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{{Short description|Species of snake}}
{{italic title}}{{Taxobox
⚫
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
⚫
| name = ''Pseudocerastes persicus fieldi''
{{Speciesbox
| image = שפיפון הנגב.jpg
| image = Field's Horned Viper.jpg
⚫
| status = LC
| image_caption = Field's horned viper in captivity
⚫
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{IUCN2012.2| id = 164564| title = Pseudocerastes fieldi | assessors = Amr ZSS, Al Johany AMH, Baha El Din S, Disi AM, Nilson G, [[Yehudah L. Werner|Werner YL]].| year = 2012| downloaded = 16 June 2013}}</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{Cite iucn|author1=Amr, Z.S.S. |author1-link=species:Zuair S. Amr |author2=Al Johany, A.M.H. |author2-link=species:Awadh M. Al-Johany |author3=Baha El Din, S. |author3-link=species:Sherif Baha El Din |author4=Disi, A.M. |author4-link=species:Ahmad Disi |author5=Nilson, G. |author5-link=species:Göran Nilson |author6=Werner, Y.L. |author6-link=Yehudah L. Werner |title=''Pseudocerastes fieldi '' |page=e.T164564A1058258 |date=2012 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T164564A1058258.en |access-date=21 February 2022}}</ref>
⚫
| genus = Pseudocerastes
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordata]]
| species = fieldi
⚫
| authority = [[Karl Patterson Schmidt|K.P. Schmidt]], 1930
| subphylum = [[Vertebrate|Vertebrata]]
| classis = [[Reptilia]]
| ordo = [[Squamata]]
| subordo = [[Serpentes]]
| familia = [[Viperidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Viperinae]]
| genus = ''[[Pseudocerastes]]''
| species = ''[[Pseudocerastes|P. persicus]]''
| subspecies = '''''P. p. fieldi'''''
| trinomial = ''Pseudocerastes persicus fieldi''
⚫
| trinomial_authority = [[Karl Patterson Schmidt|K.P. Schmidt]], 1930
| range_map = Pseudocerastes fieldi distribution.png
| range_map = Pseudocerastes fieldi distribution.png
| synonyms = * ''Pseudocerastes fieldi'' <br><small>K.P. Schmidt, 1930</small>
| synonyms = *''Pseudocerastes fieldi'' <br />{{small|K.P. Schmidt, 1930}}
* ''Vipera persica fieldi'' <br><small>&mdash; [[:fr:Hymen Marx|Marx]] & [[George B. Rabb|Rabb]], 1965</small>
*''Vipera persica fieldi'' <br />{{small|— [[:fr:Hymen Marx|Marx]] & [[George B. Rabb|Rabb]], 1965}}
* ''Pseudocerastes persicus fieldi'' <br><small>&mdash; [[Sherman A. Minton|Minton]], [[Herndon G. Dowling|Dowling]] & [[F.E. Russell|Russell]], 1968</small>
*''Pseudocerastes persicus fieldi'' <br />{{small|— [[Sherman A. Minton|Minton]], [[species:Herndon Glenn Dowling Jr.|Dowling]] & [[species:Findlay E. Russell|Russell]], 1968}}
* ''Daboia'' (''Pseudocerastes'') ''persicus fieldi'' <small>&mdash; [[Fritz Jürgen Obst|Obst]], 1983</small><ref name="McD99">[[:fr:Roy Wallace McDiarmid|McDiarmid RW]], [[Jonathan A. Campbell|Campbell JA]], Touré T. 1999. ''Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1''. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).</ref>
*''Daboia'' (''Pseudocerastes'') ''persicus fieldi'' <br />{{small|— [[species:Fritz Jürgen Obst|Obst]], 1983}}
*''Pseudocerastes fieldi'' <br />{{small|— [[Van Wallach|Wallach]] et al., 2014}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="McD99">[[:fr:Roy Wallace McDiarmid|McDiarmid RW]], [[Jonathan A. Campbell|Campbell JA]], [[species:T'Shaka A. Touré|Touré TA]] (1999). ''Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1''. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. {{ISBN|1-893777-00-6}} (series). {{ISBN|1-893777-01-4}} (volume).</ref><ref name="NRDB"/>
}}
}}
:'''''Common names''': Field's horned viper.<ref name="Mal03">Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. ''True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers''. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.</ref>''


