April Morning

April Morning

File:April Morning cover.jpg
Author	Howard Fast
Country	USA
Language	English
Genre	Historical fiction, young adult
Publisher	Bantam
Publication date	1961
Media type	Print (Paperback)
Pages	208
ISBN	ISBN 0-553-27322-1

April Morning is a 1961 novel by Howard Fast depicting the Battle of Lexington and Concord from the perspective of a fictional teenager, Adam Cooper. It takes place in the 24-hour period from April 18, 1775 to the aftermath of the battle. During that stretch, Adam comes of age and resolves his difficulties with his intellectually demanding father.

While the novel was not originally written as a young adult novel, it has increasingly been assigned in middle school English and social studies classes due to the age of the protagonist and Fast’s meticulous efforts to recreate the texture of daily life in colonial America and the political currents on the eve of the American Revolution. In 1988 a film version was made for television starring Chad Lowe as Adam and Tommy Lee Jones as his father. It is often shown in classes where the book is read.

Plot summary

The novel is organized into eight chapters named after times of day.

Template:Spoilers

"The Afternoon"

His father scares him to get water for dinner from the Coopers' well. He feels a sense of impending doom and dread, so he quietly says a spell to banish evil spirits from the water. His younger brother, Levi, overhears him, and threatens to tell their father, Moses, who once punished Adam for similar behavior by whipping him with a switch seven times. Since, to Moses, the spell represents not blasphemy but superstitious ignorance, Adam questioned why his father whipped him seven times ... and was rewarded with ten more whips.

Back in the house, Adam's mother upbraids him for not spending his free time as his father did at the same age, reading and memorizing the Bible's Book of Lamentations "to profit himself." Only his grandmother gives him relief, reminding his mother that Moses as a young mans was as stubborn and pigheaded as he is now.

The Coopers eat a Dutch dish called donkers for dinner, after which Moses sternly reprimands Adam for the ignorance represented by the spell and points to the Coopers' family tradition, in 125 years in the American colonies, of literacy, rationalism and intellectualism. He pointedly tells his son that despite his considerable height, he is not yet a man in his father's eyes and has a long way to go. Adam later tells his grandmother he feels unsure he could carry this on.

As dinner ends, the Coopers are visited by their cousin Joseph Simmons, who, like Moses, is a member of the local Committee of correspondence, organizing resistance to the British and sharing information with other local committees. Simmons has been designated by the Committee to draft a statement of the rights of man, and he and Moses try to work on it. Moses expresses dissatisfaction with the document due to its invocation of God as the source of man's rights, since he believes rights are only guaranteed by those who stand up and assert them, and doesn't want to use religion in arguments, preferring reason instead.

After Simmons leaves, Moses must go to the Committee meeting. Although the minimum age is sixteen, an age Adam has not yet reached, he nonetheless asks his father if he can go. Moses rhetorically asks Adam if he can reason and think like a man. Adam cannot say yes, and stays home, convinced even more firmly that his father doesn't love him.

"The Evening"

Adam begins this chapter by recounting what his father later told his mother about what happened at the Committee meeting. The attendees discussed the committee's finances and the weapons available to it, then got to the most contentious topic on the agenda: whether or not to keep minutes. Moses won the debate with a fiery speech about how the Committee was one of the noblest things he had ever been part of and no one should be ashamed of it or anything it did, even if it should result in treason or sedition charges against the participants (historically, a very real possibility).

During this time, Adam himself goes over to the Simmons and takes their daughter, Ruth, out for a walk. Despite their family relationship, there is the possibility of a romance between them, as Ruth once told everyone that she was going to marry Adam when they grew up.

With Ruth, Adam can finally vent about what he feels to be his father's constant belittling of him. He snaps at Ruth when she gossips about a bigamist relative of his, but shortly afterwards kisses her and ends the walk on a high note.

However, Adam's mood is soured when he returns home and finds Levi has cleaned his gun. Even though he did a good job, Adam is incensed that Levi would do such a potentially dangerous thing and berates Levi in terms similar to those his own father uses on him.

As he lays awake in bed that night, Adam overhears his parents talking about him downstairs. His father is aghast when his mother tells him that Adam thinks he doesn't love him, and says quite emphatically that he does. He finally falls asleep to the sound of his mother reading The Pilgrim's Progress to his father.

"The Night"

This chapter begins with another long monologue by Adam in which he admits to agreeing with his father that dreams do not predict the future, and recounts an episode in which his father was proved right on this.

The actual action begins with Levi interrupting Adam's sleep by jumping into his older brother's bed, scared after a nightmare in which, he says, the sky was red and he died. Adam angrily tells him he's been playing war with his friends too eagerly in anticipation of the likely war with the British, and that's why he's having nightmares.

