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== Description ==
== Description ==
''B. licheniformis'' is a [[Gram-positive bacteria|Gram positive]], [[Endospore|spore-forming]], [[Facultative anaerobic organism|facultative anaerobic]], rod-shaped bacterium.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Clements|first=Laura D.|last2=Miller|first2=Brian S.|last3=Streips|first3=Uldis N.|date=August 2002|title=Comparative growth analysis of the facultative anaerobes Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, and Escherichia coli|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12353884/|journal=Systematic and Applied Microbiology|volume=25|issue=2|pages=284–286|doi=10.1078/0723-2020-00108|issn=0723-2020|pmid=12353884}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Logan|first=Niall A.|title=Bacillus|date=2015|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118960608.gbm00530|work=Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria|pages=1–163|publisher=American Cancer Society|language=en|doi=10.1002/9781118960608.gbm00530|isbn=978-1-118-96060-8|access-date=2021-02-06|last2=Vos|first2=Paul De}}</ref> It was initially named ''Clostridium licheniforme'' by H. Weigmann<ref>{{Cite book|last=Weigmann|first=H.|title=Über zwei an der Käsereifung beteiligte Bakterien|publisher=Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten und Hygiene. Abteilung|year=1898|pages=820-834}}</ref> and renamed ''Bacillus licheniformis'' by Frederick D. Chester.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chester|first=Frederick D.|title=A Manual of Determinative Bacteriology|publisher=The MacMillan Company|year=1901|location=New York}}</ref> ''B. licheniformis'' displays a variety of [[Colonial morphology|colony morphologies]], with the rough "licheniform" colonies giving the organism its name.<ref name=":0" /> Colonies tend to be cream-colored, but will turn red in the presence of iron in media, most likely as a result of pulcherrimin.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li|first=Xiaoyun|last2=Wang|first2=Dong|last3=Cai|first3=Dongbo|last4=Zhan|first4=Yangyang|last5=Wang|first5=Qin|last6=Chen|first6=Shouwen|date=2017-12-01|title=Identification and High-level Production of Pulcherrimin in Bacillus licheniformis DW2|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-017-2500-x|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=183|issue=4|pages=1323–1335|doi=10.1007/s12010-017-2500-x|issn=1559-0291}}</ref> ''B. licheniformis'' is found in a wide variety of environments, but especially in soil and in the feathers of birds, where ''B. licheniformis'' degrades [[Beta-keratin|β-keratin]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Whitaker|first=Justine M.|last2=Cristol|first2=Daniel A.|last3=Forsyth|first3=Mark H.|date=July 2005|title=Prevalence and genetic diversity of Bacillus licheniformis in avian plumage|url=https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-field-ornithology/volume-76/issue-3/0273-8570-76.3.264/Prevalence-and-genetic-diversity-of-Bacillus-licheniformis-in-avian-plumage/10.1648/0273-8570-76.3.264.full|journal=Journal of Field Ornithology|volume=76|issue=3|pages=264–270|doi=10.1648/0273-8570-76.3.264|issn=0273-8570}}</ref> There is evidence that red feathers, with psittacofulvin, are more resistant to degradation.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Burtt|first1=E. H.|year=2010|title=Colourful parrot feathers resist bacterial degradation|journal=Biology Letters|volume=7|issue=2|pages=214–216|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2010.0716|pmc=3061162|pmid=20926430}}</ref>
''B. licheniformis'' is a [[Gram-positive bacteria|Gram positive]], [[Endospore|spore-forming]], [[Facultative anaerobic organism|facultative anaerobic]], rod-shaped bacterium.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Clements|first=Laura D.|last2=Miller|first2=Brian S.|last3=Streips|first3=Uldis N.|date=August 2002|title=Comparative growth analysis of the facultative anaerobes Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, and Escherichia coli|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12353884/|journal=Systematic and Applied Microbiology|volume=25|issue=2|pages=284–286|doi=10.1078/0723-2020-00108|issn=0723-2020|pmid=12353884}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Citation|last=Logan|first=Niall A.|title=Bacillus|date=2015|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/9781118960608.gbm00530|work=Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria|pages=1–163|publisher=American Cancer Society|language=en|doi=10.1002/9781118960608.gbm00530|isbn=978-1-118-96060-8|access-date=2021-02-06|last2=Vos|first2=Paul De}}</ref> It was initially named ''Clostridium licheniforme'' by H. Weigmann<ref>{{Cite book|last=Weigmann|first=H.|title=Über zwei an der Käsereifung beteiligte Bakterien|publisher=Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten und Hygiene. Abteilung|year=1898|pages=820–834}}</ref> and renamed ''Bacillus licheniformis'' by Frederick D. Chester.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chester|first=Frederick D.|title=A Manual of Determinative Bacteriology|publisher=The MacMillan Company|year=1901|location=New York}}</ref> ''B. licheniformis'' displays a variety of [[Colonial morphology|colony morphologies]], with the rough "licheniform" colonies giving the organism its name.<ref name=":0" /> Colonies tend to be cream-colored, but will turn red in the presence of iron in media, most likely as a result of pulcherrimin.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Li|first=Xiaoyun|last2=Wang|first2=Dong|last3=Cai|first3=Dongbo|last4=Zhan|first4=Yangyang|last5=Wang|first5=Qin|last6=Chen|first6=Shouwen|date=2017-12-01|title=Identification and High-level Production of Pulcherrimin in Bacillus licheniformis DW2|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-017-2500-x|journal=Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=183|issue=4|pages=1323–1335|doi=10.1007/s12010-017-2500-x|issn=1559-0291}}</ref> ''B. licheniformis'' is found in a wide variety of environments, but especially in soil and in the feathers of birds, where ''B. licheniformis'' degrades [[Beta-keratin|β-keratin]].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Whitaker|first=Justine M.|last2=Cristol|first2=Daniel A.|last3=Forsyth|first3=Mark H.|date=July 2005|title=Prevalence and genetic diversity of Bacillus licheniformis in avian plumage|url=https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-field-ornithology/volume-76/issue-3/0273-8570-76.3.264/Prevalence-and-genetic-diversity-of-Bacillus-licheniformis-in-avian-plumage/10.1648/0273-8570-76.3.264.full|journal=Journal of Field Ornithology|volume=76|issue=3|pages=264–270|doi=10.1648/0273-8570-76.3.264|issn=0273-8570}}</ref> There is evidence that red feathers, with psittacofulvin, are more resistant to degradation.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Burtt|first1=E. H.|year=2010|title=Colourful parrot feathers resist bacterial degradation|journal=Biology Letters|volume=7|issue=2|pages=214–216|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2010.0716|pmc=3061162|pmid=20926430}}</ref>