'''''Pseudocerastes persicus fieldi''''' is a [[venomous snake|venomous]] [[Viperinae|viper]] [[subspecies]]<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |id=635249 |taxon=''Pseudocerastes persicus fieldi '' |accessdate=3 August 2006}}</ref> [[Endemism|endemic]] to the deserts of the [[Middle East]]. The main differences between this subspecies and the [[Nominotypical subspecies|nominate race]] are in scalation and venom composition.
'''Field's horned viper'''<ref name="Mal03">[[species:David Mallow|Mallow D]], [[species:David Ludwig|Ludwig D]], Nilson G (2003). ''True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers''. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. 359 pp. {{ISBN|0-89464-877-2}}.</ref> ('''''Pseudocerastes fieldi''')'' is a [[species]] of [[snake]] in the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Viperidae]].<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS|id=635249|taxon=''Pseudocerastes fieldi ''|accessdate=3 August 2006}}</ref> The species is native to the deserts of the [[Middle East]]. Like all other vipers, it is [[venomous snake|venomous]]. It was previously considered a [[subspecies]] of the [[Persian horned viper]] (''Pseudocerastes persicus''). The main differences between this species and the Persian horned viper are in scalation and venom composition.


==Taxonomy and etymology==
==Etymology==
⚫
Formerly considered a subspecies of ''P. persicus'', most sources elevate ''P. fieldi'' to species level.<ref name=IUCN/><ref name="NRDB">{{NRDB species|genus=Pseudocerastes|species=fieldi|accessdate=2018-11-02}}</ref> The first phylogenetic study of the genus ''[[Pseudocerastes]]'', published by [[species:Behzad Fathinia|Fathinia]] et al. in 2014, shows that ''P. fieldi'' has equal genetic distance from both ''P. persicus'' and another species of the same genus, ''[[Pseudocerastes urarachnoides|P. urarachnoides]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263767026|author=Fathinia B|author-link=species:Behzad Fathinia |display-authors=etal|date=2014|title=Molecular systematics of the genus ''Pseudocerastes'' (Ophidia: Viperidae) based on the mitochondrial cytochrome ''b'' gene|journal=Turkish Journal of Zoology|volume=38|issue=5|pages=575–581|doi=10.3906/zoo-1308-25|hdl=1854/LU-5960680 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
⚫
The [[subspecific name]], ''fieldi'', is in honor of [[Americans|American]] [[anthropologist]] [[Henry Field (anthropologist)|Henry Field]], who collected the [[holotype]]. The [[Field Museum of Natural History]] in [[Chicago]] and its scientific publication, ''Fieldiana'', in which [[Karl Patterson Schmidt|K.P. Schmidt's]] original description of this viper appeared, are named for Henry Field's grandfather, [[Marshall Field]].<ref>Beolens B, Watkins M, Grayson M. 2011. ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (''Pseudocerastes fieldi'', p. 89).</ref>

