Wikipedia:Usernames for administrator attention and Coastal trevally: Difference between pages
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{{Taxobox |
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| name = Coastal trevally |
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| image = Coastal trevally.png |
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{{Wikipedia:Usernames for administrator attention/Bot}} <!-- Please do not remove the code to the left. It lets administrators easily see the reports left by bots. --> |
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| regnum = [[Animal]]ia |
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<blockquote></blockquote> |
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| phylum = [[Chordata]] |
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===User-reported=== |
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| classis = [[Actinopterygii]] |
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| ordo = [[Perciformes]] |
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*{{user-uaa|1=username}} |
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| subordo = [[Percoidei]] |
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| superfamilia = [[Percoidea]] |
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*{{user-uaa|1=Tit-head-tony}} — Violation of username policy because it's a offensive username; -- <font color="#000080">Mufka</font> [[User:Mufka|<sup>(u)</sup>]] [[User talk:Mufka|<sup>(t)</sup>]] [[Special:Contributions/Mufka|<sup>(c)]]</sup> 15:37, 10 October 2008 (UTC) |
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| familia = [[Carangidae]] |
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:{{uaa|d}} [[User:Ioeth|Ioeth]] <sub>([[User_talk:Ioeth|talk]] [[Special:Contributions/Ioeth|contribs]] [[WP:FRIENDLY|friendly]])</sub> 16:26, 10 October 2008 (UTC) |
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| genus = ''[[Carangoides]]'' |
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| species = '''''C. coeruleopinnatus''''' |
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| binomial = ''Carangoides coeruleopinnatus'' |
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| binomial_authority = ([[Eduard Rüppell|Rüppell]], 1830) |
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| range_map = Carangoides coeruleopinnatus distribution.png |
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| range_map_width = 240px |
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| range_map_caption = Approximate range of the coastal trevally |
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| synonyms = |
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*''Caranx coeruleopinnatus'' <br /><small>Rüppell, 1830</small> |
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*''Caranx caeruleopinnatus'' <br /><small>Rüppell, 1830</small> |
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*''Carangoides caeruleopinnatus'' <br /><small>(Rüppell, 1830)</small> |
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*''Citula coeruleopinnata'' <br /><small>(Rüppell, 1830)</small> |
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*''Carangoides ophthalmotaenia'' <br /><small>[[Pieter Bleeker|Bleeker]], 1852</small> |
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*''Carangoides altissimus'' <br /><small>[[David Starr Jordan|Jordan]] & Seale, 1905</small> |
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*''Caranx formosanus'' <br /><small>Jordan & Snyder, 1908</small> |
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*''Caranx uii'' <br /><small>Wakiya, 1924</small> |
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*''Carangoides uii'' <br /><small>(Wakiya, 1924)</small> |
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*''Citula diversa'' <br /><small>[[Gilbert Whitley|Whitley]], 1940</small> |
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}} |
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The '''coastal trevally''', ''Carangoides coeruleopinnatus'' (also known as the '''onion trevally''', '''Japanese trevally''' and '''bluefin kingfish''') is a [[species]] of inshore [[marine (ocean)|marine]] [[fish]] in the jack family [[Carangidae]]. The species is distributed throughout the [[tropical]] and subtropical waters of the [[Indian Ocean|Indian]] and west [[Pacific Ocean]]s, from [[South Africa]] in the west to [[Japan]] and [[New Caledonia]] in the east, reaching as far south as [[Australia]]. The species is found on deep [[coastal]] [[reef]]s, both in schools and as solitary individuals, where they prey on small midwater organisms including [[crustacean]]s, small fish and [[cephalopod]]s. The species is taken as bycatch in a number of [[fisheries]] throughout its range by a number of fishing methods and is of little commercial value, but is considered to be a good [[fish (food)|table fish]]. A mistype in the original volume in which [[Eduard Rüppell]] named the species led to the combination ''Carangoides caeruleopinnatus'', which has incorrectly spread through the literature. |
