Gunnera

Gunnera
	Mammoth leaf ( Gunnera manicata ), habitus
Systematics
Class :	Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
	Eudicotyledons
	Nuclear eudicotyledons
Order :	Gunnerales
Family :	Gunneraceae
Genre :	Gunnera
Scientific name of the family
	Gunneraceae
	Final
Scientific name of the genus
	Gunnera
	L.

Gunnera , also called mammoth leaf in German, is the only genus ofthe Gunneraceae plant family in the small order of Gunnerales . This plant genus is not related to the rhubarb ( Rheum rhabarbarum )despite the similar habitus. Few species canbe foundas ornamental plants in large parks, but are only partially hardy .

description

Illustration from L'Illustration horticole, plate 531 of the cuff-like mammoth leaf ( Gunnera manicata )

Vegetative characteristics

Gunnera species are usually large, perennial , herbaceous plants . They form rhizomes or stolons , as storage organs to survive bad climatic conditions.

The rhubarb-like, long-stalked, simple leaves are all formed directly above the ground at the base of the plant (basal). In addition to the species that have leaves several meters long, there are also species with small leaves; Examples of the latter are Gunnera albocarpa , a New Zealand species with 1 to 2 cm long leaves and Gunnera magellanica , a South American species with 5 to 9 cm long leaves.

Generative characteristics

Many flowers are formed in branched inflorescences . For each hermaphrodite flower there are two to rarely three free sepals , two free petals , one or two stamens and two syncarpic carpels . The ovary is subordinate.

Symbiosis with cyanobacteria

All Gunnera species live in symbiosis with cyanobacteria of the genus Nostoc , which fix atmospheric nitrogen. The plants benefit from the fixed nitrogen, in return the symbionts benefit from the assimilates . A cyanobacteria symbiosis for nitrogen fixation is rare in higher plants , but it also occurs in a different form in cycads .

Systematics and distribution

The genus Gunnera was set up in 1767 by Carl von Linné in Systema Naturae , 12th edition, 2, pp. 587, 597 and at the same time also published in Mantissa Plantarum , 16, p. 121. The type species is Gunnera perpensa L. The genus name Gunnera honors the Norwegian botanist Johan Ernst Gunnerus .

Gunnera species occur from the tropics to the temperate zone of the southern hemisphere. They have their areas in the entire southern Pacific region and in Africa and Madagascar . So they exist in the Neotropic and the Paleotropic . About 70% of the species occur in the Neotropic. As a neophyte, Gunnera tinctoria can also be found on roadsides in the south-western part of the Irish island .

The genus Gunnera is divided into the six subgenus Gunnera , Milligania , Misandra , Ostenigunnera , Panke and Pseudo-gunnera (only one species).

The genus Mammutblatt ( Gunnera L. ) includes 63 species:

Gunnera aequatoriensis L.E. Mora : It occurs in Ecuador .
White-fruited mammoth leaf ( Gunnera albocarpa (Kirk) Cockayne ): It is found in New Zealand .
Gunnera annae Schindl. : The home is central Bolivia and western Peru .
Gunnera antioquensis L.E. Mora : It occurs only in the Colombian department of Antioquia .
Gunnera apiculata Schindl. : It occurs in Bolivia and northwestern Argentina .
Gunnera arenaria Cheeseman ex Kirk : Their home is New Zealand.
Gunnera atropurpurea L.E. Mora : There are five varieties:
- Gunnera atropurpurea L.E. Mora var. Atropurpurea : It occurs from western and central Colombia to Ecuador.
- Gunnera atropurpurea var. Caquetana L.E. Mora : This endemic thrives in Colombia only in the Cordillera Oriental.
- Gunnera atropurpurea var. Chocoana L.E.Mora : It occurs only in northwestern Colombia.
- Gunnera atropurpurea var. Munchicana L.E.Mora : This endemic is only in the Colombian department of Valle del Cauca ago.
- Gunnera atropurpurea var. Sibundoya L.E.Mora : This endemic is only in the Colombian Putumayo Department before.
Gunnera berteroi Phil. (Syn .: Gunnera laxiflora Phil. ): It occurs in western Bolivia, Argentina and Chile .
Gunnera bogotana L.E.Mora : It comes in the province of Cundinamarca in front of Colombia.
Gunnera bolivari J.F. Macbr. : Her homeland is Ecuador and Peru.
Gunnera boliviana Morong : The home is central and southern Bolivia.
Gunnera bracteata Steud. ex Benn. (Syn .: Gunnera pyramidalis Schindl. ): It is endemic to Robinson Crusoe Island .
Gunnera brephogea Linden & André (Syn .: Gunnera ecuadoriana Gilli ): It occurs in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.
Gunnera caucana L.E. Mora : It occurs only in the province of Cauca in Colombia.
Gunnera colombiana L.E. Mora : It occurs in western and central Colombia and in Ecuador.
Gunnera cordifolia (Hook.f.) Hook. f. : The home is northern Tasmania.
Gunnera cuatrecasasii L.E. Mora : The homeland is northwestern Colombia.
Dense-flowered mammoth leaf ( Gunnera densiflora Hook. F. ): It occurs only on the South Island of New Zealand.
Gunnera dentata Kirk : Home is New Zealand.
Gunnera diazii L.E.Mora : You only comes in the Colombian province of Cundinamarca ago.
Gunnera flavida Colenso : It occurs in New Zealand.
Gunnera garciae-barrigae L.E. Mora : Your home is northeastern Colombia.
Gunnera hamiltonii Kirk ex WS Ham. : It occurs on the South Island of New Zealand.
Gunnera hernandezii L.E. Mora : Your home is northeastern Colombia.
Gunnera herteri East : It occurs in southern Brazil and Uruguay .
Gunnera insignis (Oerst.) A.DC. : It occurs in southern Nicaragua , Costa Rica and Panama .
Gunnera × katherine-wilsoniae L.D.Gómez : This natural hybrid of Gunnera insignis and Gunnera talamancana only occurs in Costa Rica.
Gunnera kauaiensis Rock : This endemic species only occurs on the Hawaiian island of Kauai .
Gunnera killipiana Lundell : It occurs from the Mexican state of Chiapas to Guatemala and Honduras .
Gunnera lobata Hook.f. : It occurs from southern Chile to Tierra del Fuego .
Gunnera lozanoi L.E. Mora : It occurs in northern and central Colombia.
Gunnera macrophylla flower : It occurs from Malesia to Papua Asia .
Gunnera magellanica Lam. (Syn .: Gunnera reichei Schindl. ): It occurs in western South America and on the Falkland Islands .
Gunnera magnifica H.St.John : It occurs only in the Colombian province of Caldas .
Cuff-like mammoth leaf ( Gunnera manicata Linden ex André ; Syn .: Gunnera brasiliensis Schindl. ): It is native to southern Brazil .
Gunnera margaretae Schindl. : It occurs in Peru and Bolivia.
Gunnera masafuerae Skottsb. : She is endemic to Alejandro Selkirk Islandof the Juan Fernández Islands.
Gunnera mexicana Brandegee : It occurs in the Mexican states of Veracruz and Chiapas.
Gunnera mixta Kirk (Syn .: Gunnera microcarpa Kirk ): It occurs in the Otago regionon the South Island of New Zealand.
Gunnera monoica Raoul : It occurs in New Zealand and on Chatham Island .
Gunnera morae Wanntorp & Klack. : It occurs in western, central and southwestern Colombia. It was first described in 2006.
Gunnera peltata Phil .: It is endemic to the island of Robinson Crusoe from the archipelago of the Juan Fernández Islands .
Gunnera perpensa L .: It occurs from Ethiopia to southern Africa and Madagascar.
Gunnera peruviana J.F. Macbr. : It occurs in Peru and in western Bolivia.
Gunnera petaloidea Gaudich. (Syn .: Gunnera kaalaensis (Krajina) H.St.John ): Their home is the islands of Hawaii.
Gunnera pilosa Kunth : It occurs from Colombia to Ecuador and Bolivia.
Gunnera pittieriana V.M. Badillo et Steyermark : The home is northern Venezuela .
Gunnera prorepens Hook. f. : It occurs in New Zealand.
Gunnera quitoensis L.E. Mora : It occurs in Ecuador.
Gunnera reniformis Ridl. : Your home is New Guinea.
Gunnera saint-johnii (LEMora) LEMora : Your home is central Colombia.
Gunnera sanctae-marthae L.E. Mora : It is endemic to the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in Colombia.
Gunnera schindleri L.E.Mora : It occurs from southern Bolivia to Argentina.
Gunnera schultesii L.E. Mora : It occurs only in the Colombian province of Cundinamarca .
Gunnera silvioana L.E. Mora : It occurs from southwestern Colombia to Ecuador.
Gunnera steyermarkii L.E. Mora : It occurs in northwestern Venezuela.
Gunnera strigosa (Kirk) Colenso : It occurs in New Zealand.
Gunnera tacueyana L.E. Mora : It occurs in Colombia.
Gunnera tajumbina L.E.Mora : It occurs from the south western Colombia to northwestern Ecuador.
Gunnera talamancana H. Weber et LEMora : Your home is Costa Rica and Panama.
Gunnera tamanensis L.E.Mora : Your home is the western Colombia.
Gunnera Tayrona L.E.Mora : It is endemic to the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in Colombia.
Gunnera tinctoria (Molina) Mirb. (Syn .: Gunnera chilensis Lam. , Gunnera scabra Ruiz & Pav. , Panke tinctoria Molina , Gunnera rheifolia Schindl. , Gunnera vestita Schindl. ): It occurs originally in Argentina and Chile, but is in Ireland, Great Britain, France and on a neophyte in the Azores. There have been three varieties since 2011:
- Gunnera tinctoria var. Meyeri (Lemora) Lemora, Pabón Mora & F.González (Syn .: Gunnera chilensis var. Meyeri L.E.Mora , Gunnera vestita Schindl. ): It occurs from the south-central Chile to the south-west Argentina.
- Gunnera tinctoria L.E.Mora var. Tinctoria (Syn .: Gunnera chilensis Lam. , Gunnera commutata flower , Gunnera rheifolia Schindl. ): It occurs from the central and southern Chile to the south-west Argentina.
- Gunnera tinctoria var. Valdiviensis (Lemora) Lemora, Pabón Mora & F.González (Syn .: Gunnera chilensis var. Valdiviensis L.E.Mora ): It occurs in the south central and southern Chile.
Gunnera venezolana L.E. Mora : There are two varieties:
- Gunnera venezolana L.E. Mora var. Venezolana : It occurs only in northwestern Venezuela.
- Gunnera venezolana var. Tachirensis L.E.Mora : It occurs only in the northwestern and northern Venezuela.

