Haloragaceae

Haloragaceae
Myriophyllum spicatum
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Order:	Saxifragales
Family:	Haloragaceae R.Br.
Genera
See text

Haloragaceae (the watermilfoil family) is a dicotyledon flowering plant family in the order Saxifragales, based on the phylogenetic APG system. In the Cronquist system, it was included in the order Haloragales.

Description

The Haloragaceae are very diverse in habit, including both small trees and submerged aquatics. Most members of the Haloragaceae are herbaceous, and most of those in turn are perennials, though some species are annuals. In contrast however, members of the genus Haloragodendron are woody. Most species of Myriophyllum are monoecious while most other taxa have hermaphrodite flowers. The flowers are usually small and inconspicuous, but some genera can have more "showy" conspicuous flowers (Haloragodendron, Glischrocaryon). Flowers are usually radially symmetrical, and unusual for core Eudicots, merosity is (2-3)-4 parted. Petals are usually keeled or hooded when present. In Myriophyllum female flowers usually lack a perianth. They have (2-)4-8 stamens and an inferior ovary of (2-)4 carpels. In Myriophyllum the fruit is a schizocarp of 1-seeded 'nutlets' other genera can have nuts or drupes that can be winged or inflated.

Floral formula: $\star \mathrm {K} ^{3-4}\;\mathrm {C} ^{3-4}$ or $\mathrm {C} ^{0}\;\mathrm {A} ^{2-8}\;\mathrm {G} ^{\overline {(2-4)}}$

Taxonomy

Historically, the Haloragaceae included many disparate genera, since segregated. A major circumscription was carried out by Schindler in 1905, dividing the "Halorrhagaceae" into two subfamilies (Halorrhagoideae and Gunneroideae) and the former into two tribes (Halorrhageae and Myriophylleae), with a total of seven genera. He removed some of the disparate genera and merged Gonocarpus and Meionectes into Haloragis. This classification long remained the standard till Shaw (1966) removed Gunnera (into its own family Gunneraceae), the sole genus in Gunneroideae, leaving six genera.

The modern Haloragaceae includes about 7–11 genera, depending on circumscription, with about 145 known species:

• Glischrocaryon
• Gonocarpus
• Haloragis
• Haloragodendron, with five species of bushes, endemic to Australia
• Laurembergia
• Meionectes
• Myriophyllum, with about 69 species of water plants
• Proserpinaca
• Trihaloragis

The taxa of the earlier family Cercodiaceae and Myriophyllaceae are now included in the family Haloragaceae. Earlier, the genus Gunnera was included in this family, but it is not related and now placed in Gunneraceae, a family of the order Gunnerales.

Distribution and habitat

The distribution of the family is nearly worldwide. The center of species diversity is in Australia where all genera are found excepting Proserpinaca and Laurembergia. Habitats vary from arid desert regions to freshwater lakes. The terrestrial genera (Glischrocaryon, Gonocarpus, Haloragis, Haloragodendron, Trihaloragis ) are primarily limited to the southern hemisphere. Meionectes, Meziella, Myriophyllum and Proserpinaca are aquatic, while Laurembergia are semiaquatic. Glischrocaryon, Haloragodendron, Meionectes and Trihaloragis are Australian endemics, where about 70% of all species are found.

Bibliography

Books and theses

• Byng, James W. (2014). "Haloragaceae". The Flowering Plants Handbook: A practical guide to families and genera of the world. Plant Gateway Ltd. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-9929993-1-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.; Fay, Michael F.; Chase, Mark W. (2017). "Saxifragales". Plants of the World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Vascular Plants. University of Chicago Press. pp. 231–244. ISBN 978-0-226-52292-0.
• Kubitzki, Klaus, ed. (2007). Flowering Plants. Eudicots: Berberidopsidales, Buxales, Crossosomatales, Fabales p.p., Geraniales, Gunnerales, Myrtales p.p., Proteales, Saxifragales, Vitales, Zygophyllales, Clusiaceae Alliance, Passifloraceae Alliance, Dilleniaceae, Huaceae, Picramniaceae, Sabiaceae. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. IX. Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-32219-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  • Kubitzki, Klaus (2007a). Haloragaceae. pp. 184–190. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help), in Kubitzki (2007)
• Moody, Michael Lee (2004). Systematics of the angiosperm family Haloragaceae R. Br. emphasizing the aquatic genus Myriophyllum: Phylogeny, hybridization and character evolution (PhD thesis). University of Connecticut. {{cite thesis}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Orchard, Anthony Edward (1972). Taxonomic revisions in the family Haloragaceae R. Br (PhD thesis). Department of Botany, University of Adelaide. {{cite thesis}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Schindler, A.K. (1905). "Halorrhagaceae". In Engler, Adolf (ed.). Das Pflanzenreich: regni vegetablilis conspectus (in Latin and German). Vol. 23. Leipzig: W. Engelmann. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |editorlink= ignored (|editor-link= suggested) (help)
• Willis, John Christopher; Shaw, Herbert Kenneth Airy (1966). A Dictionary of the Flowering Plants and Ferns (7th ed.). Cambridge U.P. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Articles

• Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385.
• Christenhusz, Maarten JM; Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (3). Magnolia Press: 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
• Moody, Michael L.; Les, Donald H. (2007). "Phylogenetic Systematics and Character Evolution in the Angiosperm Family Haloragaceae" (PDF). American Journal of Botany. 94 (12): 2005–2025. ISSN 0002-9122. JSTOR 27733378. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Orchard, A.E. (1975). "Taxonomic revisions in the family Haloragaceae. 1. The genera Haloragis, Haloragodendron, Glischrocaryon, Meziella and Gonocarpus ". Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum. 10: 1–299. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Orchard, A E (1977). "Taxonomic revisions in the family Haloragaceae. 2. Further notes on Haloragus, Haloragodendron and Gonocarpus". Nuytsia: journal of the Western Australian Herbarium. 2 (3): 126–144. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Orchard, A. E. (1979). "Myriophyllum (Haloragaceae) in Australasia. I. New Zealand: A Revision of the Genus and a Synopsis of the Family". Brunonia. 2: 247–287. doi:10.1071/bru9850173. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Orchard, A E (1986). "New taxa in Gonocarpus and Haloragis (Haloragaceae)". Nuytsia: journal of the Western Australian Herbarium. 5 (3): 327–340.

Websites

• Orchard, A E (2019). Kodela, Phillip (ed.). "Haloragaceae R.Br". Flora of Australia Online vol.18. ABRS. Retrieved 11 November 2019. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• POWO (2019). "Haloragaceae R.Br". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 12 September 2019. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• "Haloragaceae". VicFlora: Flora of Victoria. Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. Retrieved 13 November 2019. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• "Haloragaceae R.Br". FloraBase—the Western Australian Flora. Western Australian Herbarium. Retrieved 13 November 2019. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• "Family Haloragaceae". PlantNET - FloraOnline. The Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
• Taxa of the family in Western Australia
• Article about Haloragodendron lucasii.
• Article about Haloragodendron.
• Haloragaceae of Mongolia in FloraGREIF

External links

• Media related to Haloragaceae at Wikimedia Commons
• Data related to Haloragaceae at Wikispecies