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* {{user-uaa|Peaceful World Foundation}} – Promotional: see [[Peaceful World Foundation]] – [[User:Ukexpat|ukexpat]] ([[User talk:Ukexpat|talk]]) 17:48, 10 October 2008 (UTC) |
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==Taxonomy and naming== |
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The coastal trevally is formally classified within the [[genus]] ''[[Carangoides]]'', one of a number of groups of fish referred to as jacks and trevallies. ''Carangoides'' is further classified in the family [[Carangidae]], itself part of the suborder [[Percoidei]] and the order [[Perciformes]]; the perch-like fishes.<ref>{{ITIS | ID = 621127 | taxon = ''Carangoides coeruleopinnatus'' | year = 2008 | date = 29 August}}</ref> |
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The species was first [[scientific classification|scientifically described]] and named by the German [[naturalist]] [[Eduard Rüppell]] in 1830 based on a specimen collected from the waters of the [[Red Sea]] off [[Saudi Arabia]], which was designated to be the [[holotype]]. He named the new species ''Caranx coeruleopinnatus'', with the species name translating to 'blue-finned', although the species shows no such colouration, and may be the result of some confusion by the author.<ref name = "Zoocat" > {{cite book | last = Hosese | first = D.F. | coauthors = Bray, D.J., Paxton, J.R. and Alen, G.R. | title = Zoological Catalogue of Australia Vol. 35 (2) Fishes | publisher = CSIRO | date = 2007 | location = Sydney | pages = 1150 | isbn =978-0-643-09334-8 }}</ref> In the volume in which the species is described, an apparent mistype produces the name ''Caranx caeruleopinnatus'', which has also widely, albeit incorrectly, entered the [[scientific literature]].<ref name = "Gunn">{{cite journal | last = Gunn | first = John S. | title = A revision of selected genera of the family Carangidae (Pisces) from Australian waters | journal = Records of the Australian Museum Supplement| volume = 12 | pages =1–78 | date = 1990 | accessdate =2007-11-01 }}</ref> The species was transferred initially to the genus ''Citula'', a now defunct genus of jacks, before moving to its current status in ''Carangoides''. The species has also been independently renamed five times; the first as ''Carangoides ophthalmotaenia'' by [[Pieter Bleeker]] in 1852 and most recently as ''Citula diversa'' by [[Gilbert Whitley]] in 1940. In 1924, a [[juvenile (organism)|juvenile]] specimen was named ''Caranx uii'' by Yojiro Wakiya, a name which became widespread throughout the literature, and was commonly known as the 'Japanese trevally', before being sunk into ''C. coeruleopinnatus'' in 1986 by William Smith-Vaniz.<ref name = "Gunn"/> |
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The species is [[common name|commonly known]] as the 'coastal trevally' or 'coastal kingfish', with other commonly applied English names including 'onion trevally', 'Japanese trevally', 'bluefin kingfish', 'shortfin kingfish', and 'diverse trevally'.<ref name = "fishbase">{{FishBase species | genus = Carangoides | species = coeruleopinnatus | year = 2008 | month = September}}</ref> |
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==Description== |
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The coastal trevally is similar in body to most other jacks, having a nearly [[ovate]], strongly compressed body, with the [[anatomical terms of location#Dorsal_and_ventral|dorsal]] profile more [[convex]] than the [[anatomical terms of location#Dorsal_and_ventral|ventral]] profile, with a moderately curved [[nape]].<ref name = "FAO">{{cite book | last = Carpenter | first = Kent E. | coauthors = Volker H. Niem (eds.) | title = FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Volume 4: Bony fishes part 2 (Mugilidae to Carangidae) | sher = FAO | date = 2001 | location = Rome | pages = 2684 | url = ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/x2400e/x2400e52.pdf | isbn = 92-5-104587-9 |pages= p. 2694}}</ref> It is moderately large, growing to a recorded maximum of 40 [[centimeter|cm]], although more commonly seen at around 25 cm.