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1969A%26A.....1....1B |url-status=live }}</ref> These journals, with their ISSN and date of first publication, are as follows:


*''Annales d'Astrophysique'' {{ISSN|0365-0499}} (France), established in 1938
*''Annales d'Astrophysique'' {{ISSN|0365-0499}} (France), established in 1938
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The turn of the century brought important changes to the journal. In 2001, a new contract was signed with EDP Sciences, which replaced Springer as the publishing house. Special Issues featuring results of astronomical surveys and space missions such as [[XMM-Newton]], [[Planck (spacecraft)|Planck]], [[Rosetta (spacecraft)|Rosetta]], and [[Gaia (spacecraft)|Gaia]] were introduced.
The turn of the century brought important changes to the journal. In 2001, a new contract was signed with EDP Sciences, which replaced Springer as the publishing house. Special Issues featuring results of astronomical surveys and space missions such as [[XMM-Newton]], [[Planck (spacecraft)|Planck]], [[Rosetta (spacecraft)|Rosetta]], and [[Gaia (spacecraft)|Gaia]] were introduced.


The editorial structure of the journal was profoundly changed in 2003 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sandqvist |first=Aa. |title=Astronomy & Astrophysics (A&A) |url=https://www.aanda.org/news/57-future-editorial-structure-of-a-a-november-2002 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=www.aanda.org}}</ref> and 2005 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meynet |first=Georges |date=2005-07-01 |title=Letter from the Board of Directors of Astronomy & Astrophysics |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2005/27/aa3594-05/aa3594-05.html |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en |volume=437 |issue=3 |pages=E1 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20053594 |bibcode=2005A&A...437E...1M |issn=0004-6361|doi-access=free }}</ref> to involve more countries in the editorial process and to better handle the increasing number of submissions. Precise criteria for publishing in Astronomy & Astrophysics were explicited in 2004.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bertout |first1=Claude |last2=Schneider |first2=Peter |date=2004-06-01 |title=Editorship and peer-review at A&A |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2004/24/aa420300f/aa420300f.html |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en |volume=420 |issue=3 |pages=E1–E14 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20040182 |bibcode=2004A&A...420E...1B |issn=0004-6361|doi-access=free }}</ref> English language editing was introduced in 2001 as a service to the diverse authorship of the journal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Adams |first1=J. |last2=Halliday |first2=C. |last3=Mednick |first3=A. |last4=Usdin |first4=M. |last5=Bertout |first5=C. |last6=Walmsley |first6=M. |date=2008-11-01 |title=English language editing at A&A |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2008/41/aa10787-08/aa10787-08.html |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en |volume=490 |issue=2 |pages=E19–E23 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200810787 |bibcode=2008A&A...490E..19A |issn=0004-6361}}</ref> An extensive survey of authors conducted in 2007 <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bertout |first1=C. |last2=Walmsley |first2=M. |date=2008-03-01 |title=The 2007 A&A author survey: answers and follow-up |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2008/12/aa09542-08/aa09542-08.html |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en |volume=480 |issue=3 |pages=E3–E16 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200809542 |s2cid=120135133 |issn=0004-6361}}</ref> showed widespread satisfaction with the new directions of the journal, although the use of structured abstracts <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bertout |first1=Claude |last2=Schneider |first2=Peter |date=2005-10-01 |title=Introducing structured abstracts for A&A articles |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2005/37/aa441100f/aa441100f.html |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en |volume=441 |issue=1 |pages=E3–E6 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20054137 |bibcode=2005A&A...441E...3B |issn=0004-6361|doi-access=free }}</ref> proved more controversial.
The editorial structure of the journal was profoundly changed in 2003 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sandqvist |first=Aa. |title=Astronomy & Astrophysics (A&A) |url=https://www.aanda.org/news/57-future-editorial-structure-of-a-a-november-2002 |access-date=2023-08-05 |website=www.aanda.org |archive-date=2023-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807041431/https://www.aanda.org/news/57-future-editorial-structure-of-a-a-november-2002 |url-status=live }}</ref> and 2005 <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meynet |first=Georges |date=2005-07-01 |title=Letter from the Board of Directors of Astronomy & Astrophysics |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2005/27/aa3594-05/aa3594-05.html |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en |volume=437 |issue=3 |pages=E1 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20053594 |bibcode=2005A&A...437E...1M |issn=0004-6361 |doi-access=free |access-date=2023-08-05 |archive-date=2022-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206011926/https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2005/27/aa3594-05/aa3594-05.html |url-status=live }}</ref> to involve more countries in the editorial process and to better handle the increasing number of submissions. Precise criteria for publishing in Astronomy & Astrophysics were explicited in 2004.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bertout |first1=Claude |last2=Schneider |first2=Peter |date=2004-06-01 |title=Editorship and peer-review at A&A |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2004/24/aa420300f/aa420300f.html |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en |volume=420 |issue=3 |pages=E1–E14 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20040182 |bibcode=2004A&A...420E...1B |issn=0004-6361 |doi-access=free |access-date=2023-08-05 |archive-date=2023-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819174927/https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2004/24/aa420300f/aa420300f.html |url-status=live }}</ref> English language editing was introduced in 2001 as a service to the diverse authorship of the journal.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Adams |first1=J. |last2=Halliday |first2=C. |last3=Mednick |first3=A. |last4=Usdin |first4=M. |last5=Bertout |first5=C. |last6=Walmsley |first6=M. |date=2008-11-01 |title=English language editing at A&A |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2008/41/aa10787-08/aa10787-08.html |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en |volume=490 |issue=2 |pages=E19–E23 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200810787 |bibcode=2008A&A...490E..19A |issn=0004-6361 |access-date=2023-08-05 |archive-date=2023-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230807041428/https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2008/41/aa10787-08/aa10787-08.html |url-status=live }}</ref> An extensive survey of authors conducted in 2007 <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bertout |first1=C. |last2=Walmsley |first2=M. |date=2008-03-01 |title=The 2007 A&A author survey: answers and follow-up |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2008/12/aa09542-08/aa09542-08.html |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en |volume=480 |issue=3 |pages=E3–E16 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200809542 |s2cid=120135133 |issn=0004-6361 |access-date=2023-08-05 |archive-date=2022-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830151615/https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2008/12/aa09542-08/aa09542-08.html |url-status=live }}</ref> showed widespread satisfaction with the new directions of the journal, although the use of structured abstracts <ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bertout |first1=Claude |last2=Schneider |first2=Peter |date=2005-10-01 |title=Introducing structured abstracts for A&A articles |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2005/37/aa441100f/aa441100f.html |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en |volume=441 |issue=1 |pages=E3–E6 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20054137 |bibcode=2005A&A...441E...3B |issn=0004-6361 |doi-access=free |access-date=2023-08-05 |archive-date=2023-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819174925/https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2005/37/aa441100f/aa441100f.html |url-status=live }}</ref> proved more controversial.


