Reunion (Gary Burton album) and Canidae: Difference between pages

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{{Taxobox
{{Infobox Album| <!-- Please see WP:ALBUMS about this template -->
| name = Canids<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Wozencraft | pages = | id = 14000691}}</ref>
| Name = Reunion
| fossil_range =
| Type = [[Album]]
{{Fossil range/Sandbox|55.4|0}}Early [[Eocene]] - Recent
| Artist = [[Gary Burton]]
| image = Coyote portrait.jpg
| Released = 1989
| image_caption = [[Coyote]] (''Canis latrans'')
| Recorded = [[May 6-10, 1989]] at Studio "A", Power Station, New York City
| Genre = [[Jazz fusion]]
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| Length = 58:35
| Label = [[GRP Records]]
| classis = [[Mammal]]ia
| Producer = [[Gary Burton]]
| ordo = [[Carnivora]]
| subordo = [[Caniformia]]
| Reviews =
| familia = '''Canidae'''
* [[Allmusic]] {{Rating|4|5}} [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:0zftxqtgldhe link]
| familia_authority = [[Johann Fischer von Waldheim|G. Fischer de Waldheim]], 1817
|
| subdivision_ranks = Genera and species
| Chronology = [[Dave Brubeck]]
| subdivision = See text}}
| Last album = ''Times Like These'' <BR /> (1988)
| This album = ''[[Reunion (Gary Burton album)|Reunion]]'' <BR /> (1989)
| Next album = ''Right Time, Right Place'' <BR/ > (1990)
}}


The '''Canidae''' ({{IPAEng|ˈkænədiː}}, ′kanə′dē) family is a part of the order [[Carnivora]] within the [[mammal]]s (Class Mammalia). Members of the family are called '''canids''' and include [[dog]]s, [[wolf|wolves]], [[fox]]es, [[coyote]]s, [[dingo]]es, [[jackal]]s, and [[African Wild Dog]]s. The Canidae family is divided into the "true dogs" (or '''canines''') of the tribe Canini and the "foxes" of the tribe Vulpini. The two species of the basal Caninae are more primitive and don't fit into either tribe. Any member of this family can be referred to generally as a canid.
'''''Reunion''''' is a 1989 [[album]] by [[Gary Burton]], reuniting him with guitarist [[Pat Metheny]] for their first recordings in almost 13 years. Both have been called prodigies; Burton when he joined [[George Shearing]]'s group in 1963 at age 19. Burton met the 18-year old Metheny at the Wichita Jazz Festival in 1973, when Metheny was 18 years old. After welcoming him as a teaching colleague at the Berklee College of music, he hired the guitarist into the newly-expanded Gary Burton Quintet in 1974. <ref>Liner notes from GRP Records GR-9598</ref>


==Classification and relationship==
Metheny left Burton's group in 1977 to form his own quartet with [[Lyle Mays]]. The two had virtually no contact with each other until, in early 1988, the organizers of the Montreal Jazz Festival contacted Burton. They told him that Metheny was the festival host, and invited Burton to join him onstage. "My apprehension was immediately erased when I saw how easy it was for us to play together, even after 12 years," said Burton. This led to their collaboration on ''Reunion.''
Note that the subdivision of Canidae into "foxes" and "true dogs" may not be in accordance with the actual relations, and that the [[alpha taxonomy|taxonomic]] classification of several canines is disputed. Recent [[DNA]] analysis has shown, however, that Canini (dogs) and Vulpini (foxes) are valid [[cladistics|clades]]. (See phylogeny below). Molecular data implies a North American origin of living Canidae and an African origin of wolf-like canines (''Canis'', ''Cuon'', and ''Lycaon'').<ref name=Lindblad-toh2005>{{cite journal | author = Lindblad-toh, K. | coauthors = Wade, C.M.; Mikkelsen, T.S.; Karlsson, E.K.; Jaffe, D.B.; Kamal, M.; Clamp, M.; Chang, J.L.; Kulbokas Iii, E.J.; Zody, M.C.; Others, | year = 2005 | title = Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog | journal = Nature | volume = 438 | issue = 7069 | pages = 803–819 | url = http://ccr.cancer.gov/resources/cop/nature04338.pdf | accessdate = 2008-04-27 | doi = 10.1038/nature04338}}</ref>


Currently the [[dog|domestic dog]] is listed as a [[Subspecies of Canis lupus|subspecies of ''Canis lupus'']], ''C. l. familiaris'', with the [[Dingo]] (also considered a domestic dog) listed as ''C. l. dingo'', provisionally a separate subspecies from ''C. l. familiaris''; the [[Red Wolf]], [[Eastern Canadian Wolf]], and [[Indian Wolf]] are recognized as [[subspecies]] as well.<ref name=msw3/>
==Track listing==
On the vinyl LP:


The domestic dog is listed by some authorities{{Who|date=May 2008}} as ''Canis familiaris'' and others (including the [[Smithsonian Institution]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}} and the [[American Society of Mammalogists]]{{Fact|date=May 2008}}) as a subspecies of the [[Gray Wolf]] (i.e., ''Canis lupus familiaris''); the [[Red Wolf]], [[Eastern Canadian Wolf]], and [[Indian Wolf]] may or may not be separate [[species]]; and the [[Dingo]] has been in the past variously classified as ''Canis dingo'', ''Canis familiaris dingo'' and ''Canis lupus familiaris dingo''.
===Side A===
#"Autumn" (Polo Orti) – 4:24
#"Reunion" (Mitchel Forman) – 5:15
#"Origin" (Mitchel Forman) – 6:31
#"Will You Say You Will" (Vince Mendoza) - 4:55
#"House on the Hill" ([[Pat Metheny]]) - 5:40


{{include timeline}}
===Side B===
#"Panama" (Paul Meyers) – 5:38
#"Chairs and Children" (Vince Mendoza) – 5:55
#"Wasn't Always Easy" ([[Pat Metheny]]) – 5:06
#"The Chief" ([[Pat Metheny]]) – 4:16
#"Tiempos Felice (Happy Times)" (Polo Orti) - 4:13