⚫
The [[specific epithet]] ''fieldi'' is in honor of [[Americans|American]] [[anthropologist]] [[Henry Field (anthropologist)|Henry Field]], who collected the [[holotype]]. The [[Field Museum of Natural History]] in [[Chicago]] and its scientific publication, ''Fieldiana'', in which [[Karl Patterson Schmidt|K.P. Schmidt's]] original description of this viper appeared, are named for Henry Field's grandfather, [[Marshall Field]].<ref>[[species:Bo Beolens|Beolens, Bo]]; [[species:Michael Watkins|Watkins, Michael]]; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. (''Pseudocerastes fieldi'', p. 89).</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
Outwardly, ''P. p. fieldi'' differs from ''[[Pseudocerastes|P. p. persicus]]'' in certain (lower) scale counts:<ref name="SB95">Spawls S, [[:fr:William Roy Branch|Branch B]]. 1995. ''The Dangerous Snakes of Africa''. Dubai: Ralph Curtis Books. Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.</ref>
Outwardly, Field's horned viper differs from the [[Persian horned viper]] (''Pseudocerastes persicus'') in certain (lower) scale counts:<ref name="SB95">[[species:Stephen Spawls|Spawls S]], [[William Roy Branch|Branch B]] (1995). ''The Dangerous Snakes of Africa''. Dubai: Ralph Curtis Books. Oriental Press. 192 pp. {{ISBN|0-88359-029-8}}.</ref>
<br>
<br />
{|cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 align="center" border=1 style="border-collapse: collapse;"
{|cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 align="center" border=1 style="border-collapse: collapse;"
!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|
!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|
!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|''P. p. fieldi''
!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|''P. fieldi''
!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|''P. p. persicus''
!bgcolor="#f0f0f0"|''P. persicus''
|-
|-
|style="width:40%"|Scales separating [[nasal scale|nasal]] and [[rostral scale|rostral]]
|style="width:40%"|Scales separating [[nasal scale|nasal]] and [[rostral scale|rostral]]
Line 44: Line 39:
|-
|-
|[[Dorsal scale]] rows at midbody
|[[Dorsal scale]] rows at midbody
|align="center"|21-23
|align="center"|21–23
|align="center"|23-25
|align="center"|23–25
|-
|-
|[[Ventral scales]]
|[[Ventral scales]]
|align="center"|127-142
|align="center"|127–142
|align="center"|144-158
|align="center"|144–158
|-
|-
|[[Subcaudal scales]]
|[[Subcaudal scales]]
|align="center"|34-46
|align="center"|34–46
|align="center"|38-48
|align="center"|38–48
|-
|-
|}
|}


Additional differences from ''P. p. persicus'' include much shorter (relatively to the overall body length) tail as well as the fact that while in ''P. p. persicus'' all dorsal and lateral scales are strongly keeled, ''P. p. fieldi'' has several rows of almost smooth lateral scales.<ref name="NRDB"/>
Additional differences from the Persian horned viper include much shorter (relatively to the overall body length) tail as well as the fact that while in ''P. persicus'' all dorsal and lateral scales are strongly keeled, ''P. fieldi'' has several rows of almost smooth lateral scales.<ref name="NRDB"/>


==Geographic distribution==
==Geographic distribution==
According to [[:fr:Roy Wallace McDiarmid|McDiarmid]] et al. (1999) ''P. p. fieldi'' is found in the [[Sinai Peninsula]], [[Israel]], [[Jordan]], northern [[Saudi Arabia]], northwestern [[Iraq]], and possibly in southern Syria.
According to [[:fr:Roy Wallace McDiarmid|McDiarmid]] et al. (1999) ''P. fieldi'' is found in the [[Sinai Peninsula]], [[Israel]], [[Jordan]], northern [[Saudi Arabia]], northwestern [[Iraq]], and possibly in southern [[Syria]].


The [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] given in the original description is "Bair Wells, Transjordania" [Jordan].<ref name="McD99"/>
The [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] given in the original description is "Bair Wells, Transjordania" [Jordan].<ref name="McD99"/>


According to Mallow et al. (2003) it is found in the Sinai Peninsula, southern Israel, Jordan, extreme northern Saudi Arabia, and southwestern Iraq.<ref name="Mal03"/>
According to [[species:David Mallow|Mallow]] et al. (2003) it is found in the Sinai Peninsula, southern Israel, Jordan, extreme northern Saudi Arabia, and southwestern Iraq.<ref name="Mal03"/>


==Venom==
==Habitat==
The preferred natural [[habitat]]s of ''P. fieldi'' are [[desert]] and [[shrubland]], at altitudes up to {{cvt|1,300|m|ft}}. It has also been found in agricultural areas, but not in or around houses.<ref name=IUCN/>
⚫
There is a more pronounced difference between the two subspecies with regard to their [[venom]]. While ''[[Pseudocerastes|P. p. persicus]]'' venom exhibits strong [[Bleeding|hemorrhagic]] activity typical of most [[Viperidae|vipers]], the venom of ''P. p. fieldi'' is unusual in that contains several fractions that show marked [[Neurotoxicity|neurotoxic]] activity. No [[antivenin]] is available for [[Snakebite|bites]] from either subspecies. It is reported that a polyvalent antiserum does offer some protection from the hemotoxins, but none against the neurotoxic effects of ''P. p. fieldi'' venom.<ref name="Mal03"/><ref name="SB95"/>


