Liberty Van Zandt and Cup and ring mark: Difference between pages

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A replica of an unusual cup-and-ring-marked stone from Dalgarven, North Ayrshire, Scotland.

Cup and ring marks or cup marks are a form of prehistoric art found all over the world from Mexico and Brazil to India and with many fine examples in Europe^[1].

They consist of a concave depression, no more than a few centimetres across, pecked into a rock surface and often surrounded by concentric circles also etched into the stone. Sometimes a linear channel called a gutter leads out from the middle.

The decoration occurs as a petroglyph on natural boulders and outcrops and also as an element of megalithic art on purposely worked megaliths such as the slab cists of the Food Vessel culture, some stone circles and passage graves such as the clava tombs and on the capstones at Newgrange.

Numerous cup marks have been discovered in Val Camonica (Italy) associated to rock drawings.

Many engraved blocks are visible in the north west region of Italy (Piedmont): The best known places are "La Bessa" ^[2] and "Valchiusella" ^[3].

Similar patterns are known in north western Spain, which has given them the name of Galician style. These types, the cup-and-ring, cup-and-ring with gutter and the gapped concentric circles motifs are shared between this part of Iberia and the British Isles, suggesting a cultural link along the coasts of Atlantic Europe.

Precisely dating megalithic art is difficult as even if the megalithic monument can be dated, the art may be a later addition. Work at Drumirril in County Monaghan has uncovered Neolithic and early Bronze Age occupation evidence around the rock carvings there and this dating is generally accepted for most of the art. The Hunterheugh Crags cup and ring marks near Alnwick in Northumberland have recently been demonstrated to date back into the Early Neolithic through their stratigraphic relationship with other, datable features. Some cup marks have been found in Iron age contexts but these may represent re-used stones.

Where they are etched onto natural, flat stone it has been observed that they seem to incorporate the natural surface of the rock. Those at Hunterheugh are mostly connected to one another by gutters that can channel rainwater from one to the next, down the sloping top of the stone.

It has been suggested by archaeologist Clive Waddington that the initial Early Neolithic impetus to create the marks was forgotten and that the practice fell into abeyance until a second phase of creation continued the basic tradition but with less precision and more variability in design. The markers of this second phase moved the art from natural stones to megaliths as its symbolism was reinterpreted by Later Neolithic and Early Bronze Age people.

Their purpose is unknown although some may be connected with natural stone outcrops exploited by Neolithic peoples to make polished stone axes. A religious purpose has been suggested.

Other examples of sites with cup and ring marks include :

Chatton Sandyford cairn and Fowberry petrogyphs in Northumberland
Backstone Beck petroglyphs on Ilkley Moor
Gardom's Edge in Derbyshire
Bachwen portal dolmen in North Wales
Dalladies long barrow, Kincardineshire
Street House cairn in Cleveland
Dalgarven Mill, North Ayrshire
Mauchline Gorge, East Ayrshire
Brodick, Isle of Arran
Blackshaw Hill, North Ayrshire
Kilmartin, Argyll
Achnabreck, Argyll (Proc Soc Antiq Scot 1970-71)

References

^ Francis Scott Elliot, George (1915). Prehistoric Man and his story. Seeley, Service. p. 398.
^ Rock art and cup marks of Bessa
^ Arte Rupestre della Valchiusella - Chiusella Valley Rock Art

External links

Era – England's Rock Art (Currently only covers Northumberland and County Durham)
Rockart – Web Access to Rock Art: the Beckensall Archive of Northumberland Rock Art – University of Newcastle Upon Tyne

[1] Francis Scott Elliot, George (1915). Prehistoric Man and his story. Seeley, Service. p. 398.