use

Few species are used as ornamental plants in large parks , but they are only partially hardy .

Medical use is reported of only one species. Of Gunnera perpensa a means for internal and external use is against South Africa from the roots psoriasis won. In the same way, the roots are used to cover wounds. The peeled young leaf stalks of Gunnera tinctoria were eaten by the inhabitants of Chiloé . You can also use their roots to tan leather and make a black dye.

photos

Gunnera insignis from the Irazú Volcano National Parkin Costa Rica:

Habitat
Habit and leaves
Foliage leaf and inflorescence

Gunnera manicata :

Expelling specimen
Foliage leaf
Habitus
bud
Single leaf with a human as a size comparison

Gunnera tinctoria :

Habitus
inflorescence
inflorescence

swell

The Gunneraceae Meisn family. at the AP website. (Sections systematics, description and symbiosis)
The Gunneraceae family at DELTA. (Section description)
Luis Eduardo Mora-Osejo, Natalia Pabón-Mora, Favio González: Gunneraceae In: Flora Neotropica, Monograph Volume 109, 2011, pp. 1–166. JSTOR 23350499

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
^ Gunnera at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed June 8, 2013.
↑ Gunneraceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved June 8, 2013.
↑ ^a ^b Luis Eduardo Mora-Osejo, Natalia Pabón-Mora, Favio González: Gunneraceae In: Flora Neotropica, Monograph Volume 109, 2011, pp. 1–166. JSTOR 23350499
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Gunnera. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved September 24, 2019.

Web links

Commons : Gunneraceae - collection of images, videos, and audio files

Commons : Gunnera - collection of images, videos and audio files

Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap

[Zander2008-1] Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .

[tropicos-2] Gunnera at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed June 8, 2013.

[GRIN-3] Gunneraceae in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved June 8, 2013.

[FloraNeotropica2011-4] Luis Eduardo Mora-Osejo, Natalia Pabón-Mora, Favio González: Gunneraceae In: Flora Neotropica, Monograph Volume 109, 2011, pp. 1–166. JSTOR 23350499

[WCSP-5] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Gunnera. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved September 24, 2019.