==Personnel==
==Evolution==
===Eocene epoch===


<!-- The earliest known [[fossil]] of a canid is a dates back 55.4[[Ma (unit)|Ma]]<ref>http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=57534&is_real_user=1</ref> The two e. Eocene collection records of "canids" in the Paleobiology Database are both miacids; looks like a data entry error -->The Canidae family evolved from [[miacids]] about 40 million years ago in the late Eocene to early Oligocene. The Canidae family is subdivided into three subfamilies, each of which diverged during the Eocene: [[Hesperocyoninae]] (~39.74-15 Mya), [[Borophaginae]] (~36-2 Mya), and the [[Caninae]] lineage that led to present-day canids, including wolves, foxes, coyotes, jackals, and domestic dogs.
; Musical


Each of the groups showed an [[cope's rule|increase in body mass with time]] before their specialised [[hypercarnivorous]] diet made them prone to extinction.<ref>{{cite doi|10.1126/science.1102417}}</ref>{{rp|Fig. 1}}
* [[Gary Burton]] &mdash; [[vibraphone]], [[marimba]]
* [[Pat Metheny]] &mdash; [[guitar]]
* [[Mitchel Forman]] &mdash; [[piano]] & [[keyboards]]
* [[Will Lee]] &mdash; [[bass]] (also known as the bassist for [[Paul Schaffer]]'s CBS Orchestra)
* [[Peter Erskine]] &mdash; [[drums]] and [[percussion]]


===Oligocene epoch===
; Technical
The earliest branch of the Canidae was the Hesperocyoninae lineage, which included the coyote-sized ''[[Mesocyon]]'' of the Oligocene (38-24 Mya). These early canids probably evolved for fast pursuit of prey in a grassland habitat, and resembled modern [[civet]]s in appearance. Hesperocyonine dogs became extinct except for the ''Nothocyon'' and ''Leptocyon'' branches. These branches lead to the borophagine and canine radiations.<ref>Martin, L.D. 1989. Fossil history of the terrestrial carnivora. Pages 536 - 568 in J.L. Gittleman, editor. Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution, Vol. 1. Comstock Publishing Associates: Ithaca.</ref>


===Miocene epoch===
* [[Gary Burton]] - producer
Around 9-10 Mya during the [[Late Miocene]], ''[[Canis]]'', ''[[Urocyon]]'', and ''[[Vulpes]]'' genera expand from southwestern [[North America]]. This is the point where canine radiation begins. The success of the these canines is the development of lower [[carnassial]]s that are capable of both [[mastication]] and shearing. Around 8 Mya, [[Bering land bridge|Berengia]] offers the canines a way to enter [[Eurasia]].
* Recorded and Mixed by Rob Eaton
* Dan Gellert - assistant engineer
* [[Dave Grusin]] and [[Larry Rosen]] - Executive Producers


===Pliocene epoch===
==Charts==
{{Cleanup-section|This section does not mention canidae evolution, it just lists a random selection of species. Please add content to justify its inclusion in this section.|date=February 2008}}


====Early Pliocene====
; Album
During the [[Pliocene]] around (4-5 Mya) ''[[Canis lepophagus]]'' appears in North America. This dog is small with some being coyote-like. Others are wolf-like in characteristics. It is theorized that ''Canis latrans'' (coyote) descended from ''Canis lepophagus''.<ref>Nowak, R.M. 1979. North American Quaternary Canis. Monograph of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas 6:1 - 154.</ref>
Around 1.5 to 1.8 Mya, a variety of wolves are now in Europe. Also, the North American wolf line appears with ''[[Canis edwardii]]'' as clearly identifiable as a wolf. ''[[Canis rufus]]'', a red wolf canine appears and possibly a direct descendent of Canis edwardii.


====Middle Pliocene====
[[Billboard magazine|Billboard]] (North America)
Around 0.8 Mya ''[[Canis ambrusteri]]'', emerges in North America. A large wolf, it is found all over the continent. It is thought that this species went to South America where it becomes the ancestor of the ''[[Canis dirus]]'' or Dire wolf.
{| class="wikitable"
!align="left"|Year
!align="left"|Chart
!align="left"|Position
|-
|align="left"|1990
|align="left"|Top Jazz Albums
|align="left"|1
|-
|}
<ref>http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:0zftxqtgldhe~T3</ref>


====Late Pliocene====
==External links and sources==
At 0.3 Mya ''[[Gray wolf|Canis lupus]]'' (Gray wolf) has fully developed and has spread throughout Europe and northern Asia. Berengia offers a way to North America. <ref>Nowak, R. 1992. Wolves: The great travelers of evolution. International Wolf 2(4):3 - 7.</ref> At around 100,000 years ago, the Dire wolf, some of the largest members of the dog family, appears from southern Canada to South America and coast to coast. The Dire wolf shares its habitat with the Gray wolf. Around 8000 years ago the Dire wolf becomes extinct.
* [http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=10:0zftxqtgldhe]
* Liner notes by [[Neil Tesser]]


==Characteristics==
[[Category:1989 albums]]
Wild canids are found on every continent except Antarctica, and inhabit a wide range of different habitats, including [[deserts]], [[mountains]], [[forests]], and [[grassland]]. They vary in size from the [[Fennec Fox]] at 24 cm in length, to the [[Gray Wolf]], which may be up to 200 cm long, and can weigh up to 80 kg.
[[Category:Gary Burton albums]]

[[Category:GRP Records albums]]
With the sole living exception of the [[Bush Dog]], canids have relatively long legs and lithe bodies, adapted for chasing prey. All canids are [[digitigrade]], meaning that they walk on their toes. They possess bushy tails, non-retractile claws, and a [[dewclaw]] on the front feet. They possess a [[baculum]], which together with a cavernous body helps to create a copulatory tie during mating, locking the animals together for up to an hour. Young canids are born blind, with their eyes opening a few weeks after birth. <ref>{{cite book |author=Macdonald, D.|year=1984 |title= The Encyclopedia of Mammals|publisher= Facts on File|location=New York|pages= 57|isbn= 0-87196-871-1}}</ref>

Many species live and hunt in [[packs]], and have complex social lives. They are generally highly adaptable, and there may be considerable variation in habits even within a single species.

===Dentition===

Most canids have 42 [[tooth|teeth]], with a [[dentition|dental formula]] of: {{dentition2|3.1.4.2|3.1.4.3}} As in other members of the [[carnivora]], the upper fourth [[premolar]] and lower first [[Molar (tooth)|molar]] are adapted as [[carnassial]] teeth for slicing flesh. The molar teeth are strong in most species, allowing the animals to crack open bone to reach the [[bone marrow|marrow]]. The deciduous or baby teeth formula in canids is 3 1 3; molars are completely absent.