[2] Rock art and cup marks of Bessa

[3] Arte Rupestre della Valchiusella - Chiusella Valley Rock Art

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+[[Image:Annotated.jpg|thumb|Typical cup and ring marks from [[Northumberland]] ( [http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?q=55.54754N+1.99632W&spn=0.020343,0.028783&hl=en Google Maps])]]
-{{Articleissues
+[[Image:Kuppikivi hartola.jpg|thumb|In [[Fennoscandia]] the cups are wider. Cup-marked stone of sacrifice from [[Hartola]], [[Finland]]]]
-| cleanup = February 2008
+[[Image:Cupandring.JPG|thumb|<center>A replica of an unusual cup-and-ring-marked stone from [[Museum of Ayrshire Country Life and Costume|Dalgarven]], North Ayrshire, Scotland.]]
-| OR = September 2007
+[[Image:Coppella.jpg|right|thumb|''Coppelle'', [[Val Camonica]], Italia]]
-| trivia = February 2008
+'''Cup and ring marks''' or '''cup marks''' are a form of [[prehistoric art]] found all over the world from [[Mexico]] and [[Brazil]] to [[India]] and with many fine examples in [[Europe]]<ref>{{cite book | title = Prehistoric Man and his story | pages = 398 | last = Francis Scott Elliot | first = George | date=1915 | publisher = Seeley, Service}}</ref>.
-| unreferenced = February 2008
-| wikify = February 2008}}
-{{Infobox character
-| colour      = #000080
-| colour text = #FFFFFF
-| series      = [[Degrassi: The Next Generation]]
-| name        = Liberty Van Zandt
-| image       = <!-- Image with unknown copyright status removed: [[Image:deg_liberty_sea...30.jpg]] -->
-| caption     = Liberty Van Zandt
-| first       = [[Family Politics (D:TNG episode)|Family Politics]] (103)
-| portrayer   = [[Sarah Barrable-Tishauer]]
-| episode     = 111
-| nickname    = Lib, Libby
-| born        = November 1989
-| occupation  = College Freshman at Smithdale University
-| title       =
-| family      = [[Danny Van Zandt]] (brother) </br> Harold Van Zandt (father)</br> Mrs. Van Zandt (mother)
-| spouse      =
-| children    = 1 son with [[J. T. Yorke|J.T.]] (given up for adoption)
-| relatives   =
-| residence   =
-}}
+They consist of a concave depression, no more than a few centimetres across, pecked into a rock surface and often surrounded by concentric circles also etched into the stone. Sometimes a linear channel called a gutter leads out from the middle.
-'''Liberty Elizabeth Van Zandt''' is a [[fictional character]] on the television series ''[[Degrassi: The Next Generation]]''. She is portrayed by [[Sarah Barrable-Tishauer]].
+The decoration occurs as a [[petroglyph]] on natural boulders and outcrops and also as an element of [[megalithic art]] on purposely worked [[megalith]]s such as the slab [[cist]]s of the [[Food Vessel culture]], some [[stone circle]]s and [[passage grave]]s such as the [[clava tomb]]s and on the capstones at [[Newgrange]].
-==Character's background==
-===Season 1===
-In "Family Politics", Liberty ran for Student Council Secretary while [[Ashley Kerwin]] ran for Student Council President. In the beginning, Ashley didn't seem to like Liberty, but as the season progressed, Ash and Liberty became somewhat friends.
+Numerous cup marks have been discovered in [[Val Camonica]] ([[Italy]]) associated to [[rock Drawings in Valcamonica|rock drawings]].
-In the episode "Rumours and Reputation", rumours began to spread around school that she and math teacher Mr. Armstrong were having an affair. Liberty's friend [[Emma Nelson]] began the rumour unknowingly, and was the first to volunteer to investigate the rumour's origin. It spread then to [[Terri McGreggor]], [[Paige Michalchuk]],[[Hazel Aden]], and on and on and on. Things worsened for Liberty when she was interrogated by [[Daniel Raditch|Principal Raditch]] about the rumour affair. Later on, Liberty reluctantly reveals to her friends the reason why Mr. Armstrong and herself had been spending so much time together: he was tutoring her to help her [[dyscalculia]]. She then tells Emma, and Emma, not realizing it was a mistake, feels horrible.
+Many engraved blocks are visible in the north west region of Italy ([[Piedmont]]): The best known places are "La Bessa" <ref>[http://www.bessa.it/E%20massi%20incisi.htm Rock art and cup marks of Bessa<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and "Valchiusella" <ref>[http://www.rupestre.net/archiv/chiusella.htm Arte Rupestre della Valchiusella - Chiusella Valley Rock Art<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>.
