Gunnera insignis

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Gunnera insignis
Gunnera insignis, Costa Rica

Gunnera insignis , Costa Rica

Systematics
Eudicotyledons
Nuclear eudicotyledons
Order : Gunnerales
Family : Gunneraceae
Genre : Gunnera
Type : Gunnera insignis
Scientific name
Gunnera insignis
( Oerst .) A.DC.

Gunnera insignis is a species of the genus Gunnera . It is a large, perennial , herbaceous plant thatis nativeto the mountains of Central America.

description

Vegetative characteristics

Gunnera insignis is a tall, perennial, herbaceous plant with a fleshy, almost upright rhizome about 3 dm long and 1 dm thick . This is covered with numerous red, 3–12 cm long and up to 5 cm wide, deeply slit at the tip, uniformly hairy lower leaves . The basal, helically arranged leaves have a very strong, more or less upright, 1.5–2 m long, at the base up to 8 cm thick stalk. This is slightly runny on the top, finely rust-colored, downy hair and more or less densely covered with up to 1 mm long spines. The broadly kidney-shaped to circular leaf blade has a diameter of 1–2 m or more. The Spreitengrund is deeply heart-shaped or arrow-shaped. The base of the petiole is seldom shield-shaped (peltat). The hand-nerved blade has seven to ten wide, indistinctly forked lobes, notched and sawn at the edge. The depth of the incisions in between reaches at most a third of the radius of the leaf blade. The nerves are sunk on the upper side of the blade, protruding on the lower side and covered with spines up to about 1 mm long. The main nerves end at the edge of the spread in conspicuous hydathodes . The upper side of the blade is slightly rough with rounded warts, hairy on the nerves and slightly arched upwards between the nerves. The underside is more or less dense and finely rust-colored, downy-haired, especially on the nerves, or rarely balding.

Generative characteristics

The up to 2 m high, red inflorescences are in the axils of the basal leaves. They are double ears with slightly furrowed, humped main axis and 10–25 (–30) cm long branches. The lanceolate to narrowly elliptical bracts of the branches are 15–32 mm long, 5–8 mm wide and have roughly serrated, ciliate edges and a sharp point. Main axis, branches and their bracts are rust-colored, downy-haired. The branches of the inflorescence bear numerous small, sessile, bractless flowers.

Gunnera insignis , inflorescences

The hermaphroditic , proterandric , red flowers have a perimeter of two broadly triangular, unlobed, about 0.25 mm long, pointed sepals . Petals are absent or, if they are present, they fall off easily. They are spoon-shaped, with entire margins and have a thread-like tip. There are two 1.5–3 mm long stamens . The 0.7–1.3 mm long, basifix, that is, broadly egg-shaped anthers attached to the base of the filament, open lengthways. The under constant, unilocular ovary consists of two grown together carpels . It is broadly ellipsoidal, 1–1.5 mm long and glabrous. The two filamentous, densely papillary style branches are 0.7–1.3 mm long. There is only a single hanging ovule .

The fruits are seeded, broadly ovate, 1.5-2.2 mm long and 1.4-2 mm wide drupes . When ripe, they are white.

Gunnera insignis flowers and fruit mainly in March and April, less frequently throughout the rest of the year.

Gunnera insignis in flower on the crater of the Irazú volcano
Gunnera insignis on the Irazú volcano

distribution and habitat

The main distribution area of Gunnera insignis is in the mountains of Costa Rica and in the west of Panama . An isolated occurrence also exists in the southwest of Nicaragua on the Concepción volcano . The species is also found far away from the main area on the Cerro Pirre mountain on the border of Panama and Colombia . The species grows between 800 and 3200  m .

Gunnera insignis colonizes open and stony areas on slippery slopes, such as those found in ravines, on stream banks and on steep slopes, but also on embankments and similar disturbed locations. It also grows in transition areas to bush forests.

Taxonomy

Gunnera insignis was described as Pankea insignis in 1857 by the Danish botanist Anders Sandøe Ørsted on the basis of his own collections . The type locality is the Irazú volcano in Costa Rica. Alphonse Pyrame de Candolle placed the species in the genus Gunnera in 1868 . Gunnera wendlandii Reinke ex Schindl. is possibly a synonym .