They are interrupted when Levi hears the hoofbeats of a horse coming to town at high speed, an extremely rare occurrence at night that suggests some sort of emergency situation. All Lexington is awakened, and Adam's father realizes it is Committee-related and goes out to the green along with the other men to hear what the man has to say. Adam's mother is about to forbid him to accompany his father when his grandmother overrules her and says he should be allowed to go too.

The rider tells the men of the town that he watched roughly a thousand British troops cross the Charles River and they are likely headed this way. He then continues toward Concord, where the local militias have been storing munitions in preparation for a showdown with the colonial government.

This leads to a debate among the assembled Committee members over what to do. Some believe the whole thing is overblown and that they should go back to bed. Others believe the British are simply out to arrest Samuel Adams and John Hancock, who unbeknownst to all but the village minister had been sheltered in Lexington until earlier that evening. But most believe that the British are coming in numbers far too large to simply arrest two subversives, and that their real target is the weapons cached at Concord.

Since the local Committee and thus the militia amount to merely 79 men with no military experience, the minister argues for prudence as the odds are overwhelmingly against them. This smacks of cowardice to Moses, who responds that it was this sort of situation the Committee was founded to prepare for and they must make a stand. His argument carries the day, and the church bells are rung and the Committee repairs to Buckman Tavern to muster the militia.

The militia's ranks are swelled by the local boys, including Adam, who worries that his father will again humiliate him by not letting him sign the muster book. However, Moses merely looks up surprised when Adam signs in, and later tells his mother that Adam is no longer a boy in his eyes. Moses helps his son prepare his musket for combat and, for the first time, tells him to go slowly with Ruth. After an early breakfast of cornmeal mush topped with honey, Adam goes out with his father in the early morning hours to await the British on the green.

"The Morning"

About 70 men and boys are ultimately gathered on the green to await the British; mostly joking around and finding other ways to keep their minds off what might happen. Simon Casper, a resident of a nearby town who is the only local with military experience (from the French and Indian War) shows up and argues with Moses and the minister over what degree of readiness to assume when the British arrive. They argue for not cocking weapons in advance; they are peaceful people who though they are ready to fight do not want to start a war. They say they will be prepared to argue their cause with the British, and fight only if they have no other choice. While that is the overwhelming sentiment of those gathered on the green, Casper warns that the British may not see things the same way.

The British finally arrive shortly after dawn and are faced with two lines of 33 militiamen, their uncocked weapons at their sides. Their commander, Major Pitcairn rudely orders them to disperse. The militia remains firm on the green and says nothing in reply.

A shot is fired, and then the British begin attacking. Adam sees his father struck down and killed by the first shot, and his neighbor Jonas Parker run through twice with a bayonet. Adam runs right after his father's death. He runs off the green and trips in too a ditch. Shortly after he realizes that the British are searching for survivor's and hides in a nearby smokehouse, where he falls asleep for a while. Then Levi finds him and tells him what has happened since the battle, and the two commiserate over their father's death. He tells Levi to go home and tell everyone he's safe for now and that he will come later when it is safe.

"The Forenoon"

After a short sleep, Adam is awakened by the sound of two British soldiers outside debating whether to burn the smokehouse down. He is able to watch them through a crack in the wood. They are both in favor of doing so, but since it would be against their orders, they leave it alone.

They leave, and he escapes, trying to use shortcuts through the woods. He runs into two British soldiers, and one shoots at him but his weapon misfires. He escapes across a meadow and is met by an old man, Solomon Chandler, who calms him and encourages him to grieve and weep over his father. Chandler tells him he has come to manhood, but Adam still doesn't believe it. Chandler tells him about his life, having gone to sea on merchant ships as Adam has sometimes wished to, and then come back to fight in the French and Indian War. He assures Adam that despite having run away when the shooting started on the green, he is not a coward.

The two set out via back roads and short cuts for a fork in a nearby brook where they can meet up with other local militiamen. Along the way, Chandler reassures Adam that the British can be defeated since whether they get to the arms stores at Concord or not, they will still have to return to Boston and they have disadvantages the colonists do not, such as heavy packs and weapons they do not know how to aim correctly at anything other than close range.

They eventually meet up with other militiamen, and Adam tells them all what happened in Lexington. i love aly bahn

"The Midday"

More militias eventually drift in, the result of the highly coordinated information network the Committees have set up. They learn that the British reached Concord, failed to find much in the way of munitions as those had been moved out of town before they came, and that they took heavy casualties at Old North Bridge.

They gather along the road back to Boston and plan an ambush against the retreating British when they hear gunfire in the distance and another rider informs them that the British are just up the road. Many familiar faces from Lexington come, and Adam realizes that fewer men died from his hometown than he had feared.