-Liberty's crush on [[J.T. Yorke]] began in the episode "Secrets and Lies," and continued to season 4, when they finally unite as a couple. It begins when she wants to interview him for the school newspaper, ''The Grapevine'', but an uninterested J.T. attempts to disquade her by falsely claiming to be a [[homosexual]].
+Similar patterns are known in north western [[Spain]], which has given them the name of [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]n style. These types, the cup-and-ring, cup-and-ring with gutter and the gapped concentric circles motifs are shared between this part of Iberia and the British Isles, suggesting a cultural link along the coasts of [[Atlantic Europe]].
-===Season 2===
-In the episode "Shout, Part 2", Liberty gets into an argument with J.T. and then vandalizes a couple of lockers, leading [[Dan Raditch|Principal Dan Raditch]] principal to think that he did it.  Liberty later brags to Toby about what she did, but he reveals to her that if J.T. gets in trouble again, his parents are going to send him to private school.  ''[Note: J.T. is later revealed to reside with his grandmother.]''  To prevent that from happening, Liberty quickly confesses that she vandalized the lockers. J.T. is impressed and he even calls Liberty cool for doing what she did.
+Precisely dating megalithic art is difficult as even if the megalithic monument can be dated, the art may be a later addition. Work at [[Drumirril]] in [[County Monaghan]] has uncovered [[Neolithic]] and early [[Bronze Age]] occupation evidence around the rock carvings there and this dating is generally accepted for most of the art. The [[Hunterheugh Crags]] cup and ring marks near [[Alnwick]] in [[Northumberland]] have recently been demonstrated to date back into the Early Neolithic through their [[stratigraphy|stratigraphic]] relationship with other, datable features. Some cup marks have been found in [[Iron age]] contexts but these may represent re-used stones.
-Later in the season, the two students continue to be friends and help each other on occasion. One such occasion is when J.T. learns that he has a secret talent in sewing class, a class that Liberty can't seem to pass. J.T. helps Liberty out by sewing her projects for her, allowing her to receive an A in the class. As well, J.T. discovers that he's failing his classes, so he turns to Liberty for help. She agrees to help him in exchange for his promise to be her date at the year-end dance.
+Where they are etched onto natural, flat stone it has been observed that they seem to incorporate the natural surface of the rock. Those at Hunterheugh are mostly connected to one another by gutters that can channel rainwater from one to the next, down the sloping top of the stone.
-After an unsuccessful try-out for the girls' hockey team, [[Daphne Hatzilakos|Coach Daphne Hatzilakos]] appoints Liberty as the team manager. At first, Liberty despises the job, but then later takes a liking to the position when she becomes captivated in a battle against the boys basketball team to receive funding from Jeremiah Motors for new jerseys. After a tumultuous struggle that involves losing and then regaining her team one more, dealership owner [[Joey Jeremiah]] decides to fund both teams.
+It has been suggested by [[archaeologist]] [[Clive Waddington]] that the initial Early Neolithic impetus to create the marks was forgotten and that the practice fell into abeyance until a second phase of creation continued the basic tradition but with less precision and more variability in design. The markers of this second phase moved the art from natural stones to megaliths as its symbolism was reinterpreted by Later Neolithic and Early Bronze Age people.
-===Season 3===
-In season 3, Liberty tries to get over her unrequited crush on J.T. by developing a new interest in [[Sean Cameron|Sean]]. Sean showed no interest in Liberty, so he introduced her to one of his friends, Towerz. The couple begin a relationship, but as revealed in "Ghost in the Machine", the two break it off over the summer between seasons 3 and 4.
+Their purpose is unknown although some may be connected with natural stone outcrops exploited by Neolithic peoples to make polished stone axes. A religious purpose has been suggested.
-===Season 4===
-In the episode of "King Of Pain", Liberty had shown an interest in Chris Sharpe. This made Emma jealous, so Emma invites Chris over to prevent him from going on a date with Liberty. After Liberty catches Emma in the gym flirting with Chris, fully knowing that Emma's motive was jealousy, she confronts her about the issue and the two break their friendship.