Gunnera insignis belongs to the subgenus Panke , which includes the majority of the American species of the genus and is distinguished by the lack of runners and the presence of numerous bracts at the tip of the rhizome.

Hybrids with Gunnera talamancana have been described from the Cordillera de Talamanca in Costa Rica .

etymology

The specific epithet insignis ( Latin for excellent, prominent ) refers to the magnificent appearance of this species. The generic name Gunnera honors the Norwegian bishop and botanist Johan Ernst Gunnerus .

Others

In Costa Rica the species is called Sombrilla de pobre , d. H. Poor man's parasol .

Remarks

  1. ↑ There are different interpretations of these leaf organs, in particular as bracts or as stipules or ligaments belonging to the foliage leaves . Wanntorp et al. (2003) interpret them as lower leaves. - see. L. Wanntorp, H.-E. Wanntorp, R. Rutishauser: On the homology of the scales in Gunnera (Gunneraceae). In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 142, 2003, pp. 301-308. doi: 10.1046 / j.1095-8339.2003.00185.x
  2. ↑ Gunnera wendlandii was described in 1905 on the basis of a collection by Hermann Wendland - cf. [1] or biodiversitylibrary.org . The holotype was deposited in the herbarium of the Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem . Since the Berlin collections were destroyed in the Second World War , it is often no longer possible to determine with certainty to which taxa such names are to be applied, the type material of which has been lost in Berlin.

swell

  • FR Barrie: 184A. Gunneraceae. In: G. Davidse, M. Sousa Sánchez, S. Knapp, F. Chiang (Eds.): Flora Mesoamericana. Vol. 4 (1): Cucurbitaceae a Polemoniaceae. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis / The Natural History Museum, London 2009, ISBN 978-6-07-020901-7 . Gunnera insignis - online
  • Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Birkhäuser, Basel / Boston / Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-7643-2390-6 .
  • OM Montiel: Gunneraceae. In: WD Stevens, C. Ulloa Ulloa, A. Pool, OM Montiel (eds.): Flora de Nicaragua. Vol. 2: Angiospermas (Fabaceae-Oxalidaceae). (= Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden. 85). Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis 2001, ISBN 0-915279-95-9 . Gunnera insignis - online
  • JF Morales: Gunneraceae. In: BE Hammel, MH Grayum, C. Herrera, N. Zamora (eds.): Manual de plantas de Costa Rica. Vol. V: Dicotiledóneas (Clusiaceae – Gunneraceae). Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis 2010, ISBN 978-1-935641-01-8 , pp. 935-937.
  • RE Woodson, RW Schery: Haloragidaceae. In: Flora of Panama. Part VII, Fasc. 4. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 46, 1959, pp. 221-223. Gunnera insignis - online

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Gunnera insignis , Herbarium specimens at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed April 8, 2013.
  2. ↑ AS Orsted: Plantae novae centro americanae. III. Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske Forening i Kjöbenhavn 1857, pp. 187–198. (P. 189 - online)
  3. ↑ ALPP de Candolle 1868: Gunnereae. In: Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis. Part 16 (2). Victor Masson, Paris 1868, pp. 596–600. (P. 597 - online)
  4. ↑ L. Wanntorp, H.-E. Wanntorp, M. Källersjö: Phylogenetic relationships of Gunnera based on nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS region, rbcL and rps16 intron sequences. In: Systematic Botany. 27, 2002, pp. 512-521. (Abstract)
  5. ^ HP Wilkinson, L. Wanntorp: Gunneraceae. In: K. Kubitzki (Ed.): The families and genera of Vascular Plants. Vol. IX: Flowering Plants: Eudicots: Berberidopsidales, Buxales, Crossosomatales, Fabales pp, Geraniales, Gunnerales, Myrtales pp, Proteales, Saxifragales, Vitales, Zygophyllales, Clusiaceae Alliance, Passifloraceae Alliance, Dilleniaceae, Huaceae, Picramniaceae. Springer, Berlin / Heidelberg / New York 2007, ISBN 978-3-540-32214-6 , pp. 177-183.
  6. ↑ H. Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 1996, p. 307. (Preview in Google Book Search)
  7. ↑ H. Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 1996, p. 275. (Preview in Google Book Search)

Web links

Commons : Gunnera insignis  - album with pictures, videos and audio files