Thousand-leaf

Thousand-leaf
Speared milfoil ( Myriophyllum spicatum )
Systematics
Class : Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida) Eudicotyledons Nuclear eudicotyledons Order : Saxifragales (Saxifragales) Family : Millennial family (Haloragaceae) Genre : Thousand-leaf
Scientific name
Myriophyllum
Ponted. ex L.

Millennium ( Myriophyllum ) is a genus of freshwater plants from the millennium family (Haloragaceae).

description

Brazilian milfoil ( Myriophyllum aquaticum ) from the side

Brazilian milfoil ( Myriophyllum aquaticum ) from above

Vegetative characteristics

Thousand-leaf species are annual or perennial herbaceous plants that grow submerged or slightly protruding from the water ( hydrophytes ). There are rhizomes formed. The soft stems are slightly to heavily branched. The elasticity of the stems of these floating plants has the advantage that they do not kink and move with the flow so easily.

Three or four leaves are in whorls, the leaves are seldom arranged alternately. The main characteristic of the thousand-leaf species are the leaves. They have a feathery shape and are in whorls . This distinguishes them from the other pond plants .

Generative characteristics

But there is one more characteristic that only occurs in this genus: It is the only genus in the submerged plant zone whose inflorescences protrude from the water. The inflorescences are thin and in shades of green and therefore rather inconspicuous.

The mostly unisexual, rarely hermaphrodite flowers are two-four-fold. The male and hermaphrodite flowers contain two to eight stamens . The female and hermaphrodite flowers contain a subordinate, (rarely two- to) four-chambered ovary . A stylus is missing and therefore the four stigmas sit directly on the ovary.

The fruits disintegrate into four partial fruits with one seed each.

Locations

Thousand-leaf species occur in all stagnant bodies of water, from large, freshwater lakes to small ponds .

Thousand-leaf species are freshwater plants, they grow in lakes and ponds at a depth of 0.5 to 2 meters. This deep zone is also called the diving plant zone. From a depth of 2 meters, the plants can no longer grow due to the lack of light. Only in particularly clear, clean lakes with little plankton can plants thrive a few decimeters deeper.

Systematics and distribution

The genus Myriophyllum was established by Carl von Linné in 1753. The botanical name Myriophyllum is derived from the Greek word μυριοφύλλον, a combination of myri (os) = "countless (e)" or "10,000" and phyllon = "leaf". Myriophyllum spicatum L. was identified as a lectotype species in 1929 by Green in Prop. Brit. Bot. P. 188 (the earlier definition of a lectotype by N L. Britton and A. Brown in Ill. Fl. NUS 2nd edition. 2, 1913, p. 614, is invalid).

The genus Myriophyllum occurs almost worldwide. Most species are found in Australia. There are eleven species in China.

The genus Myriophyllum includes 35 to 45 species (selection) with an almost worldwide distribution:

• Myriophyllum alpinum Orchard
• Alternating milfoil ( Myriophyllum alterniflorum DC. )
• Brazilian milfoil , also called parrot feather ( Myriophyllum aquaticum (Vell.) Verdc .; Syn .: Myriophyllum brasiliense Cambess. ): It is widespread in Bolivia , Ecuador , Brazil , Paraguay , Peru , Chile , and Argentina . This species is a neophyte in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, India, North America, and Hawaii.
• Myriophyllum axilliflorum Baker : This endemic is only known from one site in Madagascar in the province of Antananarivo .
• Myriophyllum callitrichoides Orchard
• Myriophyllum caput-medusae Orchard
• Myriophyllum crispatum Orchard
• Myriophyllum dicoccum F. Muell. : It occurs in Australia , Papua New Guinea , Java , India , Vietnam , Taiwan and in the Chinese provinces of Fujian and Guangdong .

Speared milfoil ( Myriophyllum spicatum )

Whorled milfoil ( Myriophyllum verticillatum )