The evolution of electronic publishing resulted in the extinction of the Supplement Series, which was incorporated in the main journal in 2001, and of the printed edition in 2016. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lub |first=J. |date=2015-09-01 |title=Astronomy and Astrophysics will move to online-only publication at the start of 2016 |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2015/09/aa27370-15/aa27370-15.html |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en |volume=581 |pages=E1 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201527370 |issn=0004-6361|doi-access=free }}</ref> The Research Notes section was also discontinued in 2016.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Forveille |first1=Thierry |last2=Alves |first2=Joao |last3=Aghanim |first3=Nabila |date=2016-08-01 |title=Editorial - Discontinuation of Research Notes |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2016/08/aa29413-16/aa29413-16.html |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en |volume=592 |pages=E1 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201629413 |bibcode=2016A&A...592E...1F |issn=0004-6361|doi-access=free }}</ref>
The evolution of electronic publishing resulted in the extinction of the Supplement Series, which was incorporated in the main journal in 2001, and of the printed edition in 2016. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lub |first=J. |date=2015-09-01 |title=Astronomy and Astrophysics will move to online-only publication at the start of 2016 |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2015/09/aa27370-15/aa27370-15.html |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en |volume=581 |pages=E1 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201527370 |issn=0004-6361 |doi-access=free |access-date=2023-08-08 |archive-date=2023-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401233637/https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2015/09/aa27370-15/aa27370-15.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Research Notes section was also discontinued in 2016.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Forveille |first1=Thierry |last2=Alves |first2=Joao |last3=Aghanim |first3=Nabila |date=2016-08-01 |title=Editorial - Discontinuation of Research Notes |url=https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2016/08/aa29413-16/aa29413-16.html |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |language=en |volume=592 |pages=E1 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201629413 |bibcode=2016A&A...592E...1F |issn=0004-6361 |doi-access=free |access-date=2023-08-05 |archive-date=2021-06-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615224117/https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2016/08/aa29413-16/aa29413-16.html |url-status=live }}</ref>


In 2023, A&A announced the introduction of [https://www.edpsciences.org/en/news-highlights/2917-edp-sciences-and-eso-enhance-research-discoverability-with-direct-links-between-astronomy-astrophysics-and-eso-telescope-bibliography-records links between articles and corresponding ESO datasets].
In 2023, A&A announced the introduction of [https://www.edpsciences.org/en/news-highlights/2917-edp-sciences-and-eso-enhance-research-discoverability-with-direct-links-between-astronomy-astrophysics-and-eso-telescope-bibliography-records links between articles and corresponding ESO datasets].
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The original sponsoring countries were the four countries whose journals merged to form ''Astronomy & Astrophysics'' (France, Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden), together with Belgium, Denmark, Finland, and Norway. Norway later withdrew, but Austria, Greece, Italy, Spain, and Switzerland joined during the 1970s and 1980s. The Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia all joined as new members in the 1990s.
The original sponsoring countries were the four countries whose journals merged to form ''Astronomy & Astrophysics'' (France, Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden), together with Belgium, Denmark, Finland, and Norway. Norway later withdrew, but Austria, Greece, Italy, Spain, and Switzerland joined during the 1970s and 1980s. The Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia all joined as new members in the 1990s.


In 2001 the words "A European Journal" were removed from the front cover in recognition of the fact that the journal was becoming increasingly global in scope. In effect, Argentina was admitted as an "observer" in 2002. In 2004 the board of directors decided that the journal "will henceforth consider applications for sponsoring membership from any country in the world with well-documented active and excellent astronomical research".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sandqvist|first1=Aage|title=Letter from the Board of Directors|url=https://www.aanda.org/component/content/article?id=48|publisher=Astronomy & Astrophysics|access-date=20 March 2018|language=en-gb|date=October 2004}}</ref> Argentina became the first non-European country to gain full membership in 2005, followed by Brazil and Chile in 2006 (Brazil withdrew in 2016). Other European countries also joined during the 21st century: Portugal, Croatia, and Bulgaria during the 2010s, and &nbsp;Armenia, Lithuania, Norway, Serbia and Ukraine in the 2010s.The current list of member countries is listed here.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aanda.org/about-aa/board-of-directors|title=Astronomy & Astrophysics (A&A)|website=www.aanda.org|accessdate=Oct 16, 2022}}</ref>
In 2001 the words "A European Journal" were removed from the front cover in recognition of the fact that the journal was becoming increasingly global in scope. In effect, Argentina was admitted as an "observer" in 2002. In 2004 the board of directors decided that the journal "will henceforth consider applications for sponsoring membership from any country in the world with well-documented active and excellent astronomical research".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sandqvist|first1=Aage|title=Letter from the Board of Directors|url=https://www.aanda.org/component/content/article?id=48|publisher=Astronomy & Astrophysics|access-date=20 March 2018|language=en-gb|date=October 2004|archive-date=20 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320110440/https://www.aanda.org/component/content/article?id=48|url-status=live}}</ref> Argentina became the first non-European country to gain full membership in 2005, followed by Brazil and Chile in 2006 (Brazil withdrew in 2016). Other European countries also joined during the 21st century: Portugal, Croatia, and Bulgaria during the 2010s, and &nbsp;Armenia, Lithuania, Norway, Serbia and Ukraine in the 2010s.The current list of member countries is listed here.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aanda.org/about-aa/board-of-directors|title=Astronomy & Astrophysics (A&A)|website=www.aanda.org|accessdate=Oct 16, 2022|archive-date=October 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007100253/https://www.aanda.org/about-aa/board-of-directors|url-status=live}}</ref>


