Ilex verticillata: Difference between revisions

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'''''Ilex verticillata''''', the '''winterberry''', is a species of [[holly]] native to eastern [[North America]] in the [[United States]] and southeast [[Canada]], from [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] west to [[Ontario]] and [[Minnesota]], and south to [[Alabama]].<ref>{{PLANTS |symbol=ILVE |taxon=Ilex verticillata |access-date=2011-11-01}}</ref><ref name=grin>{{GRIN | accessdate = 17 December 2017}}</ref>
'''''Ilex verticillata''''', the '''winterberry''', is a species of [[holly]] native to eastern [[North America]] in the [[United States]] and southeast [[Canada]], from [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] west to [[Ontario]] and [[Minnesota]], and south to [[Alabama]].<ref name="PLANTS">{{PLANTS |symbol=ILVE |taxon=Ilex verticillata |access-date=2011-11-01}}</ref><ref name=grin>{{GRIN | accessdate = 17 December 2017}}</ref>


Other names that have been used include black alder winterberry, brook alder, Canada holly,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nswildflora.ca/species/Aquifoliaceae/IlexVert/species.html |title=''Ilex verticillata'' (common winterberry) |website=Nova Scotia Wild Flora |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174445/http://www.nswildflora.ca/species/Aquifoliaceae/IlexVert/species.html |archive-date=2016-03-03}}</ref>
Other names that have been used include black alder,<ref name="Nova Scotia Wild Flora">{{cite web |url=http://www.nswildflora.ca/species/Aquifoliaceae/IlexVert/species.html |title=''Ilex verticillata'' (common winterberry) |website=Nova Scotia Wild Flora |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303174445/http://www.nswildflora.ca/species/Aquifoliaceae/IlexVert/species.html |archive-date=2016-03-03}}</ref><ref name="Floridata">{{cite web |title=''Ilex verticillata'' |url=https://floridata.com/Plants/Aquifoliaceae/Ilex%20verticillata/870 |website=Floridata |first=Steve |last=Christman |date=2005 |access-date=2018-09-01}}</ref> Canada holly,<ref name="Nova Scotia Wild Flora" /> coralberry,<ref name="Floridata" /> fever bush,<ref>{{cite web |title=''Ilex verticillata'' |url=http://atlas.uwa.edu/Plant.aspx?id=432 |website=Alabama Plant Atlast |publisher=Alabama Herbarium Consortium & the University of West Alabama |access-date=2018-09-01}}</ref> Michigan holly,<ref name="Floridata" /> or winterberry holly.<ref name="PLANTS" />
coralberry, deciduous holly, deciduous winterberry, false alder, fever bush, inkberry, Michigan holly, possumhaw, swamp holly, Virginian winterberry, or winterberry holly.{{Citation needed|date=November 2007}}


The species occurs particularly in [[wetland]] habitats, but also on dry sand dunes and grassland. The berries are an important food resource for some species of bird, among them the [[American robin]].<ref name=nymf>{{cite web |title=''Ilex verticillata'' |url=http://nymf.bbg.org/profile_species_tech.asp?id=293 |first=Steven D. |last=Glenn |date=2013 |website=New York Metropolitan Flora Project |publisher=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref>
The species occurs particularly in [[wetland]] habitats, but also on dry sand dunes and grassland. The berries are an important food resource for some species of bird, among them the [[American robin]].<ref name=nymf>{{cite web |title=''Ilex verticillata'' |url=http://nymf.bbg.org/profile_species_tech.asp?id=293 |first=Steven D. |last=Glenn |date=2013 |website=New York Metropolitan Flora Project |publisher=Brooklyn Botanic Garden}}</ref>

Revision as of 00:57, 2 September 2018

Ilex verticillata
Fruit in winter
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Aquifoliales
Family: Aquifoliaceae
Genus: Ilex
Species:
I. verticillata
Binomial name
Ilex verticillata
Natural range

Ilex verticillata, the winterberry, is a species of holly native to eastern North America in the United States and southeast Canada, from Newfoundland west to Ontario and Minnesota, and south to Alabama.[1][2]

Other names that have been used include black alder,[3][4] Canada holly,[3] coralberry,[4] fever bush,[5] Michigan holly,[4] or winterberry holly.[1]

The species occurs particularly in wetland habitats, but also on dry sand dunes and grassland. The berries are an important food resource for some species of bird, among them the American robin.[6]

Description

Ilex verticillata is a shrub growing to 1–5 m (3–16 ft) tall. It is one of a number of hollies which are deciduous, losing their leaves in the fall. In wet sites, it will spread to form a dense thicket, while in dry soil it remains a tight shrub. The leaves are glossy green, 3.5–9 cm (1+3⁄8–3+1⁄2 in) long, 1.5–3.5 cm (5⁄8–1+3⁄8 in) broad, with a serrated margin and an acute apex. The flowers are small, 5 mm (0.20 in) in diameter, with five to eight white petals.

The fruit is a globose red drupe 6–8 mm (0.24–0.31 in) in diameter, which often persists on the branches long into the winter, giving the plant its English name. Like most hollies, it is dioecious, with separate male and female plants; the proximity of at least one male plant is required to pollenize the females in order to bear fruit.[6][7][8]

  • Foliage and unripe fruit in summer.
    Foliage and unripe fruit in summer.
  • Fruit in the winter.
    Fruit in the winter.

Cultivation and uses

Medicinal

The berries were used by Native Americans for medicinal purposes, the origin of the name "fever bush".[9]

Ornamental plant

Ilex verticillata – the American winterberry – is prized as an ornamental plant in gardens for the midwinter splash of bright color from densely packed berries, whose visibility is heightened by the loss of foliage; therefore it is popular even where other, evergreen, hollies are also grown. The bare branches covered in berries are also popular for cutting and use in floral arrangements.

Easy to grow, with very few diseases or pests. Although wet acidic soils are optimal, the winterberry will grow well in the average garden. Numerous cultivars are available, differing in size and shape of the plant and color of the berry. At least one male plant must be planted in proximity to one or more females for them to bear fruit.

Selected cultivars

References

  1. ^ a b USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Ilex verticillata". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 2011-11-01.
  2. ^ "Ilex verticillata". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  3. ^ a b "Ilex verticillata (common winterberry)". Nova Scotia Wild Flora. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03.
  4. ^ a b c Christman, Steve (2005). "Ilex verticillata". Floridata. Retrieved 2018-09-01.
  5. ^ "Ilex verticillata". Alabama Plant Atlast. Alabama Herbarium Consortium & the University of West Alabama. Retrieved 2018-09-01.
  6. ^ a b Glenn, Steven D. (2013). "Ilex verticillata". New York Metropolitan Flora Project. Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
  7. ^ Maunder, John E. (2012). "Aquifoliaceae: Holly Family". Digital Flora of Newfoundland and Labrador.
  8. ^ "Ilex verticillata". Bioimages.
  9. ^ "Search for Ilex verticillata". Native American Ethnobotany. Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2011-11-01.

External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ilex_verticillata&oldid=857634723"