• Tännelähnliches milfoil ( Myriophyllum elatinoides Gaudich. ): It is used in Mexico , South America , the Falkland Islands and Chatham Island , in Australia , Tasmania and New Zealand before
• Myriophyllum exasperatum D.Wang, Dan Yu & ZYLi : It only occurs in southern Guangxi .
• Myriophyllum farwellii Morong
• Myriophyllum glomeratum Schindl.
• Myriophyllum gracile Benth.
• Diverse milfoil ( Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michx. ): It is widespread from southern Canada through the USA and Mexico to Central America .
• Fir- tail-like milfoil ( Myriophyllum hippuroides Nutt. ): It is distributed from Canada to the USA and Mexico.
• Myriophyllum implicatum Orchard
• Myriophyllum latifolium F. Muell.
• Myriophyllum lophatum Orchard
• Mattogrosso milfoil ( Myriophyllum mattogrossense Hoehne ): It occurs in South America
• Myriophyllum mezianum Schindl. : It occurs in Madagascar in the provinces of Mahajanga , Toamasina and Toliara .
• Myriophyllum oguraense Miki : It occurs in Japan and in the Chinese provinces of Anhui , Heilongjiang , Hubei , Jiangsu , Jiangxi and Zhejiang . With two subspecies:
  • Myriophyllum oguraense Miki subsp. oguraense
  • Myriophyllum oguraense subsp. yangtzense D. Wang : It was first described in 2007 from Hubei .
• Myriophyllum papillosum Orchard
• Myriophyllum pedunculatum Hook. f.
• Dainty milfoil ( Myriophyllum pinnatum (Walter) Britton, Sterns & Poggenb. ): It occurs in the USA and on the Caribbean islands.
• Myriophyllum salsugineum Orchard
• Reddish milfoil ( Myriophyllum scabratum Michx. )
• Myriophyllum sibiricum Kom. (Syn .: Myriophyllum exalbescens Fernald ): It occurs in Canada, the USA, Greenland , Asian Russia , Tibet and the Chinese provinces of Heilongjiang , Jiangsu , Jilin , Qinghai , Sichuan , Xinjiang and Yunnan .
• Deceptive milfoil ( Myriophyllum simulans Orchard )
• Spiky milfoil ( Myriophyllum spicatum L. ): It is widespread in Eurasia , the New World and North Africa as well as southern Africa.
• Myriophyllum striatum Orchard
• Myriophyllum tenellum Bigelow
• Myriophyllum tetrandrum Roxb. : It occurs in India, Malaysia , Thailand , Vietnam and in Hainan .
• Red milfoil ( Myriophyllum tuberculatum Roxb. ): It occurs in India, Malaysia, Australia and Guangdong .
• Japanese milfoil ( Myriophyllum ussuriense Maxim. ): It occurs in Russia, Japan, Korea and China.
• Myriophyllum variifolium Hook. f. : It occurs in Australia.
• Whorled milfoil ( Myriophyllum verticillatum L. ): It is widespread in Eurasia , the New World, and North Africa.
• Myriophyllum verrucosum Lindl. : It occurs in Australia.

Aquaristics

A number of species play a role in aquaristics . However, their care requires some experience. This is due to the fact that most aquatic plant nurseries grow them for trade on moist soil with high humidity. Plants grown emersed in this way develop stronger shoots than those in submerged culture. It is true that in specialist shops the plants are always presented submerged. However, Emer's grown plants have to be gradually accustomed to life underwater. To do this, plant them in nutrient-rich soil and then increase the water level by 1 centimeter every day until the water level of the aquarium is reached. If you do without this adaptation method, the plants die very quickly.

Confusion with common names

The thousand-leaf is often also called a pine frond . But botanically this actually means the species Hippuris vulgaris .

swell

• Jiarui Chen, Michele Funston: Haloragaceae. Myriophyllum. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China. Volume 13: Clusiaceae through Araliaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2007, ISBN 978-1-930723-59-7 , pp. 429-430.
• Description in the New South Wales Flora Online . (engl.)
• Christel Kasselmann : Myriophyllum L., 1753. In: Claus Schaefer, Torsten Schröer (Hrsg.): The large lexicon of aquaristics. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-8001-7497-9 , p. 668 f.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b} Myriophyllum at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed January 3, 2018.
2. ↑ ^{a b} Myriophyllum at Tropicos.org. In: Flora Mesoamericana . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
3. ↑ ^{a b c d} Myriophyllum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
4. ↑ ^{a b} Myriophyllum at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
5. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Jiarui Chen, Michele Funston: Haloragaceae. Myriophyllum. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China. Volume 13: Clusiaceae through Araliaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2007, ISBN 978-1-930723-59-7 , pp. 429-430.
6. ^ Hans-Georg Kramer: Plant aquaristics á la Kramer. Tetra-Verlag, Berlin-Velten 2009, ISBN 978-3-89745-190-2 , p. 192 f.
7. ↑ ^{a b} Myriophyllum at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
8. ↑ Bernd Greger: Plants in the freshwater aquarium. Birgit Schmettkamp Verlag, Bornheim 1998, ISBN 3-928819-16-X .
9. ↑ Christel Kasselmann: aquarium plants. Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-8001-7454-5 .
10. ^ Designing plant aquariums , Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-440-08518-X .

further reading

• AE Orchard: A revision of South American Myriophyllum (Haloragaceae), and its repercussions on some Australian and North American species. In: Brunonia. Volume 4, Issue 1, 1981, pp. 27-65.

Web links

Commons : Thousand Leaf ( Myriophyllum )  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Myriophyllum at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
• Myriophyllum at Tropicos.org. In: Flora de Nicaragua . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
• Myriophyllum at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Missouri . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

 Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap