Cassytha filiformis: Difference between revisions

Cassytha filiformis
	C. filiformis at Kanaio; Beach, Maui, Hawaii
Conservation status
	; Apparently Secure (NatureServe)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Magnoliids
Order:	Laurales
Family:	Lauraceae
Genus:	Cassytha
Species:	C. filiformis
Binomial name
	Cassytha filiformis; L.
Synonyms
	List Calodium cochinchinense Lour.; Calodium cochinchinensis Lour.; Cassytha americana Nees; Cassytha americana var. brachystachya Meisn.; Cassytha americana var. brasiliensis (Mart. ex Nees) Meisn.; Cassytha americana var. puberula Meisn.; Cassytha aphylla Raeusch.; Cassytha archboldiana C.K.Allen; Cassytha brasiliensis Mart. ex Nees; Cassytha corniculata Burm.f.; Cuscuta reflexa Roxb.; Cassytha cuscutiformis F. Muell.; Cassytha dissitiflora Meisn.; Cassytha filiformis var. pseudopubescens Domin; Cassytha filiformis f. pycnantha Domin; Cassytha guineensis Schumach. & Thonn.; Cassytha lifuensis Guillaumin; Cassytha macrocarpa Guillaumin; Cassytha novoguineensis Kaneh. & Hatus.; Cassytha paradoxae Proctor; Cassytha senegalensis A.Chev.; Cassytha timoriensis Gand.; Cassytha zeylanica Gaertn.; Rumputris fasciculata Raf.; Spironema aphylla Raf.; Volutella aphylla Forssk.; ;

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Cassytha filiformis or love-vine is an orangish, wiry, parasitic vine in the family Lauraceae.^[3] It is found in coastal forests of warm tropical regions worldwide including the Americas, Indomalaya, Australasia, Polynesia and tropical Africa.^[4]^[5]^[6]

It is an obligate parasite, meaning it cannot complete its life-cycle without another host plant. Research in Florida (in southeast United States) has found that love-vine inhibits gall wasps by attacking the galls (small growths on plants) that the wasps create for their young.

Description[edit]

Vines[edit]

Cassytha filiformis is a twining vine with yellow or orange to pale green hollow stems with a length between 3–8 metres long. The stems attach to host plants by growing shoots from the base of its root, they have haustoria that fold inside the hosts' phloem and xylem membranes to absorb water and nutrients for a long time until they dry up and die.^[7]^[4]

Clump of C. filiformis on Florida Rosemary, southwest Florida.
C. filiformis covering a tree,
Caspersen Beach, west Florida

Leaves are reduced to scales about 1 mm long and can be seen near stem ends.^[7]^[5]

Flowers and fruit[edit]

Flowers are borne in spikes 1–2 cm long from short stalks or sometimes solitary. There are six curved inward tepals made of 3 outer oval ones 1 mm long and three inner ones 2.5 mm long. Each one has smooth (glabrous) and broad stamens with short pointy ends forming into a beak shape.^[4]

C. filiformis flowers
C. filiformis fruit, Hawaii

Fruit is a round and green or whitish drupe about 7 mm in diameter. Its juicy flesh is eaten and dispersed by birds.^[7]^[5]

Uses and relationship with humans[edit]

In the Malay Peninsula, the stems are dried and powdered to make a liquid substance to stimulate hair growth.^[7]

Pregnant women in Polynesia drink juice from the vines for 4 weeks before their babies' due date to reduce pains giving birth.^[4]

In the Caribbean region, it is one of several plants known as "love vine" because it has a reputation as an aphrodisiac.^[8]

The 1889 book 'The Useful Native Plants of Australia records that the "This and other species of Cassytha are called " Dodder-laurel." The emphatic name of "Devil's guts" is largely used. It frequently connects bushes and trees by cords, and becomes a nuisance to the traveller. "This plant is used by the Brahmins of Southern India for seasoning their buttermilk. (Treasury of Botany?)".^[9]

Gall wasps[edit]

A 2018 study revealed how a southern Florida subspecies of this widespread species is involved in a newly discovered form of trophic interaction involving gall-forming cynipid wasps. New tendrils will actively seek out galls made by the gall wasp, Belonocnema treatae, on leaves of a host oak tree, Quercus geminata. The findings show that galls attacked by haustoria were associated with a 45% less survival rate for the wasps, suggesting that C. filiformis has an important negative impact on gall wasp survival. In the study,^[10] other species of plant and wasp galls are parasitised by this plant in the southern Florida area too.