== Applications ==
== Applications ==


=== Industrial Enzymes ===
=== Industrial Enzymes ===
Subtilisin Carlsberg, a [[serine protease]] secreted by ''B. licheniformis'', is used in laundry detergent formulations due to its ability to perform at high pH levels (optimal activity is between 8.0 and 10.0) and high temperatures (40-50 celsius).<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2008-05-01|title=Stability of thermostable alkaline protease from Bacillus licheniformis RP1 in commercial solid laundry detergent formulations|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0944501306000620|journal=Microbiological Research|language=en|volume=163|issue=3|pages=299–306|doi=10.1016/j.micres.2006.06.001|issn=0944-5013}}</ref> [[Amylase|Amylases]] are also synthesized by ''B. licheniformis'' and used for industrial purposes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Muras|first=Andrea|last2=Romero|first2=Manuel|last3=Mayer|first3=Celia|last4=Otero|first4=Ana|date=2021-02-16|title=Biotechnological applications of Bacillus licheniformis|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/07388551.2021.1873239|journal=Critical Reviews in Biotechnology|volume=0|issue=0|pages=1–29|doi=10.1080/07388551.2021.1873239|issn=0738-8551|pmid=33593221}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=de Boer|first=Anne Sietske|last2=Priest|first2=Fergus|last3=Diderichsen|first3=Børge|date=1994-01-01|title=On the industrial use of Bacillus licheniformis: a review|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00173313|journal=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=40|issue=5|pages=595–598|doi=10.1007/BF00173313|issn=1432-0614}}</ref>
Subtilisin Carlsberg, a [[serine protease]] secreted by ''B. licheniformis'', is used in laundry detergent formulations due to its ability to perform at high pH levels (optimal activity is between 8.0 and 10.0) and high temperatures (40-50 celsius).<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2008-05-01|title=Stability of thermostable alkaline protease from Bacillus licheniformis RP1 in commercial solid laundry detergent formulations|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0944501306000620|journal=Microbiological Research|language=en|volume=163|issue=3|pages=299–306|doi=10.1016/j.micres.2006.06.001|issn=0944-5013}}</ref> [[Amylase]]s are also synthesized by ''B. licheniformis'' and used for industrial purposes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Muras|first=Andrea|last2=Romero|first2=Manuel|last3=Mayer|first3=Celia|last4=Otero|first4=Ana|date=2021-02-16|title=Biotechnological applications of Bacillus licheniformis|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/07388551.2021.1873239|journal=Critical Reviews in Biotechnology|volume=0|issue=0|pages=1–29|doi=10.1080/07388551.2021.1873239|issn=0738-8551|pmid=33593221}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=de Boer|first=Anne Sietske|last2=Priest|first2=Fergus|last3=Diderichsen|first3=Børge|date=1994-01-01|title=On the industrial use of Bacillus licheniformis: a review|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00173313|journal=Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology|language=en|volume=40|issue=5|pages=595–598|doi=10.1007/BF00173313|issn=1432-0614}}</ref>


=== Probiotics ===
=== Probiotics ===
''B. licheniformis'' is used as a probiotic in animal feed, where isolates have been shown to prevent disease and promote growth as well as being commercially available.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Liu|first=Xiaolu|last2=Yan|first2=Hai|last3=Lv|first3=Le|last4=Xu|first4=Qianqian|last5=Yin|first5=Chunhua|last6=Zhang|first6=Keyi|last7=Wang|first7=Pei|last8=Hu|first8=Jiye|date=2012-5|title=Growth Performance and Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens Supplemented with Bacillus licheniformis in Drinking Water|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4093119/|journal=Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences|volume=25|issue=5|pages=682–689|doi=10.5713/ajas.2011.11334|issn=1011-2367|pmc=4093119|pmid=25049614}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Deng|first=W.|last2=Dong|first2=X. F.|last3=Tong|first3=J. M.|last4=Zhang|first4=Q.|date=2012-03|title=The probiotic Bacillus licheniformis ameliorates heat stress-induced impairment of egg production, gut morphology, and intestinal mucosal immunity in laying hens|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22334732/|journal=Poultry Science|volume=91|issue=3|pages=575–582|doi=10.3382/ps.2010-01293|issn=0032-5791|pmid=22334732}}</ref> Some isolates have also been found to be probotic in humans (and are also commercially available)<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Na-Kyoung|last2=Kim|first2=Won-Suck|last3=Paik|first3=Hyun-Dong|date=2019-10-08|title=Bacillus strains as human probiotics: characterization, safety, microbiome, and probiotic carrier|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6811671/|journal=Food Science and Biotechnology|volume=28|issue=5|pages=1297–1305|doi=10.1007/s10068-019-00691-9|issn=1226-7708|pmc=6811671|pmid=31695928}}</ref>, but it's been mentioned that clinical trials have not been performed on many of them yet.<ref name=":1" />
''B. licheniformis'' is used as a probiotic in animal feed, where isolates have been shown to prevent disease and promote growth as well as being commercially available.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Liu|first=Xiaolu|last2=Yan|first2=Hai|last3=Lv|first3=Le|last4=Xu|first4=Qianqian|last5=Yin|first5=Chunhua|last6=Zhang|first6=Keyi|last7=Wang|first7=Pei|last8=Hu|first8=Jiye|date=May 2012|title=Growth Performance and Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens Supplemented with Bacillus licheniformis in Drinking Water|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4093119/|journal=Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences|volume=25|issue=5|pages=682–689|doi=10.5713/ajas.2011.11334|issn=1011-2367|pmc=4093119|pmid=25049614}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Deng|first=W.|last2=Dong|first2=X. F.|last3=Tong|first3=J. M.|last4=Zhang|first4=Q.|date=March 2012|title=The probiotic Bacillus licheniformis ameliorates heat stress-induced impairment of egg production, gut morphology, and intestinal mucosal immunity in laying hens|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22334732/|journal=Poultry Science|volume=91|issue=3|pages=575–582|doi=10.3382/ps.2010-01293|issn=0032-5791|pmid=22334732}}</ref> Some isolates have also been found to be probotic in humans (and are also commercially available),<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Na-Kyoung|last2=Kim|first2=Won-Suck|last3=Paik|first3=Hyun-Dong|date=2019-10-08|title=Bacillus strains as human probiotics: characterization, safety, microbiome, and probiotic carrier|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6811671/|journal=Food Science and Biotechnology|volume=28|issue=5|pages=1297–1305|doi=10.1007/s10068-019-00691-9|issn=1226-7708|pmc=6811671|pmid=31695928}}</ref> but it's been mentioned that clinical trials have not been performed on many of them yet.<ref name=":1" />


=== Other Applications ===
=== Other Applications ===
''B. licheniformis'' also shows possible applications in bioremediation, biomineralization, and biofuels as more examples<ref name=":1" />.
''B. licheniformis'' also shows possible applications in bioremediation, biomineralization, and biofuels as more examples.<ref name=":1" />


==Natural genetic transformation==
==Natural genetic transformation==

Revision as of 11:38, 15 March 2021

Bacillus licheniformis
Bacillus licheniformis colonies on a blood agar plate.
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Bacillota
Class: Bacilli
Order: Bacillales
Family: Bacillaceae
Genus: Bacillus
Species:
B. licheniformis
Binomial name
Bacillus licheniformis
(Weigmann 1898) Chester 1901[1]

Bacillus licheniformis is a bacterium commonly found in the soil. It is found on bird feathers, especially chest and back plumage, and most often in ground-dwelling birds (like sparrows) and aquatic species (like ducks).

It is a gram-positive, mesophilic bacterium. Its optimal growth temperature is around 50 °C, though it can survive at much higher temperatures. The optimal temperature for enzyme secretion is 37 °C. It can exist in a dormant spore form to resist harsh environments, or in a vegetative state when conditions are good.

High capacity of secretion of the alkaline serine protease has made B. licheniformis one of the most important bacteria in industrial enzyme production.[2] Subtilisin Carlsberg secreted by B. licheniformis is used as a detergent protease. It is sold under the name Alcalase by Novozymes.[3] A small antisense RNA against Subtilisin Carlsberg named BLi_r0872 was discovered in an RNA-seq based study. It may have a putative impact on protease production and serve as target for strain improvement.[4]

Scientists are currently exploring its ability to degrade feathers for agricultural purposes. Feathers contain high amounts of non-digestible proteins, but researchers hope that, through fermentation with B. licheniformis, they can use waste feathers to produce cheap and nutritious feather meal to feed livestock.

Ecological research is also being done looking at the interaction between plumage colors and B. licheniformis activity, and the consequences thereof. Feather degrading bacteria may have played an important role in the evolution of molting, and patterns in feather coloration (Gloger's Rule).

Description

B. licheniformis is a Gram positive, spore-forming, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium.[5][6] It was initially named Clostridium licheniforme by H. Weigmann[7] and renamed Bacillus licheniformis by Frederick D. Chester.[8] B. licheniformis displays a variety of colony morphologies, with the rough "licheniform" colonies giving the organism its name.[6] Colonies tend to be cream-colored, but will turn red in the presence of iron in media, most likely as a result of pulcherrimin.[6][9] B. licheniformis is found in a wide variety of environments, but especially in soil and in the feathers of birds, where B. licheniformis degrades β-keratin.[6][10] There is evidence that red feathers, with psittacofulvin, are more resistant to degradation.[11]

Applications

Industrial Enzymes

Subtilisin Carlsberg, a serine protease secreted by B. licheniformis, is used in laundry detergent formulations due to its ability to perform at high pH levels (optimal activity is between 8.0 and 10.0) and high temperatures (40-50 celsius).[12] Amylases are also synthesized by B. licheniformis and used for industrial purposes.[13][14]

Probiotics

B. licheniformis is used as a probiotic in animal feed, where isolates have been shown to prevent disease and promote growth as well as being commercially available.[13][15][16] Some isolates have also been found to be probotic in humans (and are also commercially available),[13][17] but it's been mentioned that clinical trials have not been performed on many of them yet.[13]

Other Applications

B. licheniformis also shows possible applications in bioremediation, biomineralization, and biofuels as more examples.[13]

Natural genetic transformation

B. licheniformis is naturally competent for genetic transformation.[18] Natural genetic transformation is a sexual process involving DNA transfer from one bacterium to another through the intervening medium, and the integration of the donor sequence into the recipient genome by homologous recombination.

Identification through testing

Below is a list of differential techniques and results that can help to identify Bacillus licheniformis from other bacteria and Bacillus species.[19]