==Taxonomy==
==Reproduction==
''P. fieldi'' is [[Oviparity|oviparous]].<ref name="NRDB"/>
⚫
Some sources elevate ''P. p. fieldi'' to species level.<ref name=IUCN/><ref name="NRDB">{{NRDB species|genus=Pseudocerastes|species=fieldi|date=8 September|year=2007}}</ref> The first phylogenetic study of the genus ''Pseudocerastes'', published by Fathinia et al. in 2014, shows that ''P. p. fieldi'' has equal genetic distance from both ''P. p. persicus'' and another species of the same genus, ''[[Pseudocerastes urarachnoides|P. urarachnoides]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263767026_Turkish_Journal_of_Zoology_Molecular_systematics_of_the_genus_Pseudocerastes_%28Ophidia_Viperidae%29_based_on_the_mitochondrial_cytochrome_b_gene |author=Fathinia, B., et al. |title=Molecular systematics of the genus ''Pseudocerastes'' (Ophidia: Viperidae) based on the mitochondrial cytochrome ''b'' gene |work=Turkish Journal of Zoology |volume=38 |pages=575–581 |doi=}}</ref>


==See also==
==Venom==
⚫
There is a more pronounced difference between the two species, ''P. fieldi'' and ''P. persicus'', with regard to their [[venom]]. While [[Persian horned viper]] venom exhibits strong [[Bleeding|hemorrhagic]] activity typical of most [[Viperidae|vipers]], the venom of ''P. fieldi'' is unusual in that it contains several fractions that show marked [[Neurotoxicity|neurotoxic]] activity. No [[antivenin]] is available for [[Snakebite|bites]] from either species. It is reported that a polyvalent antiserum does offer some protection from the hemotoxins, but none against the neurotoxic effects of ''P. fieldi'' venom.<ref name="Mal03"/><ref name="SB95"/>
* [[List of viperine species and subspecies]]
* {{C|Viperinae by common name}}
* {{C|Viperinae by taxonomic synonyms}}
* [[Snakebite]]


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Reflist}}


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
⚫
{{Commons|Pseudocerastes fieldi}}
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
* [[André Marie Constant Duméril|Duméril AMC]], [[Gabriel Bibron|Bibron G]], [[Auguste Duméril|Duméril AHA]]. 1854. ''Erpétologie générale ou histoire naturelle complète des reptiles. Tome septième. Deuxième partie, comprenant l'histoire des serpents venimeux.'' Paris: Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret. pp. i-xii + 781-1536. (''"Cerastes Persicus"'', pp.&nbsp;1443–1444).
*[[André Marie Constant Duméril|Duméril AMC]], [[Gabriel Bibron|Bibron G]], [[Auguste Duméril|Duméril AHA]] (1854). ''Erpétologie générale ou histoire naturelle complète des reptiles. Tome septième. Deuxième partie, comprenant l'histoire des serpents venimeux.'' Paris: Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret. pp. i–xii + 781–1536. (''Cerastes persicus'', new species, pp.&nbsp;1443–1444). (in French).
* [[:de:Ulrich Joger|Joger U]]. 1984. The venomous snakes of the Near and Middle East. ''Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, A 12''. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag.
*[[:de:Ulrich Joger|Joger U]] (1984). "The venomous snakes of the Near and Middle East". ''Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, A 12''. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag.
* Lehmann M. 1982. Pseudocerastes persicus fieldi ''(Schmidt) im Terrarium. Herpetofauna'' '''4''' (21): 20-22.
*Lehmann, Michael (1982). "Pseudocerastes persicus fieldi ''(Schmidt) im Terrarium". Herpetofauna'' '''4''' (21): 20–22. (in German).
* [[:fr:Hymen Marx|Marx H]], [[George B. Rabb|Rabb GB]]. 1965. Relationships and Zoogeography of the Viperine Snakes (Family Viperidae). ''Fieldiana Zool.'' '''44''' (21): 161-206.
*[[:fr:Hymen Marx|Marx H]], [[George B. Rabb|Rabb GB]]. 1965. Relationships and Zoogeography of the Viperine Snakes (Family Viperidae). ''Fieldiana Zool.'' '''44''' (21): 161–206.
* Obst FJ. 1983. ''Zur Kenntnis der Schlangengattung'' Vipera. ''Zool. Abh. staatl. Mus. Tierkunde Dresden'' '''38''': 229-235.
*[[species:Fritz Jürgen Obst|Obst FJ]] (1983). "''Zur Kenntnis der Schlangengattung'' Vipera". ''Zoologische Abhandlungen der staatliches Museum für Tierkunde in Dresden'' '''38''': 229–235. (in German).
* [[Karl Patterson Schmidt|Schmidt KP]]. 1930. Reptiles of Marshall Field North Arabian Desert Expeditions, 1927-1928. ''Fieldiana Zool.'' '''17''' (6): 221-130. (''"Pseudocerastes fieldi sp. nov."'', pp.&nbsp;227–229 + Figure 2).
*[[Karl Patterson Schmidt|Schmidt KP]] (1930). "Reptiles of Marshall Field North Arabian Desert Expeditions, 1927–1928". ''Fieldiana Zool.'' '''17''' (6): 221–130. (''Pseudocerastes fieldi'', new species, pp.&nbsp;227–229 + Figure 2).
{{refend}}
{{refend}}


{{Taxonbar|from=Q2704658|from2=Q58096319}}
==External links==
⚫
{{Commons|Pseudocerastes persicus}}
* {{YouTube|sDoIJEMjqbw|Video of ''P. p. fieldi''}}. Accessed 7 August 2006.
⚫
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2010}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Pseudocerastes Persicus Fieldi}}
[[Category:Viperinae]]
[[Category:Viperinae]]
⚫
[[Category:Reptiles of Asia]]
[[Category:Snakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Snakes of Africa]]
[[Category:Vertebrates of Egypt]]
[[Category:Vertebrates of Egypt]]
[[Category:Reptiles of Israel]]
[[Category:Reptiles of the Middle East]]
[[Category:Fauna of Iraq]]
[[Category:Fauna of Iraq]]
[[Category:Fauna of Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Reptiles of the Arabian Peninsula]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Karl Patterson Schmidt]]
⚫
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1930]]
[[Category:Snakes of Jordan]]

Revision as of 20:54, 30 December 2023

Field's horned viper
Field's horned viper in captivity
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Viperidae
Genus: Pseudocerastes
Species:
P. fieldi
Binomial name
Pseudocerastes fieldi
Synonyms[2][3]
  • Pseudocerastes fieldi
    K.P. Schmidt, 1930
  • Vipera persica fieldi
    — Marx & Rabb, 1965
  • Pseudocerastes persicus fieldi
    — Minton, Dowling & Russell, 1968
  • Daboia (Pseudocerastes) persicus fieldi
    — Obst, 1983
  • Pseudocerastes fieldi
    — Wallach et al., 2014

Field's horned viper[4] (Pseudocerastes fieldi) is a species of snake in the family Viperidae.[5] The species is native to the deserts of the Middle East. Like all other vipers, it is venomous. It was previously considered a subspecies of the Persian horned viper (Pseudocerastes persicus). The main differences between this species and the Persian horned viper are in scalation and venom composition.

Taxonomy and etymology

Formerly considered a subspecies of P. persicus, most sources elevate P. fieldi to species level.[1][3] The first phylogenetic study of the genus Pseudocerastes, published by Fathinia et al. in 2014, shows that P. fieldi has equal genetic distance from both P. persicus and another species of the same genus, P. urarachnoides.[6]

The specific epithet fieldi is in honor of American anthropologist Henry Field, who collected the holotype. The Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago and its scientific publication, Fieldiana, in which K.P. Schmidt's original description of this viper appeared, are named for Henry Field's grandfather, Marshall Field.[7]

Description

Outwardly, Field's horned viper differs from the Persian horned viper (Pseudocerastes persicus) in certain (lower) scale counts:[8]

P. fieldi P. persicus
Scales separating nasal and rostral 1 2
Dorsal scale rows at midbody 21–23 23–25
Ventral scales 127–142 144–158
Subcaudal scales 34–46 38–48

Additional differences from the Persian horned viper include much shorter (relatively to the overall body length) tail as well as the fact that while in P. persicus all dorsal and lateral scales are strongly keeled, P. fieldi has several rows of almost smooth lateral scales.[3]

Geographic distribution

According to McDiarmid et al. (1999) P. fieldi is found in the Sinai Peninsula, Israel, Jordan, northern Saudi Arabia, northwestern Iraq, and possibly in southern Syria.

The type locality given in the original description is "Bair Wells, Transjordania" [Jordan].[2]

According to Mallow et al. (2003) it is found in the Sinai Peninsula, southern Israel, Jordan, extreme northern Saudi Arabia, and southwestern Iraq.[4]

Habitat

The preferred natural habitats of P. fieldi are desert and shrubland, at altitudes up to 1,300 m (4,300 ft). It has also been found in agricultural areas, but not in or around houses.[1]

Reproduction

P. fieldi is oviparous.[3]

Venom

There is a more pronounced difference between the two species, P. fieldi and P. persicus, with regard to their venom. While Persian horned viper venom exhibits strong hemorrhagic activity typical of most vipers, the venom of P. fieldi is unusual in that it contains several fractions that show marked neurotoxic activity. No antivenin is available for bites from either species. It is reported that a polyvalent antiserum does offer some protection from the hemotoxins, but none against the neurotoxic effects of P. fieldi venom.[4][8]

References

  1. ^ a b c Amr, Z.S.S.; Al Johany, A.M.H.; Baha El Din, S.; Disi, A.M.; Nilson, G.; Werner, Y.L. (2012). "Pseudocerastes fieldi ". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T164564A1058258. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012.RLTS.T164564A1058258.en. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  2. ^ a b McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré TA (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  3. ^ a b c d Pseudocerastes fieldi at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 2018-11-02.
  4. ^ a b c Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G (2003). True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.
  5. ^ "Pseudocerastes fieldi ". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 3 August 2006.
  6. ^ Fathinia B; et al. (2014). "Molecular systematics of the genus Pseudocerastes (Ophidia: Viperidae) based on the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene". Turkish Journal of Zoology. 38 (5): 575–581. doi:10.3906/zoo-1308-25. hdl:1854/LU-5960680.
  7. ^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Pseudocerastes fieldi, p. 89).
  8. ^ a b Spawls S, Branch B (1995). The Dangerous Snakes of Africa. Dubai: Ralph Curtis Books. Oriental Press. 192 pp. ISBN 0-88359-029-8.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pseudocerastes fieldi.
  • Duméril AMC, Bibron G, Duméril AHA (1854). Erpétologie générale ou histoire naturelle complète des reptiles. Tome septième. Deuxième partie, comprenant l'histoire des serpents venimeux. Paris: Librairie Encyclopédique de Roret. pp. i–xii + 781–1536. (Cerastes persicus, new species, pp. 1443–1444). (in French).
  • Joger U (1984). "The venomous snakes of the Near and Middle East". Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients, A 12. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag.
  • Lehmann, Michael (1982). "Pseudocerastes persicus fieldi (Schmidt) im Terrarium". Herpetofauna 4 (21): 20–22. (in German).
  • Marx H, Rabb GB. 1965. Relationships and Zoogeography of the Viperine Snakes (Family Viperidae). Fieldiana Zool. 44 (21): 161–206.
  • Obst FJ (1983). "Zur Kenntnis der Schlangengattung Vipera". Zoologische Abhandlungen der staatliches Museum für Tierkunde in Dresden 38: 229–235. (in German).
  • Schmidt KP (1930). "Reptiles of Marshall Field North Arabian Desert Expeditions, 1927–1928". Fieldiana Zool. 17 (6): 221–130. (Pseudocerastes fieldi, new species, pp. 227–229 + Figure 2).
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