<ref name = "fishbase"/> The [[dorsal fin]] is divided into two distinct sections, the first consisting of 8 [[Fish_anatomy#Spines_and_Rays|spines]], with the second consisting of a single spine followed by 20 to 23 [[Fish_anatomy#Spines_and_Rays|soft rays]].<ref name = "Barrier">{{cite book | last = Randall | first = John Ernest | coauthors = Roger C. Steene, Gerald R. Allen | title = Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | date = 1997 | pages = 161 | isbn = 0824818954 }}</ref> The lobe of the second dorsal fin is filamentous in juveniles, becoming shorter with age until at the adult stage, the lobe is shorter than the head length and the [[anal fin]] lobe. The anal fin consists of 2 detached spines followed by 1 spine anterior to 16 to 20 soft rays. The [[pelvic fin]] contains a single spine and 18 to 20 soft rays.<ref name = "Lin1999">{{cite journal | last = Lin | first = Pai-Lei | coauthors = Shao, Kwang-Tsao | title = A Review of the Carangid Fishes (Family Carangidae) From Taiwan with Descriptions of Four New Records | journal = Zoological Studies | volume = 38 | issue = 1 | pages = 33–68 | date = 1999 | url = http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=10055944 | accessdate = }}</ref> The [[lateral line]] has a moderate [[Anatomical_terms_of_location#Anterior_and_posterior|anterior]] arch, with the junction of the curved and straight section below the 12th to 14th dorsal ray. The straight section of the lateral line contains 16 to 20 [[scute]]s, with the lateral line having 31 to 50 combined [[scale (zoology)|scale]]s and scutes over its entire length.<ref name = "FAO"/> The breast is devoid of scales ventrally to behind the pelvic fin origin and up to the [[pectoral fin]] base, although in rare cases this is interrupted by a lateral band of scales. Both jaws contain bands of [[Ichthyology_terms#V|villiform]] teeth, with the bands becoming wider anteriorly. There are a total of 21 to 27 [[gill raker]]s and 24 [[vertebrae]].<ref name = "FAO"/> |
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In life, the coastal trevally is bluish green above, fading to a silvery grey on the underside, with the sides having many small yellow spots. There is a small dark blotch on the upper margin of the [[operculum (fish)|opercle]]. The dorsal, anal and caudal fins are dusky, although the caudal is often slightly yellow, while the pectoral fins are pale yellow and the pelvic fins are [[hyaline]] to grey.<ref name = "Barrier"/> Juveniles have dark vertical bands which fade as the fish become adults, and become indistinct at larger sizes. |
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==Distribution and habitat== |
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The coastal trevally is distributed broadly throughout the [[tropical]] and subtropical waters of the [[Indian Ocean|Indian]] and west [[Pacific Ocean]]s.<ref name = "FAO"/> Its westernmost limit is the east coast of Africa, from [[South Africa]] and [[Madagascar]] north to the [[Red Sea]] and the [[Persian Gulf]], with the range extending east along the coast of [[India]], including [[Sri Lanka]]. The species is distributed across the Asian coastline including [[China]] and [[Thailand]], and throughout the [[South East Asia]]n and [[Indonesia]]n island chains extending to northern [[Australia]]. In the Pacific Ocean, its range extends north to [[Taiwan]] and [[Japan]], and east to a number of small island groups, including [[Tonga]], [[Samoa]] and [[New Caledonia]].<ref name = "fishbase"/> |
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Coastal trevally are rarely found close to shore, with adults inhabiting deep [[coastal]] [[reef]] systems,<ref name = "FAO"/> and the species is also thought to live a [[pelagic]] lifestyle.<ref>{{cite web | last = McGrouther | first = M. | title = Onion Trevally, Carangoides caeruleopinnatus (Rüppell, 1830) | work = Find a Fish | publisher = Australian Museum Online | date = 2005 | url = http://www.amonline.net.au/FISHES/fishfacts/fish/ccaeruleo.htm | accessdate = 2008-09-20 }}</ref> Juveniles have been recorded in [[Natal]] [[estuaries]],<ref>{{cite journal | last = Blaber | first = S.J.M. | coauthors = Cyrus, D.P. | title = The biology of Carangidae (Teleostei) in Natal estuaries | journal = Journal of Fish Biology | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | pages = 173–188 | date = 1983 | doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1983.tb04738.x | accessdate = 2009-09-20 }}</ref> and in shallow bays in northern Australia,<ref>{{cite book | last = Baker | first = R. | coauthors = Sheppard, R. | title = Fisheries resources of Albatross Bay, Gulf of Carpentaria | series =Information Series: QI06062 | publisher = Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries | date = 2006 | pages = 1–93 | url = http://www.seagrasswatch.org/Info_centre/Publications/Fisheries_Resources_of_Albatross_Bay.pdf | issn = 0727 6273 }}</ref> |