+Other examples of sites with cup and ring marks include :
-After the school shooting, Liberty writes a play retelling the story of [[Dracula]], and J.T., head of the drama club, decides to use it for the school play. When principal Mr. Raditch decides that the play is too violent, Liberty and J.T. invent a song of rebellion to sing to the principal. Although only Liberty sings the song in the end (as J.T. decides against it), the two both receive detention. It is there that they share their first kiss, and after that moment, they are a couple.
+*Chatton Sandyford [[cairn]] and Fowberry petrogyphs in [[Northumberland]]
-===Season 5===
+*Backstone Beck petroglyphs on [[Ilkley Moor]]
-Over the summer, J.T. and Liberty become close and it's apparent that they had sex on several occasions with each other. After an unfortunate incident involving J.T.'s King Sized condom falling off during sexual intercourse, Liberty becomes pregnant. The couple go through some tumultuous times, even breaking up and then reconciling once. Liberty's parents strongly urge Liberty to put the baby up for adoption, something both Liberty and J.T. are against. To try and make their future family work, the couple search for apartments and J.T. gets a job working at a pharmacy. [[Jay Hogart|Jay]] approaches J.T. about stealing prescription drugs for money, and after much consideration, J.T. gives in. Eventually J.T. realizes that what he's doing is wrong and attempts to back out of the deal, but Jay and a friend threaten J.T. into continuing. In a panic, J.T. swallows a handful of pills and [[overdose]]s. He later wakes up in the hospital, where he is broken up with by a furious Liberty. J.T.'s irresponsible actions become the catalyst to Liberty's final decision to put the baby up for adoption. Months later, Liberty goes into premature labour and gives birth to a healthy baby boy.
+*[[Gardom's Edge]] in [[Derbyshire]]
+*Bachwen [[portal dolmen]] in North Wales
+*Dalladies [[long barrow]], [[Kincardineshire]]
+*Street House cairn in [[Cleveland, England|Cleveland]]
+*[[Dalgarven Mill]], North Ayrshire
+*[[Mauchline]] Gorge, East Ayrshire
+*[[Brodick]], [[Isle of Arran]]
+*Blackshaw Hill, North Ayrshire
+*[[Kilmartin]], [[Argyll]]
+*Achnabreck, Argyll (Proc Soc Antiq Scot 1970-71)
+==See also==
-Months after her son was born, Liberty becomes depressed as she began to regret giving him up. She begins to feel worse about the situation when she learns that his new family is moving far away. To deal with the pain, she turns to alcohol. Danny's friend [[Derek Haig|Derek]] tells Liberty that he was adopted as well and he gives her the idea to give her child a box of personal items to remember her and J.T. by when the baby's family relocates.
+* [[Rock Drawings in Valcamonica]]
+* [[European Megalithic Culture]]
+* [[Petroglyph]]
+* [[Petrosomatoglyph]]
+* [[Dalgarven Mill]]
+* [[Bullaun]]
-===Season 6===
+==References==
+{{refs}}
-In the episode "Eyes Without a Face, Part 1", Liberty started to show a vibe of jealousy when she witnessed J.T. asking new girl [[Mia Jones|Mia]] out for ice cream with Mia's daughter, Isabella. Her jealousy over Mia and J.T. escalated when Liberty told Mia all of J.T.'s dark secrets, putting their relationship in dire straits. During a Student Council meeting, she turned down J.T.'s idea of having a daycare at Degrassi without even hearing J.T.'s pitch, saying that it would only benefit his girlfriend. J.T. finally lashed out at her, reminding her that he supported her throughout her entire pregnancy, even when she gave up the baby that was also his, and accused her of wanting J.T. to be as miserable as she is.
+== Further reading==
-At Liberty's birthday party, Liberty admits to J.T. that she still loves him, but she leaves him when he doesn't reciprocate. Also at Manny's party are two Lakehurst guys come, who are thrown out for trying to cause trouble. Later on, after J.T. realizes that he still loves Liberty, he goes to find her, but finds the Lakehurst guys instead. In a surprise attack, J.T. is stabbed. Liberty finds J.T., dying in the parking lot. Later at the hospital, a doctor explains that while they tried all they could,but they couldn't repair the damages. J.T. died from his injuries.
+*[[Stan Beckensall|Beckensall, Stan]] and Laurie, Tim. 1998. ''Prehistoric Rock Art of County Durham, Swaledale and Wensleydale. County Durham Books.'' ISBN 1-897585-45-4
+*Beckensall, Stan. 2001. ''Prehistoric Rock Art in Northumberland.'' Tempus Publishing. ISBN 0-7524-1945-5