==Chairs of the Board of Directors==
==Chairs of the Board of Directors==
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== Scientific Writing School ==
== Scientific Writing School ==
A&A organises Scientific Writing Schools<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.swya.org/|title=Scientific Writing for Young Astronomers|website=www.swya.org|accessdate=Oct 16, 2022}}</ref> aimed at postgraduate students and young researchers. The purpose of these schools is to teach young authors how to express their scientific results through adequate and efficient science writing. As of 2019, five of these schools were organised in Belgium (2008 and 2009), Hungary (2014), Chile (2016) and China (2019).
A&A organises Scientific Writing Schools<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.swya.org/|title=Scientific Writing for Young Astronomers|website=www.swya.org|accessdate=Oct 16, 2022|archive-date=September 29, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929071740/https://www.swya.org/|url-status=live}}</ref> aimed at postgraduate students and young researchers. The purpose of these schools is to teach young authors how to express their scientific results through adequate and efficient science writing. As of 2019, five of these schools were organised in Belgium (2008 and 2009), Hungary (2014), Chile (2016) and China (2019).


==Abstracting and indexing==
==Abstracting and indexing==
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{{Columns-list|
{{Columns-list|
*[[Astrophysics Data System]]{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
*[[Astrophysics Data System]]{{citation needed|date=October 2022}}
*[[Chemical Abstracts Service]]<ref name=CASSI>{{cite web |url=http://cassi.cas.org/search.jsp |title=CAS Source Index |publisher=[[American Chemical Society]] |work=[[Chemical Abstracts Service]] |access-date=2022-10-16}}</ref>
*[[Chemical Abstracts Service]]<ref name=CASSI>{{cite web |url=http://cassi.cas.org/search.jsp |title=CAS Source Index |publisher=[[American Chemical Society]] |work=[[Chemical Abstracts Service]] |access-date=2022-10-16 |archive-date=2010-03-10 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20100310080057/http://cassi.cas.org/search.jsp |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Current Contents]]/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences<ref name=ISI>{{cite web |url=http://mjl.clarivate.com/ |title=Web of Science Master Journal List |publisher=[[Clarivate]] |work=Intellectual Property & Science |access-date=2022-10-16}}</ref>
*[[Current Contents]]/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences<ref name=ISI>{{cite web |url=http://mjl.clarivate.com/ |title=Web of Science Master Journal List |publisher=[[Clarivate]] |work=Intellectual Property & Science |access-date=2022-10-16 |archive-date=2020-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620100246/https://mjl.clarivate.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[EBSCO Information Services|EBSCO databases]]<ref name=MIAR>{{cite MIAR |title=Astronomy & Astrophysics |issn=0004-6361 |access-date=2022-10-16}}</ref>
*[[EBSCO Information Services|EBSCO databases]]<ref name=MIAR>{{cite MIAR |title=Astronomy & Astrophysics |issn=0004-6361 |access-date=2022-10-16}}</ref>
*[[Ei Compendex]]<ref name=Compendex>{{cite web |url=http://www.elsevier.com/online-tools/engineering-village/contentdatabase-overview |title=Content/Database Overview - Compendex Source List |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |work=Engineering Village |access-date=2022-10-16}}</ref>
*[[Ei Compendex]]<ref name=Compendex>{{cite web |url=http://www.elsevier.com/online-tools/engineering-village/contentdatabase-overview |title=Content/Database Overview - Compendex Source List |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |work=Engineering Village |access-date=2022-10-16 |archive-date=2015-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403035210/http://www.elsevier.com/online-tools/engineering-village/contentdatabase-overview |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Inspec]]<ref name=Inspec>{{cite web |url=https://www.theiet.org/media/9829/inspec-active-journals.pdf |title=Inspec list of journals |publisher=[[Institution of Engineering and Technology]] |work=Inspec |access-date=2022-10-16}}</ref>