==Species and taxonomy==

[[Image:Canis lupus 265b.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Gray Wolf]]]]
[[Image:Canis latrans standing.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Coyote]]]]
[[Image:Lycaon pictus pg.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[African Hunting Dog]]]]
[[Image:Vulpes vulpes.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Red Fox]]]]
[[Image:07-03-23RedWolfAlbanyGAChehaw.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Red Wolf]]]]
[[Image:Cuon.alpinus-ZOO.Olomouc.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Dhole]]]]
[[Image:Golden Jackal2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Golden Jackal]]]]
[[Image:Otocyon megalotis (Namibia).jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Bat-eared Fox]]]]
[[Image:Grey fox small.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Gray Fox]]]]
[[Image:ZooManedWolf.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Maned Wolf]]]]
[[Image:Short-eared Dog.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Short-eared Dog]]]]
[[Image:Zoo América-2874f-Urocyon cinereoargenteus.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Pampas Fox]]]]
[[Image:Polarfuchs 1 2004-11-17.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Arctic Fox]]]]
[[Image:Nyctereutes procyonoides 1 (Piotr Kuczynski).jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[Raccoon Dog]]]]

'''FAMILY CANIDAE'''

'''Subfamily: Caninae'''
* '''True dogs''' - Tribe Canini
** ''Genus [[Canis]]''
*** [[Side-striped Jackal]], ''Canis adustus''
*** [[Golden Jackal]], ''Canis aureus''
*** [[Coyote]], ''Canis latrans'' (also called Prairie Wolf)
*** [[Gray Wolf]], ''Canis lupus'' (2.723 Ma to present)
**** [[Red Wolf]], ''Canis lupus rufus'' (3 Ma to present) (sometimes considered a separate species)
**** [[dog|Domestic Dog]], ''Canis lupus familiaris''
**** [[Dingo]], most often classified as ''Canis lupus dingo''
**** [[New Guinea Singing Dog]], ''Canis lupus hallstromi''
**** [[Eastern Wolf]], ''Canis (lupus) lycaon'' (sometimes considered a separate species)
**** [[Indian Wolf]], ''Canis indica'' (sometimes considered a separate species)
**** [[Himalayan Wolf]], ''Canis himalayensis'' (sometimes considered a separate species)
**** many other proposed subspecies
*** [[Black-backed Jackal]], ''Canis mesomelas''
*** [[Ethiopian Wolf]], ''Canis simensis'' (also called Abyssinian Wolf, Simien Fox and Simien Jackal)
** ''Genus Cynotherium'' [[extinction|†]]
*** [[Sardinian Dhole]], ''Cynotherium sardous'' [[extinction|†]]
** ''Genus Cuon''
*** [[Dhole]], ''Cuon alpinus'' or ''Canis alpinus'' (also called Asian Wild Dog)
** ''Genus Lycaon''
*** [[African Wild Dog]], ''Lycaon pictus'' (also called African Hunting Dog)
** ''Genus Indocyon''[[extinction|†]]
*** [[Indian Mute Dog]], ''Indocyon caribensis'' [[extinction|†]] (also called Caribbean Dog)
** ''Genus Cubacyon''
*** [[Cuban Dhole]], ''Cubacyon transversidens'' [[extinction|†]]
** ''Genus Atelocynus''
*** [[Short-eared Dog]], ''Atelocynus microtis''
** ''Genus Cerdocyon''
*** [[Crab-eating Fox]], ''Cerdocyon thous''
** ''Genus Dasycyon'' [[extinction|†]] ?
*** [[Andean wolf|Hagenbeck Wolf]], ''Dasycyon hagenbecki'' † ?
** ''Genus Dusicyon'' [[extinction|†]]
*** [[Falkland Island fox|Falkland Island Fox]], ''Dusicyon australis'' [[extinction|†]]
** ''Genus [[Pseudalopex]]''
*** [[Culpeo]], ''Pseudalopex culpaeus''
*** [[Darwin's Fox]], ''Pseudalopex fulvipes''
*** [[Argentine Grey Fox]], ''Pseudalopex griseus''
*** [[Pampas Fox]], ''Pseudalopex gymnocercus''
*** [[Sechura Fox]], ''Pseudalopex sechurae''
*** [[Hoary Fox]], ''Pseudalopex vetulus''
** ''Genus Chrysocyon''
*** [[Maned Wolf]], ''Chrysocyon brachyurus''
** ''Genus Speothos''
*** [[Bush Dog]], ''Speothos venaticus''
*** [[Speothos pacivorus|unnamed bush dog species]], ''Speothos pacivorus'' †

* '''True foxes''' - Tribe Vulpini
** ''Genus [[Vulpes]]''
*** [[Arctic Fox]], ''Vulpes lagopus''
*** [[Red Fox]], ''Vulpes vulpes'' (1 Ma to present)
*** [[Swift Fox]], ''Vulpes velox''
*** [[Kit Fox]], ''Vulpes macrotis''
*** [[Corsac Fox]], ''Vulpes corsac''
*** [[Cape Fox]], ''Vulpes chama''
*** [[Pale Fox]], ''Vulpes pallida''
*** [[Bengal Fox]], ''Vulpes bengalensis''
*** [[Tibetan Sand Fox]], ''Vulpes ferrilata''
*** [[Blanford's Fox]], ''Vulpes cana''
*** [[Rüppell's Fox]], ''Vulpes rueppelli''
*** [[Fennec Fox]], ''Vulpes zerda''
** ''Genus [[Urocyon]]'' (2 Ma to present)
*** [[Gray Fox]], ''U. cinereoargenteus''
*** [[Island Fox]], ''U. littoralis''
*** [[Cozumel Fox]], ''U''. sp.

* '''Basal Caninae'''
** ''Genus Otocyon'' (probably a vulpine close to ''Urocyon'')
*** [[Bat-eared Fox]], ''Otocyon megalotis''
** ''Genus Nyctereutes''
*** [[Raccoon Dog]], ''Nyctereutes procyonoides''

==Fossil Canidae==
Classification of Hesperocyoninae from Wang (1994)<ref name=Hesperocyoninae>{{cite journal| last = Wang| first = Xiaoming| year = 1994 |title = Phylogenetic systematics of the Hesperocyoninae| journal = Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History| volume = 221| pages= 1–207| url = http://hdl.handle.net/2246/829}}</ref> and Borophaginae from Wang et al. (1999),<ref name=Borophaginae>{{cite journal| last = Wang| first = Xiaoming| coauthors = Richard Tedford, Beryl Taylor| year = 1999 | title = Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae| journal = Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History| volume = 243| pages= 1–391| url = http://hdl.handle.net/2246/1588 | doi = 10.1671/2493}}</ref> except where noted.