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but the movements of the species are poorly understood. Like other species of jack, the coastal trevally is attracted to floating devices, with the fish occasionally caught by anglers around specially built FADs (fish attracting devices).<ref>{{cite book | last = Morton | first = B. (ed) | title = The Marine Biology of the South China Sea III: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on the Marine Biology of the South China Sea : Hong Kong, 28 October–1 November 1996 | publisher = Hong Kong University Press | date = 1998 | pages = 484 | isbn = 9622094619 }}</ref> |
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==Biology and fishery== |
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The coastal trevally is poorly studied, and as such there is little information regarding its biology and [[ecology]]. The species is known to occur both in small [[shoal]]s and individually, and is a [[plankton|planktonivorous]] fish, consuming small midwater organisms including [[krill]], [[mantis shrimp]], small fish and [[squid]].<ref name = "SAfrica">{{cite book | last = van der Elst | first = Rudy | coauthors = Peter Borchert | title =A Guide to the Common Sea Fishes of Southern Africa | publisher = New Holland Publishers | date = 1994 | pages = 142 | isbn = 1868253945 }}</ref> The mouth of the coastal trevally is soft, and the teeth fairly weak, which prevents the capture of larger prey items. It is a rather sluggish fish in comparison to other members of the Carangidae.<ref name = "SAfrica"/> Nothing is known of reproduction in the species, and its movements are also unknown. |
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The coastal trevally is of little or no importance to most [[fisheries]] throughout its range, occasionally taken as [[bycatch]] in finfish and [[prawn]] operations,<ref name = "Gunn"/> using hook and line, [[gill net]]s and other various types of trap.<ref name = "FAO"/> Due to its deep reef nature, the species is of little interest to [[angling|angler]]s, and is rarely taken by them. The coastal trevally is considered to be a good [[table fish]], however, and it has limited commercial value in [[Asia]].<ref name = "SAfrica"/> |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
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==External links== |
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*[http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=1924 Coastal trevally at Fishbase] |
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*[http://www.amonline.net.au/FISHES/fishfacts/fish/ccaeruleo.htm Australian Museum factsheet] |
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*[http://www.eol.org/taxa/17061196 Encyclopedia of Life Page] |
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[[Category:Carangidae]] |
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[[Category:Fish of the Indian Ocean]] |
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[[Category:Fish of the Pacific]] |
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[[ca:Carangoides coeruleopinnatus]] |
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Revision as of 09:40, 11 October 2008
| Coastal trevally | |
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| Species: | C. coeruleopinnatus
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| Binomial name | |
| Carangoides coeruleopinnatus (Rüppell, 1830)
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| Approximate range of the coastal trevally | |
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The coastal trevally, Carangoides coeruleopinnatus (also known as the onion trevally, Japanese trevally and bluefin kingfish) is a species of inshore marine fish in the jack family Carangidae. The species is distributed throughout the tropical and subtropical waters of the Indian and west Pacific Oceans, from South Africa in the west to Japan and New Caledonia in the east, reaching as far south as Australia. The species is found on deep coastal reefs, both in schools and as solitary individuals, where they prey on small midwater organisms including crustaceans, small fish and cephalopods. The species is taken as bycatch in a number of fisheries throughout its range by a number of fishing methods and is of little commercial value, but is considered to be a good table fish. A mistype in the original volume in which Eduard Rüppell named the species led to the combination Carangoides caeruleopinnatus, which has incorrectly spread through the literature.