*[[Inspec]]<ref name=Inspec>{{cite web |url=https://www.theiet.org/media/9829/inspec-active-journals.pdf |title=Inspec list of journals |publisher=[[Institution of Engineering and Technology]] |work=Inspec |access-date=2022-10-16 |archive-date=2022-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522103420/https://www.theiet.org/media/9829/inspec-active-journals.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Metadex]]<ref name=MIAR/>
*[[Metadex]]<ref name=MIAR/>
*[[ProQuest|ProQuest databases]]<ref name=MIAR/>*[[Science Citation Index Expanded]]<ref name=ISI/>
*[[ProQuest|ProQuest databases]]<ref name=MIAR/>*[[Science Citation Index Expanded]]<ref name=ISI/>
*[[Scopus]]<ref name=Scopus>{{cite web |url=https://www.scopus.com/sourceid/26750 |title=Source details: Astronomy & Astrophysics |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |work=Scopus Preview |access-date=2022-10-16}}</ref>
*[[Scopus]]<ref name=Scopus>{{cite web |url=https://www.scopus.com/sourceid/26750 |title=Source details: Astronomy & Astrophysics |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |work=Scopus Preview |access-date=2022-10-16 |archive-date=2022-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113030407/https://www.scopus.com/sourceid/26750 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[ZbMATH Open]]<ref name=MATH>{{cite web |url=http://www.zentralblatt-math.org/serials/ |title=Serials Database |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |work=[[ZbMATH Open]] |access-date=2022-10-16}}</ref>
*[[ZbMATH Open]]<ref name=MATH>{{cite web |url=http://www.zentralblatt-math.org/serials/ |title=Serials Database |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]] |work=[[ZbMATH Open]] |access-date=2022-10-16 |archive-date=2019-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412222112/https://www.zentralblatt-math.org/serials/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
}}
According to the ''[[Journal Citation Reports]]'', the journal has a 2022 [[impact factor]] of 6.5.<ref name="WoS">{{cite book |title=2022 Journal Citation Reports |title-link=Journal Citation Reports |publisher=[[Clarivate]] |year=2023 |edition=Science |series=[[Web of Science]] |chapter=Astronomy & Astrophysics}}</ref>
According to the ''[[Journal Citation Reports]]'', the journal has a 2022 [[impact factor]] of 6.5.<ref name="WoS">{{cite book |title=2022 Journal Citation Reports |title-link=Journal Citation Reports |publisher=[[Clarivate]] |year=2023 |edition=Science |series=[[Web of Science]] |chapter=Astronomy & Astrophysics}}</ref>

Revision as of 17:49, 19 August 2023

This article is about the journal affiliated with the European Southern Observatory. For the publication by the Goodsell Observatory, see Astronomy and Astro-Physics. Not to be confused with Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy.
Astronomy & Astrophysics
DisciplineAstronomy, Astrophysics
LanguageEnglish
Edited byThierry Forveille, João Alves
Publication details
History1969–present
Publisher
FrequencyMonthly
Yes
LicenseCC BY 4.0
6.5 (2022)
Standard abbreviations
ISO 4Astron. Astrophys.
Indexing
CODENAAEJAF
ISSN0004-6361 (print)
1432-0746 (web)
LCCN74220573
OCLC no.1518497
Links

Astronomy & Astrophysics (A&A) [1] is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering theoretical, observational, and instrumental astronomy and astrophysics. It is operated by an editorial team under the supervision of a board of directors representing 27 sponsoring countries plus a representative of the European Southern Observatory. The journal is published by EDP Sciences and the current editors-in-chief are Thierry Forveille and João Alves.

History

Origins

Astronomy & Astrophysics was created as an answer to the publishing situation found in Europe in the 1960s. At that time, multiple journals were being published in several countries around the continent. These journals usually had a limited number of subscribers, and articles were written in languages other than English. They were less widely read than American and British journals and the research they reported had therefore less impact in the community.[2]

Starting in 1963, conversations between astronomers from European countries assessed the need for a common astronomical journal. On 8 April 1968, leading astronomers from Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and Scandinavian countries met in Leiden University to prepare a possible merging of some of the principal existing journals. It was proposed that the new journal be called Astronomy and Astrophysics, A European Journal.[3]

The main policy-making body of the new journal was to be the "Board of Directors", consisting of senior astronomers or government representatives of the sponsoring countries. The board appoints the editors-in chief, who are responsible for the scientific contents of the journal. The European Southern Observatory was chosen as an additional body that acts on behalf of the board and handles the administrative, financial, and legal matters of the journal.

A second meeting held in July 1968 in Brussels cemented the agreement discussed in Leiden. Each nation established an annual monetary contribution and appointed its delegates for the board of directors. Also at this meeting, the first editors-in-chief were appointed: Stuart Pottasch and Jean-Louis Steinberg.

The next meeting took place in Paris on 11 October 1968 and is officially regarded as the first meeting of the board of directors. At this meeting, the first chairman of the board, Adriaan Blaauw, was appointed, and the contract with the publisher Springer Science+Business Media was formalized.

Early years

The first issue of A&A was published in January 1969, merging several national journals of individual European countries into one comprehensive publication.[2][3][4] These journals, with their ISSN and date of first publication, are as follows:

  • Annales d'Astrophysique ISSN 0365-0499 (France), established in 1938
  • Bulletin of the Astronomical Institutes of the Netherlands ISSN 0365-8910 (Netherlands), established in 1921
  • Bulletin Astronomique ISSN 0245-9787 (France), established in 1884
  • Journal des Observateurs ISSN 0368-3389 (France), established in 1915
  • Zeitschrift für Astrophysik ISSN 0372-8331 (Germany), established in 1930

Arkiv för Astronomi (ISSN 0004-2048), established in 1948 in Sweden, was also incorporated in 1973. The publishing of Astronomy & Astrophysics was further extended in 1992 by the incorporation of Bulletin of the Astronomical Institutes of Czechoslovakia (ISSN 0004-6248), established in 1947.

There were only four issues of the journal in 1969, but it soon became a monthly publication and one of the four major generalist astronomical journals in the world. Initially, papers were submitted in English, French or German, but it soon became clear that, for a given author, the papers in English were cited twice as often as those in other languages.

In addition to regular research papers in several different fields of astrophysics. A&A featured Letters and Research Notes for short manuscripts on a significant result or idea. A Supplement Series for the journal was created in 1970 for publishing extensive tabular material and catalogs.

21st century

The turn of the century brought important changes to the journal. In 2001, a new contract was signed with EDP Sciences, which replaced Springer as the publishing house. Special Issues featuring results of astronomical surveys and space missions such as XMM-Newton, Planck, Rosetta, and Gaia were introduced.

The editorial structure of the journal was profoundly changed in 2003 [5] and 2005 [6] to involve more countries in the editorial process and to better handle the increasing number of submissions. Precise criteria for publishing in Astronomy & Astrophysics were explicited in 2004.[7] English language editing was introduced in 2001 as a service to the diverse authorship of the journal.[8] An extensive survey of authors conducted in 2007 [9] showed widespread satisfaction with the new directions of the journal, although the use of structured abstracts [10] proved more controversial.