'''Prehistoric Caninae'''
*'''Canini'''
** ''Genus [[Canis]]''
*** [[Dire Wolf]], ''Canis dirus'' (1 Ma [[extinction|†]])
*** ''Canis arnensis'' (3.4 Ma, [[extinction|†]])
*** ''Canis (Eucyon) cipio'' (8.2 Ma [[extinction|†]], probably first species of ''Canis'' genus)
*** ''Canis etruscus'' (3.4 Ma [[extinction|†]])
*** ''Canis mosbachensis'' (0.787 Ma [[extinction|†]])
*** ''Canis lepophagus'' (4-5 Ma [[extinction|†]])
*** ''Canis donnezani'' (4.0-3.1 Ma [[extinction|†]], probably ancestor of wolves)
*** ''Canis edwardii'' (1.8 Ma [[extinction|†]], first species of wolf in North America)
*** ''Canis gezi'' [[extinction|†]]
*** ''Canis nehringi'' [[extinction|†]]
*** ''Canis ameghinoi '' [[extinction|†]]
*** ''Canis michauxi '' [[extinction|†]]
*** ''Canis adoxus '' [[extinction|†]]
*** ''Canis cautleyi '' [[extinction|†]]
*** ''[[Canis armbrusteri]] '' (0.8 Ma [[extinction|†]])
** ''Genus Theriodictis'' (1.8 Ma [[extinction|†]])
*** ''Theriodictis platensis'' (1.8 Ma [[extinction|†]])
*** ''Theriodictis tarijensis'' (1.8 Ma [[extinction|†]])
*** ''Theriodictis (Canis) proplatensis'' (2.1 Ma [[extinction|†]] )
** ''Genus Protocyon'' [[extinction|†]]
*** ''Protocyon orcesi'' [[extinction|†]]
*** ''Protocyon scagliarum'' [[extinction|†]]
*** ''Protocyon troglodytes'' [[extinction|†]]
** ''Genus Dusicyon'' [[extinction|†]]
*** ''Dusicyon avus'' [[extinction|†]]
** ''Genus Cerdocyon''
*** ''[[Cerdocyon avius]]'' [[extinction|†]]
*** ''Cerdocyon ensenadensis'' [[extinction|†]]
** ''Genus Speothos''
*** ''[[Speothos pacivorus]]'' [[extinction|†]]
** ''Genus Nurocyon''
*** ''Nurocyon chonokhariensis'' [[extinction|†]]
** ''Genus Xenocyon''
*** ''Xenocyon falconeri'' (2.6 Ma [[extinction|†]])
*** ''[[Xenocyon lycaonoides]]''

*'''Vulpini'''
** ''Genus [[Vulpes]]'' (7 Ma to present)
*** ''Vulpes alopecoides'' (2.6 Ma [[extinction|†]])
*** ''Vulpes cf. alopecoides'' (2.6 Ma [[extinction|†]])
*** ''Vulpes cf. vulpes'' (0.1275 Ma [[extinction|†]])
*** ''Vulpes galaticus'' (4.2 Ma [[extinction|†]])
*** ''Vulpes riffautae'' (7 Ma [[extinction|†]])
*'''Basal Canids'''
** ''Genus Nyctereutes'' (7.1 Ma to present)
*** ''Nyctereutes cf. donnezani'' (7.1 Ma [[extinction|†]])
*** ''Nyctereutes cf. megamastoides'' (3.158 Ma [[extinction|†]])
*** ''[[Nyctereutes donnezani]]'' (3.4 Ma [[extinction|†]])
*** ''Nyctereutes megamostoides'' (2.6 Ma [[extinction|†]])
*** ''Nyctereutes sinensis'' (3.4 Ma [[extinction|†]])

*'''First Caninae'''
** ''Genus Eucyon'' (8 Ma †)
*** ''Eucyon davisi'' (8.3 Ma [[extinction|†]], probably ancestor of ''Canis'')
*** ''Eucyon minor'' (8 Ma [[extinction|†]])
*** ''Eucyon zhoui'' (8 Ma [[extinction|†]])
*** ''Eucyon monticinensis''(8 Ma [[extinction|†]])
*** ''Eucyon odessanus'' †
** ''Genus [[Leptocyon]]'' (24-16 Ma †)
*** ''Leptocyon vafer'' (16 Ma)
*** ''Leptocyon vulpinus'' (24 Ma)