References

  1. ^ "Species: Bacillus licheniformis". List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature. Retrieved 3 October 2020.
  2. ^ Schallmey, Marcus; Singh, Ajay; Ward, Owen P. (2004-01-01). "Developments in the use of Bacillus species for industrial production". Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 50 (1): 1–17. doi:10.1139/w03-076. ISSN 0008-4166. PMID 15052317.
  3. ^ "UniProtKB".
  4. ^ Wiegand, Sandra; Dietrich, Sascha; Hertel, Robert; Bongaerts, Johannes; Evers, Stefan; Volland, Sonja; Daniel, Rolf; Liesegang, Heiko (2013-01-01). "RNA-Seq of Bacillus licheniformis: active regulatory RNA features expressed within a productive fermentation". BMC Genomics. 14: 667. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-14-667. ISSN 1471-2164. PMC 3871023. PMID 24079885.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  5. ^ Clements, Laura D.; Miller, Brian S.; Streips, Uldis N. (August 2002). "Comparative growth analysis of the facultative anaerobes Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, and Escherichia coli". Systematic and Applied Microbiology. 25 (2): 284–286. doi:10.1078/0723-2020-00108. ISSN 0723-2020. PMID 12353884.
  6. ^ a b c d Logan, Niall A.; Vos, Paul De (2015), "Bacillus", Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria, American Cancer Society, pp. 1–163, doi:10.1002/9781118960608.gbm00530, ISBN 978-1-118-96060-8, retrieved 2021-02-06
  7. ^ Weigmann, H. (1898). Über zwei an der Käsereifung beteiligte Bakterien. Zentralblatt für Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten und Hygiene. Abteilung. pp. 820–834.
  8. ^ Chester, Frederick D. (1901). A Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. New York: The MacMillan Company.
  9. ^ Li, Xiaoyun; Wang, Dong; Cai, Dongbo; Zhan, Yangyang; Wang, Qin; Chen, Shouwen (2017-12-01). "Identification and High-level Production of Pulcherrimin in Bacillus licheniformis DW2". Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 183 (4): 1323–1335. doi:10.1007/s12010-017-2500-x. ISSN 1559-0291.
  10. ^ Whitaker, Justine M.; Cristol, Daniel A.; Forsyth, Mark H. (July 2005). "Prevalence and genetic diversity of Bacillus licheniformis in avian plumage". Journal of Field Ornithology. 76 (3): 264–270. doi:10.1648/0273-8570-76.3.264. ISSN 0273-8570.
  11. ^ Burtt, E. H. (2010). "Colourful parrot feathers resist bacterial degradation". Biology Letters. 7 (2): 214–216. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0716. PMC 3061162. PMID 20926430.
  12. ^ "Stability of thermostable alkaline protease from Bacillus licheniformis RP1 in commercial solid laundry detergent formulations". Microbiological Research. 163 (3): 299–306. 2008-05-01. doi:10.1016/j.micres.2006.06.001. ISSN 0944-5013.
  13. ^ a b c d e Muras, Andrea; Romero, Manuel; Mayer, Celia; Otero, Ana (2021-02-16). "Biotechnological applications of Bacillus licheniformis". Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 0 (0): 1–29. doi:10.1080/07388551.2021.1873239. ISSN 0738-8551. PMID 33593221.
  14. ^ de Boer, Anne Sietske; Priest, Fergus; Diderichsen, Børge (1994-01-01). "On the industrial use of Bacillus licheniformis: a review". Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology. 40 (5): 595–598. doi:10.1007/BF00173313. ISSN 1432-0614.
  15. ^ Liu, Xiaolu; Yan, Hai; Lv, Le; Xu, Qianqian; Yin, Chunhua; Zhang, Keyi; Wang, Pei; Hu, Jiye (May 2012). "Growth Performance and Meat Quality of Broiler Chickens Supplemented with Bacillus licheniformis in Drinking Water". Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 25 (5): 682–689. doi:10.5713/ajas.2011.11334. ISSN 1011-2367. PMC 4093119. PMID 25049614.
  16. ^ Deng, W.; Dong, X. F.; Tong, J. M.; Zhang, Q. (March 2012). "The probiotic Bacillus licheniformis ameliorates heat stress-induced impairment of egg production, gut morphology, and intestinal mucosal immunity in laying hens". Poultry Science. 91 (3): 575–582. doi:10.3382/ps.2010-01293. ISSN 0032-5791. PMID 22334732.
  17. ^ Lee, Na-Kyoung; Kim, Won-Suck; Paik, Hyun-Dong (2019-10-08). "Bacillus strains as human probiotics: characterization, safety, microbiome, and probiotic carrier". Food Science and Biotechnology. 28 (5): 1297–1305. doi:10.1007/s10068-019-00691-9. ISSN 1226-7708. PMC 6811671. PMID 31695928.
  18. ^ Jakobs M, Hoffmann K, Grabke A, Neuber S, Liesegang H, Volland S, Meinhardt F (2014). "Unravelling the genetic basis for competence development of auxotrophic Bacillus licheniformis 9945A strains". Microbiology. 160 (Pt 10): 2136–47. doi:10.1099/mic.0.079236-0. PMID 25009236.
  19. ^ Harwood, Colin R. (2013-11-11). Bacillus. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781489935021.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacillus_licheniformis&oldid=1012247934"