The evolution of electronic publishing resulted in the extinction of the Supplement Series, which was incorporated in the main journal in 2001, and of the printed edition in 2016. [11] The Research Notes section was also discontinued in 2016.[12]

In 2023, A&A announced the introduction of links between articles and corresponding ESO datasets.

The journal editorial office is located at the Paris Observatory and is supervised by the managing editor. It handles over 2000 papers per year.

An archive of the published articles and related material is maintained by the Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg.

Sponsoring countries

The original sponsoring countries were the four countries whose journals merged to form Astronomy & Astrophysics (France, Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden), together with Belgium, Denmark, Finland, and Norway. Norway later withdrew, but Austria, Greece, Italy, Spain, and Switzerland joined during the 1970s and 1980s. The Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia all joined as new members in the 1990s.

In 2001 the words "A European Journal" were removed from the front cover in recognition of the fact that the journal was becoming increasingly global in scope. In effect, Argentina was admitted as an "observer" in 2002. In 2004 the board of directors decided that the journal "will henceforth consider applications for sponsoring membership from any country in the world with well-documented active and excellent astronomical research".[13] Argentina became the first non-European country to gain full membership in 2005, followed by Brazil and Chile in 2006 (Brazil withdrew in 2016). Other European countries also joined during the 21st century: Portugal, Croatia, and Bulgaria during the 2010s, and  Armenia, Lithuania, Norway, Serbia and Ukraine in the 2010s.The current list of member countries is listed here.[14]

Chairs of the Board of Directors

The following persons are or have been chairs of the Board of Directors:

  • 2023 - : A. Kučinskas
  • 2022-2023: W. J. Duschl
  • 2016-2022: A. Moitinho
  • 2014-2016: J. Lub
  • 2011-2013: B. Nordstroem
  • 2010: K.S. de Boer
  • 2005-2009: G. Meynet
  • 1999-2004: Aa. Sandqvist
  • 1993-1998: A. Maeder
  • 1979-1992: G. Contopoulos
  • 1969-1978: A. Blaauw

Editors-in-Chief

Open access

Before 2022, the most recent issue of A&A was available free of charge for readers. Authors had the option to pay article processing charges (APC) for immediate and permanent open access. Furthermore, all Letters to the Editor and all articles published in Sections 12 to 15 were in free access at no cost to the authors. Articles in the other sections of the journal were made freely available 12 months after publication (delayed open-access), through the publisher's site and via the Astrophysics Data System.

Since the beginning of 2022, Astronomy & Astrophysics is published in full open access under the Subscribe to Open (S2O) model.

Scientific Writing School

A&A organises Scientific Writing Schools[15] aimed at postgraduate students and young researchers. The purpose of these schools is to teach young authors how to express their scientific results through adequate and efficient science writing. As of 2019, five of these schools were organised in Belgium (2008 and 2009), Hungary (2014), Chile (2016) and China (2019).

Abstracting and indexing

This journal is abstracted and indexed in:

According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 6.5.[23]