Taxonomy and naming
The coastal trevally is formally classified within the genus Carangoides, one of a number of groups of fish referred to as jacks and trevallies. Carangoides is further classified in the family Carangidae, itself part of the suborder Percoidei and the order Perciformes; the perch-like fishes.[1]
The species was first scientifically described and named by the German naturalist Eduard Rüppell in 1830 based on a specimen collected from the waters of the Red Sea off Saudi Arabia, which was designated to be the holotype. He named the new species Caranx coeruleopinnatus, with the species name translating to 'blue-finned', although the species shows no such colouration, and may be the result of some confusion by the author.[2] In the volume in which the species is described, an apparent mistype produces the name Caranx caeruleopinnatus, which has also widely, albeit incorrectly, entered the scientific literature.[3] The species was transferred initially to the genus Citula, a now defunct genus of jacks, before moving to its current status in Carangoides. The species has also been independently renamed five times; the first as Carangoides ophthalmotaenia by Pieter Bleeker in 1852 and most recently as Citula diversa by Gilbert Whitley in 1940. In 1924, a juvenile specimen was named Caranx uii by Yojiro Wakiya, a name which became widespread throughout the literature, and was commonly known as the 'Japanese trevally', before being sunk into C. coeruleopinnatus in 1986 by William Smith-Vaniz.[3]
The species is commonly known as the 'coastal trevally' or 'coastal kingfish', with other commonly applied English names including 'onion trevally', 'Japanese trevally', 'bluefin kingfish', 'shortfin kingfish', and 'diverse trevally'.[4]
Description
The coastal trevally is similar in body to most other jacks, having a nearly ovate, strongly compressed body, with the dorsal profile more convex than the ventral profile, with a moderately curved nape.[5] It is moderately large, growing to a recorded maximum of 40 cm, although more commonly seen at around 25 cm.[4] The dorsal fin is divided into two distinct sections, the first consisting of 8 spines, with the second consisting of a single spine followed by 20 to 23 soft rays.[6] The lobe of the second dorsal fin is filamentous in juveniles, becoming shorter with age until at the adult stage, the lobe is shorter than the head length and the anal fin lobe. The anal fin consists of 2 detached spines followed by 1 spine anterior to 16 to 20 soft rays. The pelvic fin contains a single spine and 18 to 20 soft rays.[7] The lateral line has a moderate anterior arch, with the junction of the curved and straight section below the 12th to 14th dorsal ray. The straight section of the lateral line contains 16 to 20 scutes, with the lateral line having 31 to 50 combined scales and scutes over its entire length.[5] The breast is devoid of scales ventrally to behind the pelvic fin origin and up to the pectoral fin base, although in rare cases this is interrupted by a lateral band of scales. Both jaws contain bands of villiform teeth, with the bands becoming wider anteriorly. There are a total of 21 to 27 gill rakers and 24 vertebrae.[5]
In life, the coastal trevally is bluish green above, fading to a silvery grey on the underside, with the sides having many small yellow spots. There is a small dark blotch on the upper margin of the opercle. The dorsal, anal and caudal fins are dusky, although the caudal is often slightly yellow, while the pectoral fins are pale yellow and the pelvic fins are hyaline to grey.[6] Juveniles have dark vertical bands which fade as the fish become adults, and become indistinct at larger sizes.
Distribution and habitat
The coastal trevally is distributed broadly throughout the tropical and subtropical waters of the Indian and west Pacific Oceans.[5] Its westernmost limit is the east coast of Africa, from South Africa and Madagascar north to the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, with the range extending east along the coast of India, including Sri Lanka. The species is distributed across the Asian coastline including China and Thailand, and throughout the South East Asian and Indonesian island chains extending to northern Australia. In the Pacific Ocean, its range extends north to Taiwan and Japan, and east to a number of small island groups, including Tonga, Samoa and New Caledonia.[4]
Coastal trevally are rarely found close to shore, with adults inhabiting deep coastal reef systems,[5] and the species is also thought to live a pelagic lifestyle.[8] Juveniles have been recorded in Natal estuaries,[9] and in shallow bays in northern Australia,[10] but the movements of the species are poorly understood. Like other species of jack, the coastal trevally is attracted to floating devices, with the fish occasionally caught by anglers around specially built FADs (fish attracting devices).[11]
Biology and fishery
The coastal trevally is poorly studied, and as such there is little information regarding its biology and ecology. The species is known to occur both in small shoals and individually, and is a planktonivorous fish, consuming small midwater organisms including krill, mantis shrimp, small fish and squid.[12] The mouth of the coastal trevally is soft, and the teeth fairly weak, which prevents the capture of larger prey items. It is a rather sluggish fish in comparison to other members of the Carangidae.[12] Nothing is known of reproduction in the species, and its movements are also unknown.
The coastal trevally is of little or no importance to most fisheries throughout its range, occasionally taken as bycatch in finfish and prawn operations,[3] using hook and line, gill nets and other various types of trap.[5] Due to its deep reef nature, the species is of little interest to anglers, and is rarely taken by them. The coastal trevally is considered to be a good table fish, however, and it has limited commercial value in Asia.[12]
References
- ^ "Carangoides coeruleopinnatus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 29 August.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|date=and|year=/|date=mismatch (help) - ^ Hosese, D.F. (2007). Zoological Catalogue of Australia Vol. 35 (2) Fishes. Sydney: CSIRO. p. 1150. ISBN 978-0-643-09334-8.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c Gunn, John S. (1990). "A revision of selected genera of the family Carangidae (Pisces) from Australian waters". Records of the Australian Museum Supplement. 12: 1–78.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ a b c Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2008). "Carangoides coeruleopinnatus" in FishBase. September 2008 version.
- ^ a b c d e f Carpenter, Kent E. (2001). FAO species identification guide for fishery purposes. The living marine resources of the Western Central Pacific. Volume 4: Bony fishes part 2 (Mugilidae to Carangidae) (PDF). Rome. pp. p. 2694. ISBN 92-5-104587-9.
{{cite book}}:|pages=has extra text (help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|sher=ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b Randall, John Ernest (1997). Fishes of the Great Barrier Reef and Coral Sea. University of Hawaii Press. p. 161. ISBN 0824818954.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Lin, Pai-Lei (1999). "A Review of the Carangid Fishes (Family Carangidae) From Taiwan with Descriptions of Four New Records". Zoological Studies. 38 (1): 33–68.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ McGrouther, M. (2005). "Onion Trevally, Carangoides caeruleopinnatus (Rüppell, 1830)". Find a Fish. Australian Museum Online. Retrieved 2008-09-20.
- ^ Blaber, S.J.M. (1983). "The biology of Carangidae (Teleostei) in Natal estuaries". Journal of Fish Biology. 22 (2): 173–188. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.1983.tb04738.x.
{{cite journal}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Baker, R. (2006). Fisheries resources of Albatross Bay, Gulf of Carpentaria (PDF). Information Series: QI06062. Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries. pp. 1–93. ISSN 0727-6273.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Morton, B. (ed) (1998). The Marine Biology of the South China Sea III: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on the Marine Biology of the South China Sea : Hong Kong, 28 October–1 November 1996. Hong Kong University Press. p. 484. ISBN 9622094619.
{{cite book}}:|first=has generic name (help) - ^ a b c van der Elst, Rudy (1994). A Guide to the Common Sea Fishes of Southern Africa. New Holland Publishers. p. 142. ISBN 1868253945.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)