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{{Short description|A superphylum of Archaea grouping taxa that display various environmental and metabolic features}}
{{Short description|A superphylum of Archaea grouping taxa that display various environmental and metabolic features}}
{{automatic taxobox
{{Taxobox
| domain = [[Archaea]]
| taxon = DPANN
| superphylum = '''DPANN'''
| image = 25K15pA9Def4sec Arman 4 Box1.png
| image = 25K15pA9Def4sec Arman 4 Box1.png
| image_caption =''[[Parvarchaeum acidiphilum]]''
| image_caption =''Parvarchaeum acidiphilum''
| superphylum_authority = Rinke et al. 2013
| authority = Rinke et al. 2013
| subdivision_ranks = Phyla<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Castelle CJ, Banfield JF | year = 2018 | title = Major New Microbial Groups Expand Diversity and Alter our Understanding of the Tree of Life | journal = Cell | volume = 172 | issue = 6 | pages = 1181–1197 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.016 | url = https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(18)30160-0 | pmid = 29522741| doi-access = free }}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Phyla<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Castelle CJ, Banfield JF | year = 2018 | title = Major New Microbial Groups Expand Diversity and Alter our Understanding of the Tree of Life | journal = Cell | volume = 172 | issue = 6 | pages = 1181–1197 | doi = 10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.016 | pmid = 29522741| doi-access = free }}</ref>
| subdivision =
| subdivision =
* [[Aenigmarchaeota]]
* Aenigmarchaeota
* Altarchaeota
* [[Altiarchaeota]]
* [[Diapherotrites]]
* Diapherotrites
* [[Huberarchaeota]]
* Huberarchaeota
* [[Mamarchaeota]]
* Mamarchaeota
* [[Micrarchaeota]]
* Micrarchaeota
* [[Nanoarchaeota]]
* [[Nanoarchaeota]]
* [[Nanohaloarchaeota]]
* [[Nanohaloarchaea]]
* [[Pacearchaeota]]
* Pacearchaeota
* [[Parvarchaeota]]
* Parvarchaeota
* [[Undinarchaeota]]
* Undinarchaeota
* [[Woesearchaeota]]
* Woesearchaeota
| synonyms =
| synonyms =
}}
}}


'''DPANN''' is a super[[phylum]] of [[Archaea]] first proposed in 2013. Many members show novel signs of [[horizontal gene transfer]] from other domains of life.<ref name="Rinke2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rinke C, Schwientek P, Sczyrba A, Ivanova NN, Anderson IJ, Cheng JF, Darling A, Malfatti S, Swan BK, Gies EA, Dodsworth JA, Hedlund BP, Tsiamis G, Sievert SM, Liu WT, Eisen JA, Hallam SJ, Kyrpides NC, Stepanauskas R, Rubin EM, Hugenholtz P, Woyke T | title = Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter | language = En | journal = Nature | volume = 499 | issue = 7459 | pages = 431–437 | date = July 2013 | pmid = 23851394 | doi = 10.1038/nature12352 | s2cid = 4394530 | url = https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt86x4g4qw/qt86x4g4qw.pdf | doi-access = free }}</ref> They are known as '''nanoarchaea''' or '''ultra-small archaea''' due to their smaller size (nanometric) compared to other archaea.
'''DPANN''' is a super[[phylum]] of [[Archaea]] first proposed in 2013.<ref name="Rinke2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rinke C, Schwientek P, Sczyrba A, Ivanova NN, Anderson IJ, Cheng JF, Darling A, Malfatti S, Swan BK, Gies EA, Dodsworth JA, Hedlund BP, Tsiamis G, Sievert SM, Liu WT, Eisen JA, Hallam SJ, Kyrpides NC, Stepanauskas R, Rubin EM, Hugenholtz P, Woyke T | title = Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter | language = En | journal = Nature | volume = 499 | issue = 7459 | pages = 431–437 | date = July 2013 | pmid = 23851394 | doi = 10.1038/nature12352 | bibcode = 2013Natur.499..431R | s2cid = 4394530 | url = https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt86x4g4qw/qt86x4g4qw.pdf | doi-access = free }}</ref> Many members show novel signs of [[horizontal gene transfer]] from other domains of life.<ref name="Rinke2013">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rinke C, Schwientek P, Sczyrba A, Ivanova NN, Anderson IJ, Cheng JF, Darling A, Malfatti S, Swan BK, Gies EA, Dodsworth JA, Hedlund BP, Tsiamis G, Sievert SM, Liu WT, Eisen JA, Hallam SJ, Kyrpides NC, Stepanauskas R, Rubin EM, Hugenholtz P, Woyke T | title = Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter | language = En | journal = Nature | volume = 499 | issue = 7459 | pages = 431–437 | date = July 2013 | pmid = 23851394 | doi = 10.1038/nature12352 | bibcode = 2013Natur.499..431R | s2cid = 4394530 | url = https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt86x4g4qw/qt86x4g4qw.pdf | doi-access = free }}</ref> They are known as '''nanoarchaea''' or '''ultra-small archaea''' due to their smaller size (nanometric) compared to other archaea.


DPANN is an acronym formed by the initials of the first five groups discovered, [[Diapherotrites]], [[Parvarchaeota]], [[Aenigmarchaeota]], [[Nanoarchaeota]] and [[Nanohaloarchaeota]]. Later [[Woesearchaeota]] and [[Pacearchaeota]] were discovered and proposed within the DPANN superphylum.<ref name="pmid25702576">{{cite journal | vauthors = Castelle CJ, Wrighton KC, Thomas BC, Hug LA, Brown CT, Wilkins MJ, Frischkorn KR, Tringe SG, Singh A, Markillie LM, Taylor RC, Williams KH, Banfield JF | title = Genomic expansion of domain archaea highlights roles for organisms from new phyla in anaerobic carbon cycling | journal = Current Biology | volume = 25 | issue = 6 | pages = 690–701 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25702576 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2015.01.014 | doi-access = free }}</ref> In 2017, another phylum Altiarchaeota was placed into this superphylum.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Spang A, Caceres EF, Ettema TJ | title = Genomic exploration of the diversity, ecology, and evolution of the archaeal domain of life | journal = Science | volume = 357 | issue = 6351 | pages = eaaf3883 | date = August 2017 | pmid = 28798101 | doi = 10.1126/science.aaf3883 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The [[monophyly]] of DPANN is not considered established until now, due to the high [[mutation]] rate of the included phyla, which can lead to the artifact of the [[long branch attraction]] (LBA) where the lineages are grouped basally or articifially at the base of the [[phylogenetic tree]] without being related.<ref name="dombrowski"/><ref name="Cavalier-Smith2020"/> These analyzes instead suggest that DPANN belongs to [[Euryarchaeota]] or is [[polyphyletic]] occupying various positions within Euryarchaeota.<ref name="dombrowski"/><ref name="Cavalier-Smith2020"/><ref name="Jordan"/>
DPANN is an acronym formed by the initials of the first five groups discovered, [[Diapherotrites]], [[Parvarchaeota]], [[Aenigmarchaeota]], [[Nanoarchaeota]] and [[Nanohaloarchaeota]]. Later [[Woesearchaeota]] and [[Pacearchaeota]] were discovered and proposed within the DPANN superphylum.<ref name="pmid25702576">{{cite journal | vauthors = Castelle CJ, Wrighton KC, Thomas BC, Hug LA, Brown CT, Wilkins MJ, Frischkorn KR, Tringe SG, Singh A, Markillie LM, Taylor RC, Williams KH, Banfield JF | title = Genomic expansion of domain archaea highlights roles for organisms from new phyla in anaerobic carbon cycling | journal = Current Biology | volume = 25 | issue = 6 | pages = 690–701 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25702576 | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2015.01.014 | doi-access = free }}</ref> In 2017, another phylum Altiarchaeota was placed into this superphylum.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Spang A, Caceres EF, Ettema TJ | title = Genomic exploration of the diversity, ecology, and evolution of the archaeal domain of life | journal = Science | volume = 357 | issue = 6351 | pages = eaaf3883 | date = August 2017 | pmid = 28798101 | doi = 10.1126/science.aaf3883 | doi-access = free }}</ref> The [[monophyly]] of DPANN is not yet considered established, due to the high [[mutation]] rate of the included phyla, which can lead to the artifact of the [[long branch attraction]] (LBA) where the lineages are grouped basally or artificially at the base of the [[phylogenetic tree]] without being related.<ref name="dombrowski"/><ref name="Cavalier-Smith2020"/> These analyzes instead suggest that DPANN belongs to [[Euryarchaeota]] or is [[polyphyletic]] occupying various positions within Euryarchaeota.<ref name="dombrowski"/><ref name="Cavalier-Smith2020"/><ref name="Jordan"/>


The DPANN groups together different phyla with a variety of environmental distribution and metabolism, ranging from symbiotic and [[thermophilic]] forms such as [[Nanoarchaeota]], [[acidophil]]es like [[Parvarchaeota]] and non-extremophiles like [[Aenigmarchaeota]] and [[Diapherotrites]]. DPANN was also detected in nitrate-rich groundwater, on the water surface but not below, indicating that these taxa are still quite difficult to locate.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ludington WB, Seher TD, Applegate O, Li X, Kliegman JI, Langelier C, Atwill ER, Harter T, DeRisi JL | title = Assessing biosynthetic potential of agricultural groundwater through metagenomic sequencing: A diverse anammox community dominates nitrate-rich groundwater | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 12 | issue = 4 | pages = e0174930 | date = 2017-04-06 | pmid = 28384184 | pmc = 5383146 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0174930 }}</ref>
The DPANN groups together different phyla with a variety of environmental distribution and metabolism, ranging from symbiotic and [[thermophilic]] forms such as [[Nanoarchaeota]], [[acidophil]]es like [[Parvarchaeota]] and non-extremophiles like [[Aenigmarchaeota]] and [[Diapherotrites]]. DPANN was also detected in nitrate-rich groundwater, on the water surface but not below, indicating that these taxa are still quite difficult to locate.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ludington WB, Seher TD, Applegate O, Li X, Kliegman JI, Langelier C, Atwill ER, Harter T, DeRisi JL | title = Assessing biosynthetic potential of agricultural groundwater through metagenomic sequencing: A diverse anammox community dominates nitrate-rich groundwater | journal = PLOS ONE | volume = 12 | issue = 4 | pages = e0174930 | date = 2017-04-06 | pmid = 28384184 | pmc = 5383146 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0174930 | doi-access = free }}</ref>


== Characteristics ==
== Characteristics ==


They are characterized by being small in size compared to other [[archaea]] (nanometric size) and in keeping with their small [[genome]], they have limited but sufficient catabolic capacities to lead a free life, although many are [[episymbionts]] that depend on a [[symbiotic]] or parasitic association with other organisms. Many of its characteristics are similar or analogous to those of [[Candidate phyla radiation|ultra-small bacteria]] (CPR group).<ref name="pmid25702576"/>
They are characterized by being small in size compared to other [[archaea]] (nanometric size) and in keeping with their small [[genome]], they have limited but sufficient catabolic capacities to lead a free life, although many are thought to be episymbionts that depend on a [[symbiotic]] or parasitic association with other organisms. Many of their characteristics are similar or analogous to those of [[Candidate phyla radiation|ultra-small bacteria]] (CPR group).<ref name="pmid25702576"/>


Limited metabolic capacities are a product of the small genome and are reflected in the fact that many lack central [[biosynthetic]] pathways for [[nucleotides]], [[aminoacids]], and [[lipids]]; hence most DPANN archaea, such as [[Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms|ARMAN archaea]], which rely on other [[microbes]] to meet their biological requirements. But those that have the potential to live freely are [[fermentative]] and [[Aerobic organism|aerobic]] [[heterotrophs]].<ref name="pmid25702576"/>
Limited metabolic capacities are a product of the small genome and are reflected in the fact that many lack central [[biosynthetic]] pathways for [[nucleotides]], [[aminoacids]], and [[lipids]]; hence most DPANN archaea, such as [[Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms|ARMAN archaea]], which rely on other [[microbes]] to meet their biological requirements. But those that have the potential to live freely are [[fermentative]] and [[Aerobic organism|aerobic]] [[heterotrophs]].<ref name="pmid25702576"/>


They are mostly anaerobic that cannot be cultivated. They live in extreme environments such as thermophilic, hyperacidophilic, hyperhalophilic or metal-resistant; or also in the temperate environment of marine and lake [[sediments]]. They are rarely found on the ground or in the open ocean.<ref name="pmid25702576"/>
They are mostly anaerobic and have not been cultivated. They live in extreme environments such as thermophilic, hyperacidophilic, hyperhalophilic or metal-resistant; or also in the temperate environment of marine and lake [[sediments]]. They are rarely found on the ground or in the open ocean.<ref name="pmid25702576"/>


== Classification ==
== Classification ==


* [[Diapherotrites]]. Found by phylogenetic analysis of the genomes recovered from the groundwater filtration of a gold mine abandoned in the USA.<ref>[http://genomesonline.org/cgi-bin/GOLD/bin/GOLDCards.cgi?goldstamp=Gi15106 Genomes Online Database]</ref><ref name="pmid18946497">{{cite journal | vauthors = Comolli LR, Baker BJ, Downing KH, Siegerist CE, Banfield JF | title = Three-dimensional analysis of the structure and ecology of a novel, ultra-small archaeon | journal = The ISME Journal | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | pages = 159–167 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 18946497 | doi = 10.1038/ismej.2008.99 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* Diapherotrites. Found by phylogenetic analysis of the genomes recovered from the groundwater filtration of a gold mine abandoned in the USA.<ref>[http://genomesonline.org/cgi-bin/GOLD/bin/GOLDCards.cgi?goldstamp=Gi15106 Genomes Online Database]</ref><ref name="pmid18946497">{{cite journal | vauthors = Comolli LR, Baker BJ, Downing KH, Siegerist CE, Banfield JF | title = Three-dimensional analysis of the structure and ecology of a novel, ultra-small archaeon | journal = The ISME Journal | volume = 3 | issue = 2 | pages = 159–167 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 18946497 | doi = 10.1038/ismej.2008.99 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
* [[Parvarchaeota]] and [[Micrarchaeota]]. Discovered in 2006 in [[acidic mine drainage]] from a US mine.<ref name="pmid17185602">{{cite journal | vauthors = Baker BJ, Tyson GW, Webb RI, Flanagan J, Hugenholtz P, Allen EE, Banfield JF | title = Lineages of acidophilic archaea revealed by community genomic analysis | journal = Science | volume = 314 | issue = 5807 | pages = 1933–1935 | date = December 2006 | pmid = 17185602 | doi = 10.1126/science.1132690 | s2cid = 26033384 }}</ref><ref name="pmid22156430">{{cite journal | vauthors = Murakami S, Fujishima K, Tomita M, Kanai A | title = Metatranscriptomic analysis of microbes in an Oceanfront deep-subsurface hot spring reveals novel small RNAs and type-specific tRNA degradation | journal = Applied and Environmental Microbiology | volume = 78 | issue = 4 | pages = 1015–1022 | date = February 2012 | pmid = 22156430 | pmc = 3272989 | doi = 10.1128/AEM.06811-11 }}</ref><ref name="pmid20421484">{{cite journal | vauthors = Baker BJ, Comolli LR, Dick GJ, Hauser LJ, Hyatt D, Dill BD, Land ML, Verberkmoes NC, Hettich RL, Banfield JF | title = Enigmatic, ultrasmall, uncultivated Archaea | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 107 | issue = 19 | pages = 8806–8811 | date = May 2010 | pmid = 20421484 | pmc = 2889320 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0914470107 }}</ref> They are of very small size and provisionally called [[ARMAN]] (Archaeal Richmond Mine Acidophilic Nanoorganisms).
* Parvarchaeota and Micrarchaeota. Discovered in 2006 in [[acidic mine drainage]] from a US mine.<ref name="pmid17185602">{{cite journal | vauthors = Baker BJ, Tyson GW, Webb RI, Flanagan J, Hugenholtz P, Allen EE, Banfield JF | title = Lineages of acidophilic archaea revealed by community genomic analysis | journal = Science | volume = 314 | issue = 5807 | pages = 1933–1935 | date = December 2006 | pmid = 17185602 | doi = 10.1126/science.1132690 | s2cid = 26033384 }}</ref><ref name="pmid22156430">{{cite journal | vauthors = Murakami S, Fujishima K, Tomita M, Kanai A | title = Metatranscriptomic analysis of microbes in an Oceanfront deep-subsurface hot spring reveals novel small RNAs and type-specific tRNA degradation | journal = Applied and Environmental Microbiology | volume = 78 | issue = 4 | pages = 1015–1022 | date = February 2012 | pmid = 22156430 | pmc = 3272989 | doi = 10.1128/AEM.06811-11 }}</ref><ref name="pmid20421484">{{cite journal | vauthors = Baker BJ, Comolli LR, Dick GJ, Hauser LJ, Hyatt D, Dill BD, Land ML, Verberkmoes NC, Hettich RL, Banfield JF | title = Enigmatic, ultrasmall, uncultivated Archaea | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 107 | issue = 19 | pages = 8806–8811 | date = May 2010 | pmid = 20421484 | pmc = 2889320 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0914470107 | doi-access = free }}</ref> They are of very small size and provisionally called [[ARMAN]] (Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms).
* [[Woesearchaeota]] and [[Pacearchaeota]]. They have been identified both in sediments and in surface waters of aquifers and lakes, abounding especially in saline conditions.<ref name="pmid25702576"/><ref name="pmid26711582">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ortiz-Alvarez R, Casamayor EO | title = High occurrence of Pacearchaeota and Woesearchaeota (Archaea superphylum DPANN) in the surface waters of oligotrophic high-altitude lakes | journal = Environmental Microbiology Reports | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = 210–217 | date = April 2016 | pmid = 26711582 | doi = 10.1111/1758-2229.12370 }}</ref>
* Woesearchaeota and Pacearchaeota. They have been identified both in sediments and in surface waters of aquifers and lakes, abounding especially in saline conditions.<ref name="pmid25702576"/><ref name="pmid26711582">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ortiz-Alvarez R, Casamayor EO | title = High occurrence of Pacearchaeota and Woesearchaeota (Archaea superphylum DPANN) in the surface waters of oligotrophic high-altitude lakes | journal = Environmental Microbiology Reports | volume = 8 | issue = 2 | pages = 210–217 | date = April 2016 | pmid = 26711582 | doi = 10.1111/1758-2229.12370 }}</ref>
* [[Aenigmarchaeota]]. Found in wastewater from mines and in sediments from hot springs.<ref name="pmid11722932">{{cite journal | vauthors = Takai K, Moser DP, DeFlaun M, Onstott TC, Fredrickson JK | title = Archaeal diversity in waters from deep South African gold mines | journal = Applied and Environmental Microbiology | volume = 67 | issue = 12 | pages = 5750–5760 | date = December 2001 | pmid = 11722932 | pmc = 93369 | doi = 10.1128/AEM.67.21.5750-5760.2001 }}</ref>
* Aenigmarchaeota. Found in wastewater from mines and in sediments from hot springs.<ref name="pmid11722932">{{cite journal | vauthors = Takai K, Moser DP, DeFlaun M, Onstott TC, Fredrickson JK | title = Archaeal diversity in waters from deep South African gold mines | journal = Applied and Environmental Microbiology | volume = 67 | issue = 12 | pages = 5750–5760 | date = December 2001 | pmid = 11722932 | pmc = 93369 | doi = 10.1128/AEM.67.21.5750-5760.2001 }}</ref>
* [[Nanohaloarchaeota]]. Distributed in environments with high salinity.<ref name="pmid21716304">{{cite journal | vauthors = Narasingarao P, Podell S, Ugalde JA, Brochier-Armanet C, Emerson JB, Brocks JJ, Heidelberg KB, Banfield JF, Allen EE | title = De novo metagenomic assembly reveals abundant novel major lineage of Archaea in hypersaline microbial communities | journal = The ISME Journal | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 81–93 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 21716304 | pmc = 3246234 | doi = 10.1038/ismej.2011.78 }}</ref>
* [[Nanohaloarchaea]]. Distributed in environments with high salinity.<ref name="pmid21716304">{{cite journal | vauthors = Narasingarao P, Podell S, Ugalde JA, Brochier-Armanet C, Emerson JB, Brocks JJ, Heidelberg KB, Banfield JF, Allen EE | title = De novo metagenomic assembly reveals abundant novel major lineage of Archaea in hypersaline microbial communities | journal = The ISME Journal | volume = 6 | issue = 1 | pages = 81–93 | date = January 2012 | pmid = 21716304 | pmc = 3246234 | doi = 10.1038/ismej.2011.78 }}</ref>
* [[Nanoarchaeota]]. They were the first discovered (in 2002) in a hydrothermal source next to the coast of Iceland. They live as symbionts of other archaea.<ref name="Waters2003">{{cite journal | vauthors = Waters E, Hohn MJ, Ahel I, Graham DE, Adams MD, Barnstead M, Beeson KY, Bibbs L, Bolanos R, Keller M, Kretz K, Lin X, Mathur E, Ni J, Podar M, Richardson T, Sutton GG, Simon M, Soll D, Stetter KO, Short JM, Noordewier M | title = The genome of ''Nanoarchaeum equitans'': insights into early archaeal evolution and derived parasitism | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 100 | issue = 22 | pages = 12984–12988 | date = October 2003 | pmid = 14566062 | pmc = 240731 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1735403100 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Podar M, Makarova KS, Graham DE, Wolf YI, Koonin EV, Reysenbach AL | title = Insights into archaeal evolution and symbiosis from the genomes of a nanoarchaeon and its inferred crenarchaeal host from Obsidian Pool, Yellowstone National Park. | journal = Biology Direct | date = December 2013 | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = 9 | doi = 10.1186/1745-6150-8-9 | pmid = 23607440 | pmc = 3655853 }}</ref>
* [[Nanoarchaeota]]. They were the first discovered (in 2002) in a hydrothermal source next to the coast of Iceland. They live as symbionts of other archaea.<ref name="Waters2003">{{cite journal | vauthors = Waters E, Hohn MJ, Ahel I, Graham DE, Adams MD, Barnstead M, Beeson KY, Bibbs L, Bolanos R, Keller M, Kretz K, Lin X, Mathur E, Ni J, Podar M, Richardson T, Sutton GG, Simon M, Soll D, Stetter KO, Short JM, Noordewier M | title = The genome of ''Nanoarchaeum equitans'': insights into early archaeal evolution and derived parasitism | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 100 | issue = 22 | pages = 12984–12988 | date = October 2003 | pmid = 14566062 | pmc = 240731 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1735403100 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Podar M, Makarova KS, Graham DE, Wolf YI, Koonin EV, Reysenbach AL | title = Insights into archaeal evolution and symbiosis from the genomes of a nanoarchaeon and its inferred crenarchaeal host from Obsidian Pool, Yellowstone National Park. | journal = Biology Direct | date = December 2013 | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = 9 | doi = 10.1186/1745-6150-8-9 | pmid = 23607440 | pmc = 3655853 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
{{clear}}
{{clear}}


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! colspan=1 | Tom A. Williams et al. 2017,<ref name="Williams" /> Castelle et al. 2015<ref name="pmid25702576" /> and Dombrowski et al. 2020.<ref name="Dombrowski2000" />
! colspan=1 | Tom A. Williams et al. 2017,<ref name="Williams" /> Castelle et al. 2015<ref name="pmid25702576" /> and Dombrowski et al. 2020.<ref name="Dombrowski2000" />
! colspan=1 | Jordan et al. 2017<ref name="Jordan" /> and Cavalier-Smith2020.<ref name="Cavalier-Smith2020" />
! colspan=1 | Jordan et al. 2017<ref name="Jordan" /> Cavalier-Smith2020<ref name="Cavalier-Smith2020" /> and Feng et al 2021.<ref name=Feng>Yutian Feng, Uri Neri, Sean Gosselin, Artemis S Louyakis, R Thane Papke, Uri Gophna, Johann Peter Gogarten (2021). [https://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/13/8/evab166/6320066?login=true The Evolutionary Origins of Extreme Halophilic Archaeal Lineages]. Oxford Academic.</ref>
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DPANN may be the first divergent clade of archaea according to some phylogenetic analyzes. Recent phylogenetic analyzes have found the following phylogeny between phyla.<ref name="pmid25702576"/><ref name="Williams">{{cite journal | vauthors = Williams TA, Szöllősi GJ, Spang A, Foster PG, Heaps SE, Boussau B, Ettema TJ, Embley TM | display-authors = 6 | title = Integrative modeling of gene and genome evolution roots the archaeal tree of life | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 114 | issue = 23 | pages = E4602–E4611 | date = June 2017 | pmid = 28533395 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1618463114 | pmc = 5468678 }}</ref><ref name="Dombrowski2000">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dombrowski N, Williams TA, Sun J, Woodcroft BJ, Lee JH, Minh BQ, Rinke C, Spang A | display-authors = 6 | title = Undinarchaeota illuminate DPANN phylogeny and the impact of gene transfer on archaeal evolution | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 3939 | date = August 2020 | pmid = 32770105 | pmc = 7414124 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-020-17408-w }}</ref>
DPANN may be the first divergent clade of archaea according to some phylogenetic analyses. Recent phylogenetic analyses have found the following phylogeny between phyla.<ref name="pmid25702576"/><ref name="Williams">{{cite journal | vauthors = Williams TA, Szöllősi GJ, Spang A, Foster PG, Heaps SE, Boussau B, Ettema TJ, Embley TM | display-authors = 6 | title = Integrative modeling of gene and genome evolution roots the archaeal tree of life | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 114 | issue = 23 | pages = E4602–E4611 | date = June 2017 | pmid = 28533395 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.1618463114 | pmc = 5468678 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="Dombrowski2000">{{cite journal | vauthors = Dombrowski N, Williams TA, Sun J, Woodcroft BJ, Lee JH, Minh BQ, Rinke C, Spang A | display-authors = 6 | title = Undinarchaeota illuminate DPANN phylogeny and the impact of gene transfer on archaeal evolution | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 11 | issue = 1 | pages = 3939 | date = August 2020 | pmid = 32770105 | pmc = 7414124 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-020-17408-w }}</ref>
{{Clade|style= font-size:90%; line-height:90%
{{Clade|style= font-size:90%; line-height:90%
|1='''[[Bacteria]]'''
|1='''[[Bacteria]]'''
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|1={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|1=[[Altiarchaeota]]
|1=[[Altarchaeota]]
|2={{Clade
|2={{Clade
|1=[[Diapherotrites]]
|1=[[Diapherotrites]]
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|1=[[Undinarchaeota]]
|1=[[Undinarchaeota]]
|2={{Clade
|2={{Clade
|1=[[Aenigmarchaeota]]
|1=[[Aenigmarchaeota|Aenigmatarchaeota]]
|2={{Clade
|2={{Clade
|1=[[Nanohaloarchaeota]]
|1=[[Nanohaloarchaeota]]
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|
|
Other phylogenetic analyzes have suggested that DPANN could belong to [[Euryarchaeota]] or that it may even be [[polyphyletic]] occupying different positions within Euryarchaeota. It is also debated whether the phylum Altiarchaeota should be classified in DPANN or Euryarchaeota.<ref name="Dombrowski2000"/><ref name="dombrowski">Nina Dombrowski, Jun-Hoe Lee, Tom A Williams, Pierre Offre, Anja Spang (2019). [https://academic.oup.com/femsle/article/366/2/fnz008/5281434 Genomic diversity, lifestyles and evolutionary origins of DPANN archaea]. Nature.</ref> An alternative location for DPANN in the phylogenetic tree is as follows.<ref name="Jordan">Jordan T. Bird, Brett J. Baker, Alexander J. Probst, Mircea Podar, Karen G. Lloyd (2017). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4975002/ Culture Independent Genomic Comparisons Reveal Environmental Adaptations for Altiarchaeales]. Frontiers.</ref><ref name="Cavalier-Smith2020">Thomas Cavalier-Smith & Ema E-Yung Chao (2020). [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00709-019-01442-7 Multidomain ribosomal protein trees and the planctobacterial origin of neomura (eukaryotes, archaebacteria)]. Linkspringer.</ref> The groups marked in quotes are lineages assigned to DPANN, but phylogenetically separated from the rest.
Other phylogenetic analyzes have suggested that DPANN could belong to [[Euryarchaeota]] or that it may even be [[polyphyletic]] occupying different positions within Euryarchaeota. It is also debated whether the phylum Altiarchaeota should be classified in DPANN or Euryarchaeota.<ref name="Dombrowski2000"/><ref name="dombrowski">Nina Dombrowski, Jun-Hoe Lee, Tom A Williams, Pierre Offre, Anja Spang (2019). [https://academic.oup.com/femsle/article/366/2/fnz008/5281434 Genomic diversity, lifestyles and evolutionary origins of DPANN archaea]. Nature.</ref> An alternative location for DPANN in the phylogenetic tree is as follows.<ref name="Jordan">Jordan T. Bird, Brett J. Baker, Alexander J. Probst, Mircea Podar, Karen G. Lloyd (2017). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4975002/ Culture Independent Genomic Comparisons Reveal Environmental Adaptations for Altiarchaeales]. Frontiers.</ref><ref name="Cavalier-Smith2020">{{cite journal | doi=10.1007/s00709-019-01442-7 | title=Multidomain ribosomal protein trees and the planctobacterial origin of neomura (Eukaryotes, archaebacteria) | year=2020 | last1=Cavalier-Smith | first1=Thomas | last2=Chao | first2=Ema E-Yung | journal=Protoplasma | volume=257 | issue=3 | pages=621–753 | pmid=31900730 | pmc=7203096 }}</ref><ref name=Feng/> The groups marked in quotes are lineages assigned to DPANN, but phylogenetically separated from the rest.
{{Clade|style= font-size:90%; line-height:90%
{{Clade|style= font-size:90%; line-height:90%
|1='''[[Bacteria]]'''
|1='''[[Bacteria]]'''
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}}
}}
|2={{Clade
|2={{Clade
|1="[[Altiarchaeota]]"
|1="[[Altarchaeota]]"
|label2='''DPANN'''
|label2='''DPANN'''
|2={{Clade
|2={{Clade
Line 162: Line 161:
|1=[[Undinarchaeota]]
|1=[[Undinarchaeota]]
|2={{Clade
|2={{Clade
|1=[[Aenigmarchaeota]]
|1=[[Aenigmarchaeota|Aenigmatarchaeota]]
|2={{Clade
|2={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|1={{Clade
Line 208: Line 207:


===Taxonomy===
===Taxonomy===
The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the [[List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]] (LPSN)<ref>{{cite web | author=J.P. Euzéby | url=https://lpsn.dsmz.de/phylum/parvarchaeota | title=Parvarchaeota | publisher=[[List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature]] (LPSN)| access-date=2021-06-27 }}</ref> and [[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] (NCBI).<ref>{{cite web |author = Sayers|display-authors = et al.| url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=1462422&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock |title=Parvarchaeota |accessdate=2021-03-20 |publisher=[[National Center for Biotechnology Information]] (NCBI) taxonomy database}}</ref>
{{cladogram|title=Phylogeny of "DPANN"<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mendler|first1=K|last2=Chen|first2=H|last3=Parks|first3=DH|last4=Hug|first4=LA|last5=Doxey|first5=AC |date=2019 |title=AnnoTree: visualization and exploration of a functionally annotated microbial tree of life |journal=Nucleic Acids Research |volume=47|issue=9| pages=4442–4448 |url=http://annotree.uwaterloo.ca/app/ |doi=10.1093/nar/gkz246|pmid=31081040|pmc=6511854|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=GTDB release 05-RS95 |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/about#4%7C |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]]}}</ref>|
{{cladogram|title=[[GTDB]] phylogeny of "DPANN"<ref name="about">{{cite web |title=GTDB release 08-RS214 |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/about#4%7C |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]]|access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="tree">{{cite web |title=ar53_r214.sp_label |url=https://data.gtdb.ecogenomic.org/releases/release214/214.0/auxillary_files/ar53_r214.sp_labels.tree |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]]|access-date=10 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="taxon_history">{{cite web |title=Taxon History |url=https://gtdb.ecogenomic.org/taxon_history/ |website=[[Genome Taxonomy Database]]|access-date=6 December 2021}}</ref>|
{{clade|style=font-size:90%;line-height:90%;width:350px

|label1="DPANN"
{{barlabel|size=8|at=3|at1=1|label1=DPANN|at2=11|label2="[[Euryarchaeota]]"|cladogram=
{{clade|style=font-size:90%; line-height:90%
|label1=DPANN
|1={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|label1=[[Altiarchaeota]]
|1={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|label1="Altiarchaeia"
|label1="Undinarchaeota"
|1="Altiarchaeales"
}}
|2={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|label1=[[Iainarchaeaota]]
|label1="Undinarchaeia"
|1="[[Undinarchaeales]]"|barbegin1=green
|1={{Clade
|label1="Iainarchaeia"
|1="Iainarchaeales"
}}
|label2=[[Micrarchaeota]]
|2={{Clade
|label1="Micrarchaeia"
|1="Micrarchaeales"
}}
}}
}}
|2={{Clade
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Undinarchaeota]]
|1={{Clade
|1={{clade
|label1="[[Undinarchaeia]]"
|1={{clade
|1="Undinarchaeales"
}}
|2={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|label1=[[Aenigmarchaeota]]
|label1="Huberarchaeota"
|1={{Clade
|label1="Huberarchaeia"
|1="[[Huberarchaeales]]"|bar1=green
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1="[[Aenigmarchaeota]]"
|1={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|label1="Aenigmarchaeia"
|label1="Aenigmarchaeia"
|1="Aenigmarchaeales"
|1="[[Aenigmarchaeales]]"|bar1=green
}}
}}
|label2="[[Nanohaloarchaeota|Nanohalarchaeota]]"
|2={{Clade
|2={{Clade
|label1=[[Huberarchaeota]]
|label1="Nanohalobiia"
|1="[[Nanohalobiales]]"|bar1=green
}}
}}
}}
|2={{Clade
|label1="[[Nanoarchaeota]]"
|1={{Clade
|label1="Nanoarchaeia"
|1={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|label1="Huberarchaeia"
|1="[[Tiddalikarchaeales]]"|bar1=green
|1="Huberarchaeales"
|2="[[Parvarchaeales]]"|bar2=green
}}
}}
|label2=[[Nanohaloarchaeota]]
|2={{Clade
|2={{Clade
|label1="Nanosalinia"
|1={{Clade
|1="Nanosalinales"
|1="[[Pacearchaeales]]"|bar1=green
|2="[[Woesearchaeales]]"|bar2=green
}}
|2="[[Nanoarchaeales]]"|bar2=green
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label2=[[Nanoarchaeota]]
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{Clade
|label1="Altarchaeota"
|1={{Clade
|label1="Altarchaeia"
|1="[[Altarchaeales]]"|bar1=green
}}
}}
|2={{Clade
|2={{Clade
|label1="Nanoarchaeia"
|label1="[[Iainarchaeota]]"
|1={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|1="Parvarchaeales"
|label1="Iainarchaeia"
|2={{Clade
|1={{Clade
|1="[[Nanoarchaeales]]"
|1="[[Forterreales]]"|bar1=green
|2="[[Iainarchaeales]]"|bar2=green
}}
}}
|label2="[[Micrarchaeota]]"
|2={{Clade
|label1="Micrarchaeia"
|1={{Clade
|1="[[Norongarragalinales]]"|bar1=green
|2={{Clade
|2={{Clade
|1="Pacearchaeales"
|1="[[Micrarchaeales]]"|bar1=green
|2="Woesearchaeales"
|2={{Clade
|1="[[Anstonellales]]"|bar1=green
|2={{Clade
|1="[[Fermentimicrarchaeales]]"|bar1=green
|2={{Clade
|1="[[Burarchaeales]]"|bar1=green
|2="[[Gugararchaeales]]"|bar2=green|barend2=green
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1="[[Hadarchaeota]]"|barbegin1=red
|2=Methanobacteriota_B|bar2=red
}}
|2={{clade
|label1="Methanomada"
|1={{clade
|1="[[Hydrothermarchaeota]]"|bar1=red
|2="[[Methanobacteriota]]"|bar2=red
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1="Neoeuryarchaeota"
|1={{clade
|1="[[Thermoplasmatota]]"|bar1=red
|2="[[Halobacteriota]]"|bar2=red|barend2=red
}}
|label2="[[Proteoarchaeota]]"
|2={{Clade
|2=[[Thermoproteota]]
|1="[[Asgard (archaea)|Asgardaeota]]"
}}
}}
}}
}}
Line 274: Line 334:
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}


Super Phylum "DPANN" <small>Rinke et al. 2013</small>
Super Phylum "DPANN" <small>Rinke et al. 2013</small>
* Phylum [[Altiarchaeota]] <small>Probst et al. 2018</small> (SM1)
** Class "Altiarchaeia" <small>Probst et al. 2014</small>
*** Order "Altiarchaeales" <small>Probst et al. 2014</small>
* Phylum "Iainarchaeota" ["[[Diapherotrites]]" <small>Rinke et al. 2013</small>] (DUSEL-3)
** Class "Iainarchaeia" <small>Rinke et al. 2020</small>
*** Order "Iainarchaeales" <small>Rinke et al. 2020</small>
* Phylum "[[Micrarchaeota]]" <small>Baker & Dick 2013</small>
** Class "Micrarchaeia"
*** Order "Micrarchaeales"
*** Order ?Fermentimicrarchaeales <small>Kadnikov et al. 2020</small>
* Phylum "[[Undinarchaeota]]" <small>Dombrowski et al. 2020</small>
* Phylum "[[Undinarchaeota]]" <small>Dombrowski et al. 2020</small>
** Class "Undinarchaeia" <small>Dombrowski et al. 2020</small>
** Class "Undinarchaeia" <small>Dombrowski et al. 2020</small>
*** Order "Naiadarchaeales" <small>Dombrowski et al. 2020</small>
*** Order "Undinarchaeales" <small>Dombrowski et al. 2020</small>
*** Order "Undinarchaeales" <small>Dombrowski et al. 2020</small>
* Phylum "[[Aenigmarchaeota|Aenigmatarchaeota]]" <small>corrig. Rinke et al. 2013</small> (DSEG, DUSEL2)
** Class "Aenigmatarchaeia" <small>Rinke et al. 2020</small>
*** Order "Aenigmatarchaeales" <small>Rinke et al. 2020</small>
* Phylum "[[Huberarchaeota]]" <small>Probst et al. 2019</small>
* Phylum "[[Huberarchaeota]]" <small>Probst et al. 2019</small>
** Class "Huberarchaeia" <small>corrig. Probst et al. 2019</small>
** Class "Huberarchaeia" <small>corrig. Probst et al. 2019</small>
*** Order "Huberarchaeales" <small>Rinke et al. 2020</small>
*** Order "Huberarchaeales" <small>Rinke et al. 2020</small>
* Phylum "[[Nanohaloarchaeota]]" <small>Rinke et al. 2013</small>
* Phylum "[[Aenigmarchaeota|Aenigmatarchaeota]]" <small>corrig. Rinke et al. 2013</small> (DSEG, DUSEL2)
** Class ?"Nanohalobia" <small>La Cono et al. 2020</small>
** Class "Aenigmatarchaeia" <small>corrig. Rinke et al. 2020</small>
*** Order "Aenigmatarchaeales" <small>corrig. Rinke et al. 2020</small>
* Phylum "[[Nanohaloarchaeota|Nanohalarchaeota]]" <small>corrig. Rinke et al. 2013</small>
** Class "Nanohalobiia" <small>corrig.La Cono et al. 2020</small>
*** Order "Nanohalobiales" <small>La Cono et al. 2020</small>
*** Order "Nanohalobiales" <small>La Cono et al. 2020</small>
** Class ?"Nanohaloarchaeia" <small>corrig. Narasingarao et al. 2012</small>
** Class ?"[[Nanohaloarchaea|Nanohalarchaeia]]" <small>corrig. Narasingarao et al. 2012</small>
*** Order "Nanohaloarchaeales"
*** Order "Nanohalarchaeales"
** Class "Nanosalinia" <small>Rinke et al. 2020</small>
* Phylum [[Altarchaeota]] <small>Probst et al. 2018</small> (SM1)
*** Order "Nanosalinales" <small>Rinke et al. 2020</small>
** Class "Altarchaeia" <small>corrig. Probst et al. 2014</small>
*** Order "Altarchaeales" <small>corrig. Probst et al. 2014</small>
* Phylum "Iainarchaeota" ["[[Diapherotrites]]" <small>Rinke et al. 2013</small>] (DUSEL-3)
** Class "Iainarchaeia" <small>Rinke et al. 2020</small>
*** Order "Forterreales" <small>Probst & Banfield 2017</small>
*** Order "Iainarchaeales" <small>Rinke et al. 2020</small>
* Phylum "[[Micrarchaeota]]" <small>Baker & Dick 2013</small>
** Class "Micrarchaeia" <small>Vazquez-Campos et al. 2021</small>
*** Order "Anstonellales" <small>Vazquez-Campos et al. 2021</small> (LFWA-IIIc)
*** Order "Burarchaeales" <small>Vazquez-Campos et al. 2021</small> (LFWA-IIIb)
*** Order "Fermentimicrarchaeales" <small>Kadnikov et al. 2020</small>
*** Order "Gugararchaeales" <small>Vazquez-Campos et al. 2021</small> (LFWA-IIIa)
*** Order "Micrarchaeales" <small>Vazquez-Campos et al. 2021</small>
*** Order "Norongarragalinales" <small>Vazquez-Campos et al. 2021</small> (LFWA-II)
* Phylum "[[Nanoarchaeota]]" <small>Huber et al. 2002</small>
* Phylum "[[Nanoarchaeota]]" <small>Huber et al. 2002</small>
** Class "Nanoarchaeia"
** Class "Nanoarchaeia" <small>Vazquez-Campos et al. 2021</small>
*** Order "[[Jingweiarchaeales]]" <small>Rao et al. 2023</small> [DTBS01]
*** Order "[[Nanoarchaeales]]" <small>Huber et al. 2011</small>
*** Order "[[Nanoarchaeales]]" <small>Huber et al. 2011</small>
*** Order "[[Pacearchaeales]]" (DHVE-5, DUSEL-1)
* Phylum "[[Mamarchaeota]]"
* Phylum "[[Pacearchaeota]]" <small>Castelle et al. 2015</small> (DHVE-5, DUSEL-1)
*** Order "[[Parvarchaeales]]" <small>Rinke et al. 2020</small> (ARMAN 4 & 5)
* Phylum "[[Parvarchaeota]]" <small>Rinke et al. 2013</small> (ARMAN 4 & 5)
*** Order "[[Tiddalikarchaeales]]" <small>Vazquez-Campos et al. 2021</small> (LFW-252_1)
* Phylum "[[Woesearchaeota]]" <small>Castelle et al. 2015</small> (DHVE-6)
*** Order "[[Woesearchaeales]]" (DHVE-6)
* Phylum ?"[[Mamarchaeota]]"
* Order ?"[[Wiannamattarchaeales]]"

==See also==
* [[List of Archaea genera]]


== References ==
== References ==
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{{Taxonbar|from=Q24862848}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q24862848}}


[[Category:Archaea]]
[[Category:Archaea taxa]]
[[Category:Extremophiles]]
[[Category:Extremophiles]]
[[Category:Superphyla]]
[[Category:Superphyla]]

Latest revision as of 13:26, 7 March 2024

DPANN
Parvarchaeum acidiphilum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Archaea
Superphylum: DPANN
Rinke et al. 2013
Phyla[1]
  • Aenigmarchaeota
  • Altarchaeota
  • Diapherotrites
  • Huberarchaeota
  • Mamarchaeota
  • Micrarchaeota
  • Nanoarchaeota
  • Nanohaloarchaea
  • Pacearchaeota
  • Parvarchaeota
  • Undinarchaeota
  • Woesearchaeota

DPANN is a superphylum of Archaea first proposed in 2013.[2] Many members show novel signs of horizontal gene transfer from other domains of life.[2] They are known as nanoarchaea or ultra-small archaea due to their smaller size (nanometric) compared to other archaea.

DPANN is an acronym formed by the initials of the first five groups discovered, Diapherotrites, Parvarchaeota, Aenigmarchaeota, Nanoarchaeota and Nanohaloarchaeota. Later Woesearchaeota and Pacearchaeota were discovered and proposed within the DPANN superphylum.[3] In 2017, another phylum Altiarchaeota was placed into this superphylum.[4] The monophyly of DPANN is not yet considered established, due to the high mutation rate of the included phyla, which can lead to the artifact of the long branch attraction (LBA) where the lineages are grouped basally or artificially at the base of the phylogenetic tree without being related.[5][6] These analyzes instead suggest that DPANN belongs to Euryarchaeota or is polyphyletic occupying various positions within Euryarchaeota.[5][6][7]

The DPANN groups together different phyla with a variety of environmental distribution and metabolism, ranging from symbiotic and thermophilic forms such as Nanoarchaeota, acidophiles like Parvarchaeota and non-extremophiles like Aenigmarchaeota and Diapherotrites. DPANN was also detected in nitrate-rich groundwater, on the water surface but not below, indicating that these taxa are still quite difficult to locate.[8]

Characteristics[edit]

They are characterized by being small in size compared to other archaea (nanometric size) and in keeping with their small genome, they have limited but sufficient catabolic capacities to lead a free life, although many are thought to be episymbionts that depend on a symbiotic or parasitic association with other organisms. Many of their characteristics are similar or analogous to those of ultra-small bacteria (CPR group).[3]

Limited metabolic capacities are a product of the small genome and are reflected in the fact that many lack central biosynthetic pathways for nucleotides, aminoacids, and lipids; hence most DPANN archaea, such as ARMAN archaea, which rely on other microbes to meet their biological requirements. But those that have the potential to live freely are fermentative and aerobic heterotrophs.[3]

They are mostly anaerobic and have not been cultivated. They live in extreme environments such as thermophilic, hyperacidophilic, hyperhalophilic or metal-resistant; or also in the temperate environment of marine and lake sediments. They are rarely found on the ground or in the open ocean.[3]

Classification[edit]

  • Diapherotrites. Found by phylogenetic analysis of the genomes recovered from the groundwater filtration of a gold mine abandoned in the USA.[9][10]
  • Parvarchaeota and Micrarchaeota. Discovered in 2006 in acidic mine drainage from a US mine.[11][12][13] They are of very small size and provisionally called ARMAN (Archaeal Richmond Mine acidophilic nanoorganisms).
  • Woesearchaeota and Pacearchaeota. They have been identified both in sediments and in surface waters of aquifers and lakes, abounding especially in saline conditions.[3][14]
  • Aenigmarchaeota. Found in wastewater from mines and in sediments from hot springs.[15]
  • Nanohaloarchaea. Distributed in environments with high salinity.[16]
  • Nanoarchaeota. They were the first discovered (in 2002) in a hydrothermal source next to the coast of Iceland. They live as symbionts of other archaea.[17][18]

Phylogeny[edit]

Tom A. Williams et al. 2017,[19] Castelle et al. 2015[3] and Dombrowski et al. 2020.[20] Jordan et al. 2017[7] Cavalier-Smith2020[6] and Feng et al 2021.[21]

DPANN may be the first divergent clade of archaea according to some phylogenetic analyses. Recent phylogenetic analyses have found the following phylogeny between phyla.[3][19][20]

Bacteria

Archaea

Other phylogenetic analyzes have suggested that DPANN could belong to Euryarchaeota or that it may even be polyphyletic occupying different positions within Euryarchaeota. It is also debated whether the phylum Altiarchaeota should be classified in DPANN or Euryarchaeota.[20][5] An alternative location for DPANN in the phylogenetic tree is as follows.[7][6][21] The groups marked in quotes are lineages assigned to DPANN, but phylogenetically separated from the rest.

Bacteria

Archaea

Taxonomy[edit]

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[22] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).[23]

GTDB phylogeny of "DPANN"[24][25][26]


DPANN
"Undinarchaeota"
"Undinarchaeia"

"Undinarchaeales"

DPANN

Super Phylum "DPANN" Rinke et al. 2013

  • Phylum "Undinarchaeota" Dombrowski et al. 2020
    • Class "Undinarchaeia" Dombrowski et al. 2020
      • Order "Undinarchaeales" Dombrowski et al. 2020
  • Phylum "Huberarchaeota" Probst et al. 2019
    • Class "Huberarchaeia" corrig. Probst et al. 2019
      • Order "Huberarchaeales" Rinke et al. 2020
  • Phylum "Aenigmatarchaeota" corrig. Rinke et al. 2013 (DSEG, DUSEL2)
    • Class "Aenigmatarchaeia" corrig. Rinke et al. 2020
      • Order "Aenigmatarchaeales" corrig. Rinke et al. 2020
  • Phylum "Nanohalarchaeota" corrig. Rinke et al. 2013
    • Class "Nanohalobiia" corrig.La Cono et al. 2020
      • Order "Nanohalobiales" La Cono et al. 2020
    • Class ?"Nanohalarchaeia" corrig. Narasingarao et al. 2012
      • Order "Nanohalarchaeales"
  • Phylum Altarchaeota Probst et al. 2018 (SM1)
    • Class "Altarchaeia" corrig. Probst et al. 2014
      • Order "Altarchaeales" corrig. Probst et al. 2014
  • Phylum "Iainarchaeota" ["Diapherotrites" Rinke et al. 2013] (DUSEL-3)
    • Class "Iainarchaeia" Rinke et al. 2020
      • Order "Forterreales" Probst & Banfield 2017
      • Order "Iainarchaeales" Rinke et al. 2020
  • Phylum "Micrarchaeota" Baker & Dick 2013
    • Class "Micrarchaeia" Vazquez-Campos et al. 2021
      • Order "Anstonellales" Vazquez-Campos et al. 2021 (LFWA-IIIc)
      • Order "Burarchaeales" Vazquez-Campos et al. 2021 (LFWA-IIIb)
      • Order "Fermentimicrarchaeales" Kadnikov et al. 2020
      • Order "Gugararchaeales" Vazquez-Campos et al. 2021 (LFWA-IIIa)
      • Order "Micrarchaeales" Vazquez-Campos et al. 2021
      • Order "Norongarragalinales" Vazquez-Campos et al. 2021 (LFWA-II)
  • Phylum "Nanoarchaeota" Huber et al. 2002
  • Phylum ?"Mamarchaeota"
  • Order ?"Wiannamattarchaeales"

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Castelle CJ, Banfield JF (2018). "Major New Microbial Groups Expand Diversity and Alter our Understanding of the Tree of Life". Cell. 172 (6): 1181–1197. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.02.016. PMID 29522741.
  2. ^ a b Rinke C, Schwientek P, Sczyrba A, Ivanova NN, Anderson IJ, Cheng JF, Darling A, Malfatti S, Swan BK, Gies EA, Dodsworth JA, Hedlund BP, Tsiamis G, Sievert SM, Liu WT, Eisen JA, Hallam SJ, Kyrpides NC, Stepanauskas R, Rubin EM, Hugenholtz P, Woyke T (July 2013). "Insights into the phylogeny and coding potential of microbial dark matter" (PDF). Nature. 499 (7459): 431–437. Bibcode:2013Natur.499..431R. doi:10.1038/nature12352. PMID 23851394. S2CID 4394530.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Castelle CJ, Wrighton KC, Thomas BC, Hug LA, Brown CT, Wilkins MJ, Frischkorn KR, Tringe SG, Singh A, Markillie LM, Taylor RC, Williams KH, Banfield JF (March 2015). "Genomic expansion of domain archaea highlights roles for organisms from new phyla in anaerobic carbon cycling". Current Biology. 25 (6): 690–701. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.01.014. PMID 25702576.
  4. ^ Spang A, Caceres EF, Ettema TJ (August 2017). "Genomic exploration of the diversity, ecology, and evolution of the archaeal domain of life". Science. 357 (6351): eaaf3883. doi:10.1126/science.aaf3883. PMID 28798101.
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External links[edit]


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