'''[[Borophaginae]]''' : [[extinction|†]] ([[Annum|Ma]] = million years ago)
** ''Genus [[Aelurodon]]'' (16-12 Ma)
*** ''Aelurodon asthenostylus'' (16 Ma)
*** ''Aelurodon ferox'' (15 Ma)
*** ''Aelurodon mcgrewi'' (15 Ma)
*** ''Aelurodon montanensis'' (15 Ma)<ref name=Aelurodon>{{cite journal| last = Wang| first = Xiaoming| coauthors = Wideman, Benjamin, Nichols, Ralph, & Hanneman, Debra| year = 2004| title = A new species of ''Aelurodon'' (Carnivora, Canidae) from the Barstovian of Montana| journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology| volume = 24| issue = 2| pages = 445–452| url = http://www.nhm.org/expeditions/rrc/wang/documents/Wangetal2004MontanaAelurodon.pdf| accessdate = 2007-07-08| doi = 10.1671/2493 }}</ref>
*** ''Aelurodon stirtoni'' (13 Ma)
*** ''Aelurodon taxoides'' (12 Ma)
** ''Genus [[Archaeocyon]]'' (32-24 Ma)
*** ''Archaeocyon falkenbachi'' (25-24 Ma)
*** ''Archaeocyon leptodus'' (32-24 Ma)
*** ''Archaeocyon pavidus'' (32-28 Ma)
** ''Genus [[Borophagus]]'' (12-5 Ma)
*** ''Borophagus dividersidens'' (5 Ma)
*** ''Borophagus dudleyi''
*** ''Borophagus hilli'' (6 Ma)
*** ''Borophagus littoralis'' (12 Ma)
*** ''Borophagus orc'' (9 Ma)
*** ''Borophagus parvus'' (7 Ma)
*** ''Borophagus pugnator'' (9 Ma)
*** ''Borophagus secundus'' (9 Ma)
** ''Genus Carpocyon''
*** ''Carpocyon compressus''
*** ''Carpocyon limosus''
*** ''Carpocyon robustus''
*** ''Carpocyon webbi''
** ''Genus Cormocyon''
*** ''Cormocyon copei''
*** ''Cormocyon haydeni''
** ''Genus Cynarctoides'' (30-18 Ma)
*** ''Cynarctoides acridens'' (24 Ma)
*** ''Cynarctoides emryi'' (21 Ma)
*** ''Cynarctoides gawnae'' (18 Ma)
*** ''Cynarctoides harlowi'' (21 Ma)
*** ''Cynarctoides lemur'' (30 Ma)
*** ''Cynarctoides luskensis'' (21 Ma)
*** ''Cynarctoides roii'' (30 Ma)
** ''Genus [[Cynarctus]]'' (16-12 Ma)
*** ''Cynarctus crucidens'' (12 Ma)
*** ''Cynarctus galushai'' (16 Ma)
*** ''?Cynarctus marylandica''
*** ''Cynarctus saxatilis'' (15 Ma)
*** ''Cynarctus voorhiesi'' (13 Ma)
** ''Genus Desmocyon'' (24-19 Ma)
*** ''Desmocyon matthewi'' (19 Ma)
*** ''Desmocyon thompsoni'' (24 Ma)
** ''Genus [[Epicyon]]'' (12-10 Ma)
*** ''Epicyon aelurodontoides'' (10.3-4.9 Ma)
*** ''Epicyon haydeni'' (10 Ma)
*** ''Epicyon saevus'' (12 Ma)
** ''Genus Eulopocyon'' (18-16 Ma)
*** ''Eulopocyon brachygnathus'' (16 Ma)
*** ''Eulopocyon spissidens'' (18 Ma)
** ''Genus Metatomarctus'' (19-16 Ma)
*** ''Metatomarctus canavus'' (19 Ma)
*** ''Metatomarctus sp. A'' (16 Ma)
*** ''Metatomarctus sp. B'' (16 Ma)
** ''Genus Microtomarctus'' (18 Ma)
*** ''Microtomarctus conferta'' (18 Ma)
** ''Genus Otarocyon'' (34-30 Ma)
*** ''Otarocyon cooki'' (30 Ma)
*** ''Otarocyon macdonaldi'' (34 Ma)
** ''Genus [[Oxetocyon]]'' (32 Ma)
*** ''Oxetocyon cuspidatus'' (32 Ma)
** ''Genus Paracynarctus'' (19-16 Ma)
*** ''Paracynarctus kelloggi'' (19 Ma)
*** ''Paracynarctus sinclairi'' (16 Ma)
** ''Genus Paratomarctus'' (16-13 Ma)
*** ''Paratomarctus euthos'' (13 Ma)
*** ''Paratomarctus temerarius'' (16 Ma)
** ''Genus [[Phlaocyon]]'' (30-19 Ma)
*** ''Phlaocyon achoros''
*** ''Phlaocyon annectens'' (22 Ma)
*** ''Phlaocyon latidens'' (30 Ma)
*** ''Phlaocyon leucosteus'' (22 Ma)
*** ''Phlaocyon mariae''
*** ''Phlaocyon marslandensis'' (19 Ma)
*** ''Phlaocyon minor'' (30 Ma)
*** ''Phlaocyon multicuspus''
*** ''Phlaocyon taylori''<ref name=Hayes>{{cite journal| last = Hayes| first = F.G.| year = 2000 |title = The Brooksville 2 local fauna (Arikareean, latest Oligocene) Hernando County, Florida| journal = Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History| volume = 43| issue = 1| pages= 1–47}}</ref>
*** ''Phlaocyon yakolai'' (19 Ma)
** ''Genus Protepicyon'' (16 Ma)
*** ''Protepicyon raki'' (16 Ma)
** ''Genus Protomarctus'' (18 Ma)
*** ''Protomarctus optatus'' (18 Ma)
** ''Genus Psalidocyon'' (16 Ma)
*** ''Psalidocyon marianae'' (16 Ma)
** ''Genus Rhizocyon'' (30 Ma)
*** ''Rhizocyon oregonensis'' (30 Ma)
** ''Genus Tephrocyon'' (16 Ma)
*** ''Tephrocyon rurestris'' (16 Ma)
** ''Genus [[Tomarctus]]'' (16 Ma)
*** ''Tomarctus brevirostris'' (16 Ma)
*** ''Tomarctus hippophaga'' (16 Ma)

'''[[Hesperocyoninae]]''' : [[extinction|†]] ([[Annum|Ma]] = million years ago)
** ''Genus [[Cynodesmus]]'' (32-29 Ma)
*** ''Cynodesmus martini'' (29 Ma)
*** ''Cynodesmus thooides'' (32 Ma)
** ''?Genus [[Caedocyon]]''
*** ''Caedocyon tedfordi''
** ''Genus [[Ectopocynus]]'' (32-19 Ma)
*** ''Ectopocynus antiquus'' (32 Ma)
*** ''Ectopocynus intermedius'' (29 Ma)
*** ''Ectopocynus siplicidens'' (19 Ma)
** ''Genus [[Enhydrocyon]]'' (29-25 Ma)
*** ''Enhydrocyon basilatus'' (25 Ma)
*** ''Enhydrocyon crassidens'' (25 Ma)
*** ''Enhydrocyon pahinsintewkpa'' (29 Ma)
*** ''Enhydrocyon stenocephalus'' (29 Ma)
** ''Genus [[Hesperocyon]]'' (39.74-34 Ma)
*** ''Hesperocyon coloradensis''
*** ''Hesperocyon gregarius'' (37 Ma)
** ''Genus [[Mesocyon]]'' (34-29 Ma)
*** ''Mesocyon brachyops'' (29 Ma)
*** ''Mesocyon coryphaeus'' (29 Ma)
*** ''Mesocyn temnodon''
** ''Genus [[Osbornodon]]'' (32-18 Ma)
*** ''Osbornodon brachypus''
*** ''Osbornodon fricki'' (18 Ma)
*** ''Osbornodon iamonensis'' (21 Ma)
*** ''Osbornodon renjiei'' (33 Ma)
*** ''Osbornodon scitulus''<ref name=Osbornodon>{{cite journal| last = Wang| first = Xiaoming| year = 2003 |title = New Material of ''Osbornodon'' from the Early Hemingfordian of Nebraska and Florida| journal = Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History| volume = 279| issue = | pages= 163–176| url = http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/dspace/bitstream/2246/447/19/B279a08.pdf}}</ref>
*** ''Osbornodon sesnoni'' (32 Ma)
*** ''Osbornodon wangi''<ref name=Hayes/>
** ''Genus [[Paraenhydrocyon]]'' (30-25 Ma)
*** ''Paraenhydrocyon josephi'' (30 Ma)
*** ''Paraenhydrocyon robustus'' (25 Ma)
*** ''Paraenhydrocyon wallovianus'' (26 Ma)
** ''Genus [[Philotrox]]'' (29 Ma)
*** ''Philotrox condoni'' (29 Ma)
** ''Genus [[Prohesperocyon]]'' (36 Ma)
*** ''Prohesperocyon wilsoni'' (36 Ma)
** ''Genus [[Sunkahetanka]]'' (29 Ma)
*** ''Sunkahetanka geringensis'' (29 Ma)