+*Beckensall, Stan. 2002. ''Prehistoric Rock Art in Cumbria.'' Tempus Publishing. ISBN 0-7524-2526-9
+*Butter, Rachel. 1999. ''Kilmartin.'' Kilmartin House Trust. ISBN 0-9533674-0-1
+*Hadingham, Evan. 1974. ''Ancient Carvings in Britain; A Mystery.'' Garnstone Press. ISBN 0-85511-391-X
+*Morris, Ronald W.B. 1977. ''The Prehistoric Rock Art of Argyll.'' Dolphin Press. ISBN 0-85642-043-3
+*Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scot. 1970-71. Vol.103. Pps.33-56.
+{{reflist}}
+==External links==
-After J.T.'s death, Liberty bottled up all of her feelings. Liberty, Toby and Mia opened up J.T.'s locker together and went through his things. Mia attempted to take everything from the locker, much to Liberty's disapproval, but Toby wouldn't let her, believing that none of them were ready to deal with what had happened. After Liberty is accused by Mia of being an "robot, a walking, talking computer" for not crying at J.T.'s funeral, Toby defends Liberty and later takes her on a road trip to calm down, which failed after Toby's car broke down only a few minutes from the school. While the car was broken, Liberty and Toby share a moment about J.T., after which Toby kisses Liberty. Toby later apologized for kissing her after being pressed by Manny to 'take back' the kiss. Toby later reveals to Mia that J.T. still loved Liberty, not Mia, and when Liberty hears this she doesn't know what to think and is put out with Toby for not telling her to her face.
+*[http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/era/ Era – England's Rock Art] (Currently only covers Northumberland and County Durham)
+*[http://rockart.ncl.ac.uk/ Rockart – Web Access to Rock Art: the Beckensall Archive of Northumberland Rock Art – University of Newcastle Upon Tyne]
+[[Category:History of Northumberland]]
-===Season 7===
+[[Category:Prehistoric art]]
-Liberty gets into a short fight with a student from Lakehurst (later revealed to be [[Lucas Valieri]], the father of [[Mia Jones]]'s child) while breaking up a fight with him and Danny.  After she breaks it up, the Lakehurst thug says that he heard that J.T. was "asking for it" when he got stabbed, which sends Liberty into a rage, only to have the fight broken up by [[Spinner Mason|Gavin "Spinner" Mason]].
+[[Category:Stone Age Europe]]
+[[de:Cup-and-Ring-Markierung]]
-Liberty is declared valedictorian for the Class of 2007. In the season finale, Liberty decides to express her feelings she's been having of Damian, despite the fact that he's already in a relationship with Emma.  During their senior prom, whilst everyone else was preparing to leave the dance for the pool, Damian and her share a moment alone and kiss.  Manny observes the two departing together and subsequently confronts Liberty at the pool.  A jealous Toby, in whom Liberty had confided at the dance, then loudly announces the situation to all present at the pool.  Liberty is left distraught in the wake of her friends' anger.
+[[it:Coppella]]
-In her valedictory speech, she notes that everyone makes mistakes and essentially asks her friends for forgiveness; she then goes on to remind everyone that one classmate, J.T. did not complete the journey with them.  Overcome by emotion at the discussion of J.T., she breaks down and runs out of the ceremony.  Emma catches up with Liberty and tells her that she is not ready ready to throw away six years of friendship; by this time, Manny and Toby have arrived and echo Emma.  Following the ceremony, the four visit J.T.'s memorial; there, Toby places someone's graduation cap beside J.T.'s portrait, and Liberty moves the tassle to the side, symbolically including him in their graduating class.
-==Relationships==
-*Trey "Towerz" Hightower
-**Start Up: '''"Accidents Will Happen, Part 2"''' (315)
-**Broke Up: Summer before '''"Ghost in the Machine, Part 1"''' (401)
-***Reason: Unknown.
-*[[J. T. Yorke]]
-**First Relationship
-***Start Up: '''"Voices Carry, Part 2"''' (412)
-***Broke Up: '''"Foolin'"''' (504)
-****Reason: J.T. believes Liberty is too controlling.
-**Second Relationship
-***Start Up: '''"Turned Out, Part 1"''' (507)
-***Broke Up: '''"Turned Out, Part 2"''' (508)
-****Reason: J.T. begins selling drugs to support the baby, then attempts suicide by overdosing Oxycodone.
-{{Degrassi}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Van Zandt, Liberty}}
-[[Category:Television articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction]]
-[[Category:Degrassi characters]]