See also

References

  1. ^ Referred to as A&A on its own website
  2. ^ a b Meynet, Georges (2006), Heck, André (ed.), "Astronomy & Astrophysics – A Journal of Astronomers for Astronomers", Organizations and Strategies in Astronomy, Astrophysics and Space Science Library, vol. 7, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 273–283, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5301-6_15, ISBN 978-1-4020-5301-6, archived from the original on 19 August 2023, retrieved 29 April 2023
  3. ^ a b Pottasch, S. R. (2011). "The history of the creation ofAstronomy & Astrophysics". EAS Publications Series. 49: 23–31. Bibcode:2011EAS....49...23P. doi:10.1051/eas/1149002. ISSN 1633-4760. Archived from the original on 2023-08-19. Retrieved 2023-08-05.
  4. ^ Blaauw, Adriaan (1969). "Astronomy and Astrophysics, A European Journal". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 1 (1): 1. Bibcode:1969A&A.....1....1B. Archived from the original on 2023-05-11. Retrieved 2023-08-19.
  5. ^ Sandqvist, Aa. "Astronomy & Astrophysics (A&A)". www.aanda.org. Archived from the original on 2023-08-07. Retrieved 2023-08-05.
  6. ^ Meynet, Georges (2005-07-01). "Letter from the Board of Directors of Astronomy & Astrophysics". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 437 (3): E1. Bibcode:2005A&A...437E...1M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053594. ISSN 0004-6361. Archived from the original on 2022-12-06. Retrieved 2023-08-05.
  7. ^ Bertout, Claude; Schneider, Peter (2004-06-01). "Editorship and peer-review at A&A". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 420 (3): E1–E14. Bibcode:2004A&A...420E...1B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20040182. ISSN 0004-6361. Archived from the original on 2023-08-19. Retrieved 2023-08-05.
  8. ^ Adams, J.; Halliday, C.; Mednick, A.; Usdin, M.; Bertout, C.; Walmsley, M. (2008-11-01). "English language editing at A&A". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 490 (2): E19–E23. Bibcode:2008A&A...490E..19A. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200810787. ISSN 0004-6361. Archived from the original on 2023-08-07. Retrieved 2023-08-05.
  9. ^ Bertout, C.; Walmsley, M. (2008-03-01). "The 2007 A&A author survey: answers and follow-up". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 480 (3): E3–E16. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200809542. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 120135133. Archived from the original on 2022-08-30. Retrieved 2023-08-05.
  10. ^ Bertout, Claude; Schneider, Peter (2005-10-01). "Introducing structured abstracts for A&A articles". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 441 (1): E3–E6. Bibcode:2005A&A...441E...3B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20054137. ISSN 0004-6361. Archived from the original on 2023-08-19. Retrieved 2023-08-05.
  11. ^ Lub, J. (2015-09-01). "Astronomy and Astrophysics will move to online-only publication at the start of 2016". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 581: E1. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201527370. ISSN 0004-6361. Archived from the original on 2023-04-01. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
  12. ^ Forveille, Thierry; Alves, Joao; Aghanim, Nabila (2016-08-01). "Editorial - Discontinuation of Research Notes". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 592: E1. Bibcode:2016A&A...592E...1F. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629413. ISSN 0004-6361. Archived from the original on 2021-06-15. Retrieved 2023-08-05.
  13. ^ Sandqvist, Aage (October 2004). "Letter from the Board of Directors". Astronomy & Astrophysics. Archived from the original on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 20 March 2018.
  14. ^ "Astronomy & Astrophysics (A&A)". www.aanda.org. Archived from the original on October 7, 2022. Retrieved Oct 16, 2022.
  15. ^ "Scientific Writing for Young Astronomers". www.swya.org. Archived from the original on September 29, 2022. Retrieved Oct 16, 2022.
  16. ^ "CAS Source Index". Chemical Abstracts Service. American Chemical Society. Archived from the original on 2010-03-10. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
  17. ^ a b "Web of Science Master Journal List". Intellectual Property & Science. Clarivate. Archived from the original on 2020-06-20. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
  18. ^ a b c "Astronomy & Astrophysics". MIAR: Information Matrix for the Analysis of Journals. University of Barcelona. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
  19. ^ "Content/Database Overview - Compendex Source List". Engineering Village. Elsevier. Archived from the original on 2015-04-03. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
  20. ^ "Inspec list of journals" (PDF). Inspec. Institution of Engineering and Technology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-05-22. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
  21. ^ "Source details: Astronomy & Astrophysics". Scopus Preview. Elsevier. Archived from the original on 2022-01-13. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
  22. ^ "Serials Database". ZbMATH Open. Springer Science+Business Media. Archived from the original on 2019-04-12. Retrieved 2022-10-16.
  23. ^ "Astronomy & Astrophysics". 2022 Journal Citation Reports. Web of Science (Science ed.). Clarivate. 2023.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astronomy_%26_Astrophysics&oldid=1171207999"