==See also==
* [[Canine reproduction]]

{{wikispecies}}
{{commonscat}}

==References==<!-- SystBioi46:622. ZoolScripta33:311. -->
{{reflist}}

==General references==
Xiaoming Wang, Richard H. Tedford, Mauricio Antón, ''Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History'', New York : Columbia University Press, 2008; ISBN 978-0-231-13528-3


==External links==
*[http://www.awdconservancy.org/ African Wild Dog Conservancy]

{{carnivora}}
{{Canidae nav}}

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[[Category:Fauna of Mexico| ]]
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[[Category:Fauna of the United States| ]]
[[Category:Evolution by taxon| ]]

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[[eo:Kanisedoj]]
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[[zh:犬科]]

Revision as of 17:13, 12 October 2008

Canids[1]
Temporal range: Template:Fossil range/SandboxEarly Eocene - Recent
Coyote (Canis latrans)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Chordata
Class:
Mammalia
Order:
Carnivora
Suborder:
Caniformia
Family:
Canidae

Genera and species

See text

The Canidae (/ˈkænədiː/, ′kanə′dē) family is a part of the order Carnivora within the mammals (Class Mammalia). Members of the family are called canids and include dogs, wolves, foxes, coyotes, dingoes, jackals, and African Wild Dogs. The Canidae family is divided into the "true dogs" (or canines) of the tribe Canini and the "foxes" of the tribe Vulpini. The two species of the basal Caninae are more primitive and don't fit into either tribe. Any member of this family can be referred to generally as a canid.

Classification and relationship

Note that the subdivision of Canidae into "foxes" and "true dogs" may not be in accordance with the actual relations, and that the taxonomic classification of several canines is disputed. Recent DNA analysis has shown, however, that Canini (dogs) and Vulpini (foxes) are valid clades. (See phylogeny below). Molecular data implies a North American origin of living Canidae and an African origin of wolf-like canines (Canis, Cuon, and Lycaon).[2]

Currently the domestic dog is listed as a subspecies of Canis lupus, C. l. familiaris, with the Dingo (also considered a domestic dog) listed as C. l. dingo, provisionally a separate subspecies from C. l. familiaris; the Red Wolf, Eastern Canadian Wolf, and Indian Wolf are recognized as subspecies as well.[1]

The domestic dog is listed by some authorities[who?] as Canis familiaris and others (including the Smithsonian Institution[citation needed] and the American Society of Mammalogists[citation needed]) as a subspecies of the Gray Wolf (i.e., Canis lupus familiaris); the Red Wolf, Eastern Canadian Wolf, and Indian Wolf may or may not be separate species; and the Dingo has been in the past variously classified as Canis dingo, Canis familiaris dingo and Canis lupus familiaris dingo.

Evolution

Eocene epoch

The Canidae family evolved from miacids about 40 million years ago in the late Eocene to early Oligocene. The Canidae family is subdivided into three subfamilies, each of which diverged during the Eocene: Hesperocyoninae (~39.74-15 Mya), Borophaginae (~36-2 Mya), and the Caninae lineage that led to present-day canids, including wolves, foxes, coyotes, jackals, and domestic dogs.

Each of the groups showed an increase in body mass with time before their specialised hypercarnivorous diet made them prone to extinction.[3]: Fig. 1 

Oligocene epoch

The earliest branch of the Canidae was the Hesperocyoninae lineage, which included the coyote-sized Mesocyon of the Oligocene (38-24 Mya). These early canids probably evolved for fast pursuit of prey in a grassland habitat, and resembled modern civets in appearance. Hesperocyonine dogs became extinct except for the Nothocyon and Leptocyon branches. These branches lead to the borophagine and canine radiations.[4]

Miocene epoch

Around 9-10 Mya during the Late Miocene, Canis, Urocyon, and Vulpes genera expand from southwestern North America. This is the point where canine radiation begins. The success of the these canines is the development of lower carnassials that are capable of both mastication and shearing. Around 8 Mya, Berengia offers the canines a way to enter Eurasia.

Pliocene epoch

Early Pliocene

During the Pliocene around (4-5 Mya) Canis lepophagus appears in North America. This dog is small with some being coyote-like. Others are wolf-like in characteristics. It is theorized that Canis latrans (coyote) descended from Canis lepophagus.[5] Around 1.5 to 1.8 Mya, a variety of wolves are now in Europe. Also, the North American wolf line appears with Canis edwardii as clearly identifiable as a wolf. Canis rufus, a red wolf canine appears and possibly a direct descendent of Canis edwardii.

Middle Pliocene

Around 0.8 Mya Canis ambrusteri, emerges in North America. A large wolf, it is found all over the continent. It is thought that this species went to South America where it becomes the ancestor of the Canis dirus or Dire wolf.

Late Pliocene

At 0.3 Mya Canis lupus (Gray wolf) has fully developed and has spread throughout Europe and northern Asia. Berengia offers a way to North America. [6] At around 100,000 years ago, the Dire wolf, some of the largest members of the dog family, appears from southern Canada to South America and coast to coast. The Dire wolf shares its habitat with the Gray wolf. Around 8000 years ago the Dire wolf becomes extinct.

Characteristics

Wild canids are found on every continent except Antarctica, and inhabit a wide range of different habitats, including deserts, mountains, forests, and grassland. They vary in size from the Fennec Fox at 24 cm in length, to the Gray Wolf, which may be up to 200 cm long, and can weigh up to 80 kg.

