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Revision as of 00:27, 15 March 2009
Gaspar de Borja y Velasco (Villalpando, 26 June 1580[1] – Madrid, 28 December 1645) was a Spanish cardinal, ecclesiastic and politician. He served as Primate of Spain, Archbishop of Seville, Archbishop of Toledo and viceroy of Naples[2].
Family
Gaspar's father was Francisco Tomás de Borja y Centellas, 6th Duke of Gandia, the son of Francis Borgia (4th Duke of Gandia and 3rd Father-General of the Society of Jesus) and thus related to pope Callixtus III and pope Alexander VI - one historian refers to Gaspar wanting to become the third Borgia pope[3]. Gaspar's mother was Juana Enríquez de Velasco y de Aragón, daughter of Iñigo Tovar y Fernández de Velasco, 4th Duke of Frías and 10th Constable of Castile.
Life
He graduated from the Universidad Complutense, in the Colegio Mayor de San Ildefonso, with a degree in Theology. He owed his rise through the church hierarchy to Francisco Gómez de Sandoval y Rojas, a favourite in the court of Philip III. He was made a cardinal in August 1611 by pope Paul V, as cardinal priest of Santa Susanna, and stayed in Rome for a time to exercise his office, supporting the crown-cardinal Antonio Zapata y Cisneros, participating in the Holy Office and the papal conclaves in 1621 and 1623 and serving as Camerlengo (1627-28). He was indignant when the minor nobleman cardinal Gabriel Trejo Paniagua was chosen as Spain's crown-cardinal instead of him and, when Trejo lost political influence after his patron's fall, Borja played an even greater part in the Roman Curia. From 1630 he was bishop of Albano[4].
From 1616 to 1619 and from 1631 to 1634 he was Spain's ambassador to the Holy See and, on orders from the Spanish king, accused pope Urban VIII (then favouring France) in the consistory of 8 March 1632 of failing to defend Catholicism in its war with the Protestant nations and threatened that Spain would depose him. He also pleaded for an alliance with the Protestant Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden (a heretic in the church's eyes). In response the pope changed his policy somewhat and made a contribution to the Spanish exchequer, which was then running out of money to finance the war. However, Borja's approach to the pope had lacked diplomacy and in retaliation Urban forced him out of Rome and had Spain dismiss him as their papal ambassador. Borja then returned to the archdiocese of Seville, of which already archbishop. The patent enmity between Urban VIII and Cardinal Borja showed itself when Urban refused Philip IV's proposal of Borja for Archbishop of Toledo, though he received the post from Urban's successor pope Innocent X in 1645, shortly before Borja's death in Toledo later that year. He is buried in the Cathedral of Toledo.
References
- ^ In reality Gaetano Moroni affirms that his year of birth was 1589. As Moroni adds that he died in 1645 "in the 56th year of his age", his "1589" seems unlikely to be a typographical error (Gaetano Moroni, 'Borgia, Gaspare' in Dictionary of Historical and Ecclesiastical Scholarship, 1840. vol. VI, 51-52)
- ^ Template:Es icon Virreyes de Nápoles, by José Raneo with notes by Eustaquio Fernández Navarrete, pages 398-408, included in the "Colección de documentos inéditos para la historia de España", vol. XXIII.
- ^ Template:It icon Francesco Cancellieri, Dissertazioni epistolari bibliografiche di Francesco Cancellieri sopra Cristoforo Colombo di Cuccaro nel Monferrato discopritore dell'America e Giovanni Gersen di Cavaglia abate di S. Stefano in Vercelli, Roma, Bourlie, 1809. 197
- ^ Template:It icon Alberto Galieti, Cronotassi storico-critica dei vescovi albanensi in Contributi alla storia della diocesi suburbicaria di Albano Laziale, Citta del Vaticano, Tipografia Poliglotta Vaticana, 1948. 108
Bibliography
- Template:De icon Hillard von Thiessen: Familienbande und Kreaturenlohn. Der (Kardinal-)Herzog von Lerma und die Kronkardinäle Philipps III. von Spanien, In: Die Jagd nach dem roten Hut, hrsg. von Arne Karsten. Göttingen 2004, ISBN 3-525-36277-3