The British troops arrive, bedraggled and wounded from several previous ambushes. Adam is among those firing at the British from extreme close range, but despite his father's death he does not enjoy the experience, wetting his pants in the process. The militias run away afterwards, but the British do not pursue, realizing that it would only invite more casualties and waste effort.

A half-mile from the ambush site, Adam and Joseph Simmons come across other militiamen stealing effects from the body of a dead British soldier, a boy roughly Adam's own age. Simmons rebukes them and chases them away, but Adam's response to the scene is to vomit.

The British are again approaching, so the militias lay another ambush. This time Adam wants to shoot to keep his mind off what he has just seen, and does. The militias again retreat further down the road, to a barn where four riflemen sit sniping at the British from great distances. One of them is Solomon Chandler, who brags to Adam that he shot a British officer off his horse from three hundred yards. Adam realizes that, while he too now has what it takes to kill in warfare, and will do so in the future, unlike Chandler he does not take joy in it. He recalls the British wagon carrying the wounded and dead, and even finds it in himself to sympathize with them.

The militias continue their guerrilla tactics, laying ambushes for the British and then retreating through the woods to set another one, as the skirmish at Lexington showed they could not survive a direct confrontation. They meet up with others at a nearby barn, and decide to set yet another trap for the British along a nearby road, hoping that if they can tie them up more militias will be mobilized and increase the odds in their favor.

Along the way they encounter, and defeat, a British cavalry patrol, taking another wounded teenage soldier prisoner in the process.

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"The Afternoon"

Their group of militiamen meets up with yet more from neighboring towns who have answered the call in the wake of the morning's events. One suggests that the whole combined group should get together to trap the British in another nearby area suited for ambush, and hold them there for a few hours until even more colonists can show up. Together, the force will inflict a decisive and deadly victory on the British. Since it sounds like more of a plan than anything else the militias have done all day, and those few with military experience agree with it, they begin to blockade the road and lay their trap.

Along the way they see smoke rising from the vicinity of Lexington and they think that the village has been burnt by the British. Adam concludes he has nothing to go home to and decides to stick with the fight. The attack on the British goes as planned, but Adam falls asleep during it.

He is awakened sometime later by the voices of Joseph Simmons and the Reverend worrying about which of them will have to tell his mother that he, as well as his father, are dead. They are relieved when he gets up and tells them he was merely asleep, although they regard him with a sort of awe of being able to fall asleep during a battle.

They give Adam leave to return to Lexington as he has had a long day and done his duty. When he gets there, he finds that only three houses were burned, and not the Coopers'. His family is relieved to see him, as they had heard that he was dead.

His father's body has been brought home and lies in a coffin downstairs. Levi tells him of seeing British dead and wounded brought through the village, of the rude behavior of the redcoats (one of whom even threatened to shoot one of his friends). He wants to know how many British Adam killed, and is disappointed when Adam says he doesn't know. He thinks Adam should at least have gotten wounded. Adam tells him not to talk like that as his mother is deep in grief for her husband. He tells Levi he has to get used to that and face up to the new realities and be there for their mother.

Adam bathes and dresses in clean clothes, and the family bears Moses Cooper to the church with the other fallen from that morning. As Adam looks over the damage left from the battle, he realizes that unlike his brother, he has left childhood behind. He tells Joseph Simmons that the night before, his father had put his arm around him as they went out to the muster, the first and only time he felt the love his father expressed for him.

Joseph tells him there will be another muster of local militiamen the next day for the siege of Boston, but he isn't sure that he'll sign it as his position as a blacksmith is extremely important to the village. Adam is not committed yet, but may sign.

"The Evening"

Adam walks back to his home and thinks back to when he played "Pontiac," a sort of cowboys-and-indians, as a child.

At the house, many neighbors have come to visit and prepare food. Adam has a new appreciation for why so much food is cooked for the recently bereaved: "it is a tribute to the living, who are in need of it at the time." He notes that his mother, who used to make references to his excessive appetite, now seems to be worried that he might starve.

Ruth is there again, and the two talk. They take some fresh candles to the church for Adam's father. She asks about the battle in the morning on the green, and he tells her about some of the things he saw. She worries that the British will come again and the same thing will happen. "It isn't the same anymore," he tells her. "Today we knew that we wouldn't fight. But now we know that we must, and we're learning how."

After they sit quietly in the church for a few minutes, Ruth asks Adam if he loves her, and after thinking about it he says yes. She tells him she loves him, and they kiss and part.

Most of the neighbors have left when Adam returns home. He has a final conversation with his grandmother about his father, in which she tells him not to lie to himself about going to the morning's muster for the siege of Boston ... she knows he will do it.

He goes up to bed and falls asleep, thinking for one last time about how both his childhood and the world he knew are "over and done with and gone for all time."

Trivia

• The 1988 film version of April Morning was filmed in Canada.