References[edit]

^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
^ "Cassytha filiformis". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2013-01-28.
^ ^a ^b "Cassytha filiformis L." World Flora Online. World Flora Consortium. 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Nelson, Scot C. (July 2008). "Cassytha filiformis" (PDF). Plant Disease. 42. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa: 1–10.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Cassytha filiformis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 35. 1753". Flora of North America. eFlora. n.d.
^ Correll, Donovan Stewart; Johnston, Marshall Conring (1970). Manual of the Vascular Plants of Texas. University of Texas at Dallas.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Tan, Ria (13 January 2023). "Rambut putri (Cassytha filiformis)". Wild Singapore. Retrieved 5 March 2023.
^ Richey-Abbey, Laurel Rhea (2012). Bush Medicine in the Family Islands: The Medical Ethnobotany of Cat Island and Long Island, Bahamas (Thesis).
^ Maiden, J. H (1889). The useful native plants of Australia (including Tasmania). Turner and Henderson. OCLC 670084041.^{[page needed]}
^ Egan, Scott P.; Zhang, Linyi; Comerford, Mattheau; Hood, Glen R. (August 2018). "Botanical parasitism of an insect by a parasitic plant". Current Biology. 28 (16): R863–R864. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.06.024. PMID 30130501. S2CID 52058081.

External links[edit]

Love Vine at Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, University of Florida
Egan, Scott P.; Zhang, Linyi; Comerford, Mattheau; Hood, Glen R. (20 August 2018). "Botanical parasitism of an insect by a parasitic plant". Current Biology. 28 (16): R863–R864. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.06.024. PMID 30130501. S2CID 52058081.
Cassytha filiformis in West African plants – A Photo Guide.

[1] "NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 13 November 2022.

[GRIN-2] "Cassytha filiformis". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2013-01-28.

[WFO-3] "Cassytha filiformis L." World Flora Online. World Flora Consortium. 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2023.

[PD-4] Nelson, Scot C. (July 2008). "Cassytha filiformis" (PDF). Plant Disease. 42. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa: 1–10.

[Flora-5] "Cassytha filiformis Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 35. 1753". Flora of North America. eFlora. n.d.

[6] Correll, Donovan Stewart; Johnston, Marshall Conring (1970). Manual of the Vascular Plants of Texas. University of Texas at Dallas.

[WS-7] Tan, Ria (13 January 2023). "Rambut putri (Cassytha filiformis)". Wild Singapore. Retrieved 5 March 2023.

[8] Richey-Abbey, Laurel Rhea (2012). Bush Medicine in the Family Islands: The Medical Ethnobotany of Cat Island and Long Island, Bahamas (Thesis).

[9] Maiden, J. H (1889). The useful native plants of Australia (including Tasmania). Turner and Henderson. OCLC 670084041.^{[page needed]}

[10] Egan, Scott P.; Zhang, Linyi; Comerford, Mattheau; Hood, Glen R. (August 2018). "Botanical parasitism of an insect by a parasitic plant". Current Biology. 28 (16): R863–R864. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.06.024. PMID 30130501. S2CID 52058081.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
 {{speciesbox
-|image = Cassytha filiformis 1.jpg
+|image = Starr-030716-0146-Cassytha filiformis-habit-Kanaio-Maui (24009887093).jpg
-|image_caption =
+|image_caption = ''C. filiformis'' at Kanaio<br/>Beach, Maui, Hawaii
+|image2 = Cassytha filiformis 1.jpg
+|image2_caption =
+|status = G4
+|status_system = TNC
+|status_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.149890/Cassytha_filiformis |website=explorer.natureserve.org |access-date=13 November 2022}}</ref>
 |genus = Cassytha
 |species = filiformis
 |authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name="GRIN">{{GRIN | accessdate=2013-01-28}}</ref>
+|synonyms={{Collapsible list |
-|synonyms=*''Calodium cochinchinense'' <small>Lour.</small>
+    {{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |*''Calodium cochinchinense'' <small>Lour.</small>
 *''Calodium cochinchinensis'' <small>Lour.</small>
 *''Cassytha americana'' <small>Nees</small>
-*''Cassytha americana'' var. ''brachystachya'' <small>Meisn.</small>
+*''Cassytha americana'' var. ''brachystachya'' <small>[[Carl Meissner|Meisn.]]</small>
 *''Cassytha americana'' var. ''brasiliensis'' <small>(Mart. ex Nees) Meisn.</small>
 *''Cassytha americana'' var. ''puberula'' <small>Meisn.</small>
@@ Line 30: / Line 37: @@
 *''Rumputris fasciculata'' <small>Raf.</small>
 *''Spironema aphylla'' <small>Raf.</small>
-*''Volutella aphylla'' <small>Forssk.</small>
+*''Volutella aphylla'' <small>Forssk.</small>    }}
+  }}
-|synonyms_ref = [http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2704602 The Plant List]
+|synonyms_ref = <ref name="WFO">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000589782 |title=''Cassytha filiformis'' L. |date=2023 |website=World Flora Online |publisher=World Flora Consortium |access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref>
 }}
-'''''Cassytha filiformis''''', common name '''love-vine''', is a species of [[obligate parasite|obligate]] [[parasitic plant|parasitic]] [[vine]] in the family [[Lauraceae]].  The species has a [[pantropical]] distribution encompassing the [[Americas]], [[Indomalaya]], [[Australasia]], [[Polynesia]] and [[East Africa]] <ref name="asdfkjlshfalshglsdfl">[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200008689 Flora of North America vol 3]</ref><ref>D. S. Correll & M. C. Johnston. 1970. Manual of the Vascular Plants of Texas. University of Texas at Dallas.</ref>  In the Caribbean region, it is one of several plants known as "Love vine" because it has a reputation as an [[aphrodisiac]].<ref>Esbaugh, W. Hardy; McClure, Susan A. & Bolyard, Judith L. Bush Medicine Studies, Andros Island, Bahamas. Proceedings of the first symposium on the botany of the Bahamas June 11–14, 1985. Ed. Robert R. Smith., San Salvador, Bahamas.</ref>
+'''''Cassytha filiformis''''' or '''love-vine''' is an orangish, wiry, [[parasitic plant|parasitic]] [[vine]] in the family [[Lauraceae]].<ref name="WFO"/> It is found in coastal forests of warm [[tropics|tropical]] regions [[pantropical|worldwide]] including the [[Americas]], [[Indomalaya]], [[Australasia]], [[Polynesia]] and tropical [[Africa]].<ref name="PD">{{cite journal |last1=Nelson |first1=Scot C. |title=''Cassytha filiformis'' |url=https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/PD-42.pdf |date=July 2008 |journal=Plant Disease |publisher=College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, [[University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa]] |volume=42 |pages=1–10}}</ref><ref name="Flora">{{cite web |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200008689 |title=''Cassytha filiformis'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 35. 1753. |date=n.d. |website= Flora of North America |publisher=eFlora |access-date=<!-- ori date unknown -->}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Correll |first1=Donovan Stewart |last2=Johnston |first2=Marshall Conring |date=1970 |title=Manual of the Vascular Plants of Texas |publisher= University of Texas at Dallas }}</ref>
+It is an [[obligate parasite]], meaning it cannot complete its life-cycle without another host plant. Research in [[Florida]] (in southeast United States) has found that love-vine inhibits [[Gall wasp|gall wasps]] by attacking the [[Gall|galls]] (small growths on plants) that the wasps create for their young.
-''Cassytha filiformis'' is a twining vine with an orange to pale green stem. Leaves are reduced to scales about 1&nbsp;mm long. Flowers are borne in [[Spike (botany)|spikes]] or sometimes solitary.  There are six [[tepals]], each 0.1-2.0&nbsp;mm long.  Fruit is a [[drupe]] about 7&nbsp;mm in diameter.<ref name="asdfkjlshfalshglsdfl"/>
+== Description ==
-The 1889 book 'The Useful Native Plants of Australia records that the "This and other species of Cassytha are called " Dodder-laurel." The emphatic name of " Devil's guts " is largely used. It frequently connects
+=== Vines ===
-bushes and trees by cords, and becomes a nuisance to the traveller. " This plant is used by the Brahmins of Southern India for seasoning their buttermilk. {Treasury of Botany?)".<ref>{{cite book | author=J. H. Maiden | year=1889 | title=The useful native plants of Australia : Including Tasmania | publisher= Turner and Henderson, Sydney | url=https://primo-slnsw.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=SLNSW_ALMA21105097830002626&context=L&vid=SLNSW&search_scope=EEA&tab=default_tab&lang=en_US}}</ref>
+''Cassytha filiformis'' is a twining vine with yellow or orange to pale green hollow stems with a length between 3–8 metres long. The stems attach to host plants by growing [[basal shoot|shoots]] from the base of its root, they have [[haustoria]] that fold inside the hosts' phloem and xylem membranes to absorb water and nutrients for a long time until they dry up and die.<ref name="WS">{{cite web |url=http://www.wildsingapore.com/wildfacts/plants/coastal/cassytha/filiformis.htm |title=Rambut putri (''Cassytha filiformis'') |last1=Tan |first1=Ria |date=13 January 2023 |website=Wild Singapore |access-date=5 March 2023}}</ref><ref name="PD"/>
+<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
+File:Cassytha filimoris 1.jpg|Clump of ''C. filiformis'' on [[Ceratiola|Florida Rosemary]], [[southwest Florida]].
+File:Starr 031108-0293 Cassytha filiformis.jpg|''C. filiformis'' covering a tree,<br/>Caspersen Beach, west Florida
+</gallery>
+Leaves are reduced to scales about 1&nbsp;mm long and can be seen near stem ends.<ref name="WS"/><ref name="Flora"/>
+=== Flowers and fruit ===
+Flowers are borne in [[spike (botany)|spikes]] 1–2 cm long from short stalks or sometimes solitary. There are six curved inward [[tepals]] made of 3 outer oval ones 1 mm long and three inner ones 2.5 mm long. Each one has smooth (glabrous) and broad stamens with short pointy ends forming into a beak shape.<ref name="PD"/>
+<gallery mode="packed" heights="150">
+File:Dodder flowers.jpg|''C. filiformis'' flowers
+File:Starr 010520-0082 Cassytha filiformis.jpg|''C. filiformis'' fruit, Hawaii
+</gallery>
+Fruit is a round and green or whitish [[drupe]] about 7&nbsp;mm in diameter. Its juicy flesh is eaten and dispersed by birds.<ref name="WS"/><ref name="Flora"/>
+== Uses and relationship with humans ==
+In the [[Malay Peninsula]], the stems are dried and powdered to make a liquid substance to stimulate hair growth.<ref name="WS"/>
+Pregnant women in Polynesia drink juice from the vines for 4 weeks before their babies' [[estimated date of delivery|due date]] to reduce pains giving birth.<ref name="PD"/>
+In the Caribbean region, it is one of several plants known as "love vine" because it has a reputation as an [[aphrodisiac]].<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Richey-Abbey |first1=Laurel Rhea |title=Bush Medicine in the Family Islands: The Medical Ethnobotany of Cat Island and Long Island, Bahamas |date=2012 |url=http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1335445242 }}</ref>
+The 1889 book 'The Useful Native Plants of Australia records that the "This and other species of Cassytha are called " Dodder-laurel." The emphatic name of "Devil's guts" is largely used. It frequently connects
+bushes and trees by cords, and becomes a nuisance to the traveller. "This plant is used by the Brahmins of Southern India for seasoning their buttermilk. (Treasury of Botany?)".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Maiden |first1=J. H |title=The useful native plants of Australia (including Tasmania) |date=1889 |publisher=Turner and Henderson |oclc=670084041 }}{{pn|date=September 2021}}</ref>
+== Gall wasps ==
+A 2018 study revealed how a southern Florida subspecies of this widespread species is involved in a newly discovered form of trophic interaction involving gall-forming [[Gall wasp|cynipid]] wasps. New tendrils will actively seek out galls made by the gall wasp, ''[[Belonocnema treatae]]'', on leaves of a host oak tree, ''[[Quercus geminata]]''. The findings show that galls attacked by [[Haustorium|haustoria]] were associated with a 45% less survival rate for the wasps, suggesting that ''C. filiformis'' has an important negative impact on gall wasp survival. In the study,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Egan |first1=Scott P. |last2=Zhang |first2=Linyi |last3=Comerford |first3=Mattheau |last4=Hood |first4=Glen R. |title=Botanical parasitism of an insect by a parasitic plant |journal=Current Biology |date=August 2018 |volume=28 |issue=16 |pages=R863–R864 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2018.06.024 |pmid=30130501 |s2cid=52058081 |doi-access=free }}</ref> other species of plant and wasp galls are parasitised by this plant in the southern Florida area too.
-[[File:Starr 010520-0082 Cassytha filiformis.jpg|200px|thumb|left|''Cassytha filiformis'', Hawaii]]
-[[File:Bahamian Love Vine.JPG|200px|thumb|left|Clump of ''Cassytha filiformis'', Bahamas, which the locals call "Bahamian Love Vine"]]
-[[File:Dodder flowers.jpg|200px|thumb|left|''Cassytha filiformis'' flowers]]
 {{clear left}}
-==References==
+== References ==
-{{Reflist}}
+{{Reflist|30em}}
-==External links==
+== External links ==
 {{Commons category|Cassytha filiformis|''Cassytha filiformis''}}
 {{Wikispecies|Cassytha filiformis|''Cassytha filiformis''}}
-* [http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/node/87 Love Vine] at Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, University of Florida
+* [https://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/plant-directory/cassytha-filiformis/ Love Vine] at Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants, University of Florida
+* {{cite journal |last1=Egan |first1=Scott P. |last2=Zhang |first2=Linyi |last3=Comerford |first3=Mattheau |last4=Hood |first4=Glen R. |title=Botanical parasitism of an insect by a parasitic plant |journal=Current Biology |date=20 August 2018 |volume=28 |issue=16 |pages=R863–R864 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2018.06.024 |pmid=30130501 |s2cid=52058081 |doi-access=free }}
 {{WestAfricanPlants|Cassytha filiformis}}
+{{Taxonbar|from=Q2941329}}
-[[Category:Lauraceae]]
+[[Category:Cassytha|filiformis]]
 [[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
+[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
 [[Category:Pantropical flora]]
 [[Category:Parasitic plants]]
@@ Line 62: / Line 101: @@
 [[Category:Flora of Florida]]
 [[Category:Flora of Texas]]
-[[Category:Flora of South America]]
+[[Category:Flora of Southern America]]
-[[Category:Flora of Central America]]
 [[Category:Flora of Mexico]]
-[[Category:Flora of the Caribbean]]
 [[Category:Flora of China]]
-[[Category:Flora of India]]
+[[Category:Flora of Japan]]
 [[Category:Flora of Madagascar]]
 [[Category:Flora of South Africa]]
-[[Category:Flora of Indonesia]]
+[[Category:Flora of tropical Asia]]
-[[Category:Flora of Sri Lanka]]
+[[Category:Flora of the Lesser Sunda Islands]]
-[[Category:Flora of Vietnam]]
-[[Category:Flora of Timor]]
 [[Category:Flora of Hawaii]]