With the sole living exception of the Bush Dog, canids have relatively long legs and lithe bodies, adapted for chasing prey. All canids are digitigrade, meaning that they walk on their toes. They possess bushy tails, non-retractile claws, and a dewclaw on the front feet. They possess a baculum, which together with a cavernous body helps to create a copulatory tie during mating, locking the animals together for up to an hour. Young canids are born blind, with their eyes opening a few weeks after birth. [7]

Many species live and hunt in packs, and have complex social lives. They are generally highly adaptable, and there may be considerable variation in habits even within a single species.

Dentition

Most canids have 42 teeth, with a dental formula of:

Dentition
3.1.4.2
3.1.4.3

As in other members of the carnivora, the upper fourth premolar and lower first molar are adapted as carnassial teeth for slicing flesh. The molar teeth are strong in most species, allowing the animals to crack open bone to reach the marrow. The deciduous or baby teeth formula in canids is 3 1 3; molars are completely absent.

Species and taxonomy

Gray Wolf
Coyote
African Hunting Dog
Red Fox
Red Wolf
Dhole
Golden Jackal
Bat-eared Fox
File:Grey fox small.jpg
Gray Fox
Maned Wolf
Short-eared Dog
Pampas Fox
Arctic Fox
Raccoon Dog

FAMILY CANIDAE

Subfamily: Caninae

  • Basal Caninae
    • Genus Otocyon (probably a vulpine close to Urocyon)
    • Genus Nyctereutes

Fossil Canidae

Classification of Hesperocyoninae from Wang (1994)[8] and Borophaginae from Wang et al. (1999),[9] except where noted.

Prehistoric Caninae

  • Canini
    • Genus Canis
      • Dire Wolf, Canis dirus (1 Ma †)
      • Canis arnensis (3.4 Ma, †)
      • Canis (Eucyon) cipio (8.2 Ma †, probably first species of Canis genus)
      • Canis etruscus (3.4 Ma †)
      • Canis mosbachensis (0.787 Ma †)
      • Canis lepophagus (4-5 Ma †)
      • Canis donnezani (4.0-3.1 Ma †, probably ancestor of wolves)
      • Canis edwardii (1.8 Ma †, first species of wolf in North America)
      • Canis gezi †
      • Canis nehringi †
      • Canis ameghinoi †
      • Canis michauxi †
      • Canis adoxus †
      • Canis cautleyi †
      • Canis armbrusteri (0.8 Ma †)
    • Genus Theriodictis (1.8 Ma †)
      • Theriodictis platensis (1.8 Ma †)
      • Theriodictis tarijensis (1.8 Ma †)
      • Theriodictis (Canis) proplatensis (2.1 Ma † )
    • Genus Protocyon †
      • Protocyon orcesi †
      • Protocyon scagliarum †
      • Protocyon troglodytes †
    • Genus Dusicyon †
      • Dusicyon avus †
    • Genus Cerdocyon
    • Genus Speothos
    • Genus Nurocyon
      • Nurocyon chonokhariensis †
    • Genus Xenocyon
  • Vulpini
    • Genus Vulpes (7 Ma to present)
      • Vulpes alopecoides (2.6 Ma †)
      • Vulpes cf. alopecoides (2.6 Ma †)
      • Vulpes cf. vulpes (0.1275 Ma †)
      • Vulpes galaticus (4.2 Ma †)
      • Vulpes riffautae (7 Ma †)
  • Basal Canids
    • Genus Nyctereutes (7.1 Ma to present)
      • Nyctereutes cf. donnezani (7.1 Ma †)
      • Nyctereutes cf. megamastoides (3.158 Ma †)
      • Nyctereutes donnezani (3.4 Ma †)
      • Nyctereutes megamostoides (2.6 Ma †)
      • Nyctereutes sinensis (3.4 Ma †)
  • First Caninae
    • Genus Eucyon (8 Ma †)
      • Eucyon davisi (8.3 Ma †, probably ancestor of Canis)
      • Eucyon minor (8 Ma †)
      • Eucyon zhoui (8 Ma †)
      • Eucyon monticinensis(8 Ma †)
      • Eucyon odessanus †
    • Genus Leptocyon (24-16 Ma †)
      • Leptocyon vafer (16 Ma)
      • Leptocyon vulpinus (24 Ma)

Borophaginae : † (Ma = million years ago)

