Bacillus

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Bacillus
Bacteria of the genus Bacillus with endospores (unstained, phase contrast microscopy)

Bacteria of the genus Bacillus with endospores (unstained, phase contrast microscopy)

Systematics
Domain : Bacteria (bacteria)
Department : Firmicutes
Class : Bacilli
Order : Bacillales
Family : Bacillaceae
Genre : Bacillus
Scientific name
Bacillus
Cohn 1872

Bacillus (Latin for "rod") is the name of a genus of rod-shaped bacteria with more than 200 known species. They are gram-positive , endospore-forming , aerobic and can usuallymoveactively by means of peritrichally arranged flagella . Characteristic of thegenus Bacillus ,which predominantly occurs in soil, is the formation of endospores and (in contrast to the genus Clostridium ) aerobic or facultative aerobic growth and aerobic energy metabolism . Some types of these bacteria, which are widespread in the environment and largely non-pathogenic, can be pathogenic (disease-causing) and, for example, toxin-related enteritis from food ( Bacillus cereus enteritis ), catheter-associated infections, (post-traumatic) endophthalmitis , rarely bacteremia and sepsis trigger.

Colloquially , various pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, amoebas and viruses are referred to as bacillus or bacilli . The so-called organisms do not form a biological-systematic group ( taxon ) and most of them do not belong to the genus Bacillus .

properties

They only multiply under aerobic conditions and also on simple basic culture media. All types form lecithinase and catalase , most types differ in the utilization of carbohydrates and the ability to actively exercise. They have a wide range of species-specific enzymes (e.g. collagenases , proteases ) for the decomposition of biotic tissues . Some members of the genus form toxins (for example, hemolysins ).

The GC content of your DNA is very inconsistent. It is between 32 and 69%.

As a special feature, many species of the genus Bacillus contain a high to predominant proportion of branched fatty acid chains in their membranes .

Penicillins , cephalosporins , ciprofloxacin , levofloxacin , vancomycin and clindamycin can be used for antibiotic therapy of a Bacillus infection .

Forms the cells with spores

Bacteria Spores.png

1. Spore central
2. Spore terminal with inclusion body (protein)
3. Spore terminal, bacterium expanded club-shaped
4. Spore central, bacterium expanded spindle-shaped ("Clostridium shape")
5. Spore terminal, round = plectridium
6. Spore lateral, bacterium enlarged spindle-shaped.

Types (selection)

  • Bacillus cereus Frankland & Frankland 1887. Widespread soil bacterium, often found in various foods (especially rice). Its two well-known enterotoxins can lead to food poisoning. One variant is B. cereus biovar anthracis , the causative agent of a new form of anthrax discovered in 2016. Another variant is B. cereus var. Mycoides , which has a fungus-like mycelium-like growth on the nutrient medium surface. There are “left-hand” and “right-hand” stems.
  • Bacillus circulans Jordan 1890 forms colonies in which the bacterial masses move in a circle around the center of the colony (hence the name).
  • Bacillus polymyxa (Prazmowski 1880) Macé 1889 (formerly B. asterosporus ) got its name because of the strong mucus formation. The spores are star-shaped in cross-section.
  • Bacillus stearothermophilus Donk 1920 is a decidedly thermophilic organismdue to its optimum growth at 50 - 65 ° C; it does not grow below 30 ° C. It serves as a test organism in sterilization processes.
  • Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg 1835) Cohn 1872. A Bacillus that can be enriched in hay infusions and is therefore also called hay bacillus. Individual strains are antibiotic producers ( bacitracin ).

literature

  • Martin Dworkin, Stanley Falkow, Eugene Rosenberg, Karl-Heinz Schleifer , Erko Stackebrandt (eds.): The Prokaryotes. 3rd edition, Volume 4: Bacteria: Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria. Springer Verlag, New York 2006, ISBN 978-0-387-25494-4 (print), ISBN 978-0-387-30744-2 (online), doi : 10.1007 / 0-387-30744-3 .
  • Hans G. Schlegel: General microbiology. Georg Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-13-444607-3 .
  • Michael T. Madigan, John M. Martinko: Brock Microbiology. Pearson Studies, 2006, ISBN 978-3-8273-7187-4 .
  • Marianne Abele-Horn: Antimicrobial Therapy. Decision support for the treatment and prophylaxis of infectious diseases. With the collaboration of Werner Heinz, Hartwig Klinker, Johann Schurz and August Stich, 2nd, revised and expanded edition. Peter Wiehl, Marburg 2009, ISBN 978-3-927219-14-4 , p. 260.

Web links

Commons : Bacillus  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Bacillus  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations
  • JP Euzéby: List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature - Genus Bacillus

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Archive link ( Memento of the original dated December 14, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. JP Euzéby: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bacterio.cict.fr
  2. ↑ Marianne Abele-Horn (2009), p. 260.
  3. ↑ T. Kaneda: Iso- and anteiso-fatty acids in bacteria: biosynthesis, function, and taxonomic significance. In: Microbiol. Rev. 55 (2); June 1991: pp. 288-302 PMID 1886522 (free full text access ).
  4. ↑ Marianne Abele-Horn (2009), p. 260.
  5. ↑ Bacillus cereus Biovar Anthracis Causing Anthrax in Sub-Saharan Africa — Chromosomal Monophyly and Broad Geographic Distribution , KS Antonation et al. in PNAS Neglected Diseases of September 8, 2016 doi : 10.1371 / journal.pntd.0004923 , accessed on September 13, 2016
  6. ^ Anthrax: New anthrax pathogen infects animals in Africa , Saskia Gerhard in Zeit Online from September 8, 2016, accessed on September 13, 2016