Cassytha filiformis

C. filiformis at Kanaio Beach, Maui, Hawaii

Conservation status
Apparently Secure (NatureServe)^[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Magnoliids
Order:	Laurales
Family:	Lauraceae
Genus:	Cassytha
Species:	C. filiformis
Binomial name
*Cassytha filiformis* L.^[2]
Synonyms^[3]
List Calodium cochinchinense Lour. Calodium cochinchinensis Lour. Cassytha americana Nees Cassytha americana var. brachystachya Meisn. Cassytha americana var. brasiliensis (Mart. ex Nees) Meisn. Cassytha americana var. puberula Meisn. Cassytha aphylla Raeusch. Cassytha archboldiana C.K.Allen Cassytha brasiliensis Mart. ex Nees Cassytha corniculata Burm.f. Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. Cassytha cuscutiformis F. Muell. Cassytha dissitiflora Meisn. Cassytha filiformis var. pseudopubescens Domin Cassytha filiformis f. pycnantha Domin Cassytha guineensis Schumach. & Thonn. Cassytha lifuensis Guillaumin Cassytha macrocarpa Guillaumin Cassytha novoguineensis Kaneh. & Hatus. Cassytha paradoxae Proctor Cassytha senegalensis A.Chev. Cassytha timoriensis Gand. Cassytha zeylanica Gaertn. Rumputris fasciculata Raf. Spironema aphylla Raf. Volutella aphylla Forssk.