    • Genus Aelurodon (16-12 Ma)
      • Aelurodon asthenostylus (16 Ma)
      • Aelurodon ferox (15 Ma)
      • Aelurodon mcgrewi (15 Ma)
      • Aelurodon montanensis (15 Ma)[10]
      • Aelurodon stirtoni (13 Ma)
      • Aelurodon taxoides (12 Ma)
    • Genus Archaeocyon (32-24 Ma)
      • Archaeocyon falkenbachi (25-24 Ma)
      • Archaeocyon leptodus (32-24 Ma)
      • Archaeocyon pavidus (32-28 Ma)
    • Genus Borophagus (12-5 Ma)
      • Borophagus dividersidens (5 Ma)
      • Borophagus dudleyi
      • Borophagus hilli (6 Ma)
      • Borophagus littoralis (12 Ma)
      • Borophagus orc (9 Ma)
      • Borophagus parvus (7 Ma)
      • Borophagus pugnator (9 Ma)
      • Borophagus secundus (9 Ma)
    • Genus Carpocyon
      • Carpocyon compressus
      • Carpocyon limosus
      • Carpocyon robustus
      • Carpocyon webbi
    • Genus Cormocyon
      • Cormocyon copei
      • Cormocyon haydeni
    • Genus Cynarctoides (30-18 Ma)
      • Cynarctoides acridens (24 Ma)
      • Cynarctoides emryi (21 Ma)
      • Cynarctoides gawnae (18 Ma)
      • Cynarctoides harlowi (21 Ma)
      • Cynarctoides lemur (30 Ma)
      • Cynarctoides luskensis (21 Ma)
      • Cynarctoides roii (30 Ma)
    • Genus Cynarctus (16-12 Ma)
      • Cynarctus crucidens (12 Ma)
      • Cynarctus galushai (16 Ma)
      • ?Cynarctus marylandica
      • Cynarctus saxatilis (15 Ma)
      • Cynarctus voorhiesi (13 Ma)
    • Genus Desmocyon (24-19 Ma)
      • Desmocyon matthewi (19 Ma)
      • Desmocyon thompsoni (24 Ma)
    • Genus Epicyon (12-10 Ma)
      • Epicyon aelurodontoides (10.3-4.9 Ma)
      • Epicyon haydeni (10 Ma)
      • Epicyon saevus (12 Ma)
    • Genus Eulopocyon (18-16 Ma)
      • Eulopocyon brachygnathus (16 Ma)
      • Eulopocyon spissidens (18 Ma)
    • Genus Metatomarctus (19-16 Ma)
      • Metatomarctus canavus (19 Ma)
      • Metatomarctus sp. A (16 Ma)
      • Metatomarctus sp. B (16 Ma)
    • Genus Microtomarctus (18 Ma)
      • Microtomarctus conferta (18 Ma)
    • Genus Otarocyon (34-30 Ma)
      • Otarocyon cooki (30 Ma)
      • Otarocyon macdonaldi (34 Ma)
    • Genus Oxetocyon (32 Ma)
      • Oxetocyon cuspidatus (32 Ma)
    • Genus Paracynarctus (19-16 Ma)
      • Paracynarctus kelloggi (19 Ma)
      • Paracynarctus sinclairi (16 Ma)
    • Genus Paratomarctus (16-13 Ma)
      • Paratomarctus euthos (13 Ma)
      • Paratomarctus temerarius (16 Ma)
    • Genus Phlaocyon (30-19 Ma)
      • Phlaocyon achoros
      • Phlaocyon annectens (22 Ma)
      • Phlaocyon latidens (30 Ma)
      • Phlaocyon leucosteus (22 Ma)
      • Phlaocyon mariae
      • Phlaocyon marslandensis (19 Ma)
      • Phlaocyon minor (30 Ma)
      • Phlaocyon multicuspus
      • Phlaocyon taylori[11]
      • Phlaocyon yakolai (19 Ma)
    • Genus Protepicyon (16 Ma)
      • Protepicyon raki (16 Ma)
    • Genus Protomarctus (18 Ma)
      • Protomarctus optatus (18 Ma)
    • Genus Psalidocyon (16 Ma)
      • Psalidocyon marianae (16 Ma)
    • Genus Rhizocyon (30 Ma)
      • Rhizocyon oregonensis (30 Ma)
    • Genus Tephrocyon (16 Ma)
      • Tephrocyon rurestris (16 Ma)
    • Genus Tomarctus (16 Ma)
      • Tomarctus brevirostris (16 Ma)
      • Tomarctus hippophaga (16 Ma)

Hesperocyoninae : † (Ma = million years ago)

    • Genus Cynodesmus (32-29 Ma)
      • Cynodesmus martini (29 Ma)
      • Cynodesmus thooides (32 Ma)
    • ?Genus Caedocyon
      • Caedocyon tedfordi
    • Genus Ectopocynus (32-19 Ma)
      • Ectopocynus antiquus (32 Ma)
      • Ectopocynus intermedius (29 Ma)
      • Ectopocynus siplicidens (19 Ma)
    • Genus Enhydrocyon (29-25 Ma)
      • Enhydrocyon basilatus (25 Ma)
      • Enhydrocyon crassidens (25 Ma)
      • Enhydrocyon pahinsintewkpa (29 Ma)
      • Enhydrocyon stenocephalus (29 Ma)
    • Genus Hesperocyon (39.74-34 Ma)
      • Hesperocyon coloradensis
      • Hesperocyon gregarius (37 Ma)
    • Genus Mesocyon (34-29 Ma)
      • Mesocyon brachyops (29 Ma)
      • Mesocyon coryphaeus (29 Ma)
      • Mesocyn temnodon
    • Genus Osbornodon (32-18 Ma)
      • Osbornodon brachypus
      • Osbornodon fricki (18 Ma)
      • Osbornodon iamonensis (21 Ma)
      • Osbornodon renjiei (33 Ma)
      • Osbornodon scitulus[12]
      • Osbornodon sesnoni (32 Ma)
      • Osbornodon wangi[11]
    • Genus Paraenhydrocyon (30-25 Ma)
      • Paraenhydrocyon josephi (30 Ma)
      • Paraenhydrocyon robustus (25 Ma)
      • Paraenhydrocyon wallovianus (26 Ma)
    • Genus Philotrox (29 Ma)
      • Philotrox condoni (29 Ma)
    • Genus Prohesperocyon (36 Ma)
      • Prohesperocyon wilsoni (36 Ma)
    • Genus Sunkahetanka (29 Ma)
      • Sunkahetanka geringensis (29 Ma)

See also

Wikispecies has information related to Canidae.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Canidae.

References

  1. ^ a b Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ Lindblad-toh, K. (2005). "Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog" (PDF). Nature. 438 (7069): 803–819. doi:10.1038/nature04338. Retrieved 2008-04-27. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  3. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1126/science.1102417, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1126/science.1102417 instead.
  4. ^ Martin, L.D. 1989. Fossil history of the terrestrial carnivora. Pages 536 - 568 in J.L. Gittleman, editor. Carnivore Behavior, Ecology, and Evolution, Vol. 1. Comstock Publishing Associates: Ithaca.
  5. ^ Nowak, R.M. 1979. North American Quaternary Canis. Monograph of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas 6:1 - 154.
  6. ^ Nowak, R. 1992. Wolves: The great travelers of evolution. International Wolf 2(4):3 - 7.
  7. ^ Macdonald, D. (1984). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. p. 57. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
  8. ^ Wang, Xiaoming (1994). "Phylogenetic systematics of the Hesperocyoninae". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 221: 1–207.
  9. ^ Wang, Xiaoming (1999). "Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 243: 1–391. doi:10.1671/2493. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ Wang, Xiaoming (2004). "A new species of Aelurodon (Carnivora, Canidae) from the Barstovian of Montana" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 24 (2): 445–452. doi:10.1671/2493. Retrieved 2007-07-08. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ a b Hayes, F.G. (2000). "The Brooksville 2 local fauna (Arikareean, latest Oligocene) Hernando County, Florida". Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History. 43 (1): 1–47.
  12. ^ Wang, Xiaoming (2003). "New Material of Osbornodon from the Early Hemingfordian of Nebraska and Florida" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 279: 163–176.

General references

Xiaoming Wang, Richard H. Tedford, Mauricio Antón, Dogs: Their Fossil Relatives and Evolutionary History, New York : Columbia University Press, 2008; ISBN 978-0-231-13528-3


External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reunion_(Gary_Burton_album)&oldid=244805247"