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{{Short description|Species of plant in the Plumbaginaceae family}}
{{Short description|Species of plant in the Plumbaginaceae family}}
{{Speciesbox
{{taxobox
|image = File:Salgado plant on the beach.jpg
|image = Salgado plant on the beach.jpg
|image_caption = ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' in Ria Formosa, the Algarve, Portugal
|image_caption = ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' in Ria Formosa, the Algarve, Portugal
⚫
|genus = Limoniastrum
|regnum = [[Plant]]ae
⚫
|species = monopetalum
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
|authority = ([[L.]]) [[Boiss.]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Core eudicots]]
|ordo = [[Caryophyllales]]
|familia = [[Plumbaginaceae]]
⚫
|genus = ''[[Limoniastrum]]''
⚫
|species = '''''L. monopetalum'''''
|binomial = ''Limoniastrum monopetalum''
|binomial_authority = ([[L.]]) [[Boiss.]]
|synonyms =
|synonyms =
*''Bubania monopetala'' {{small|(L.) Girard}}
*''Bubania monopetala'' {{small|(L.) Girard}}
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*''Statice scabra'' {{small|Pers.}}
*''Statice scabra'' {{small|Pers.}}
*''Taxanthema monopetalum'' {{small|(L.) Sweet}}
*''Taxanthema monopetalum'' {{small|(L.) Sweet}}
|synonyms_ref=<ref>{{cite web |title=Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss. |url=http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:686612-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=13 May 2021}}</ref>
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=POWO>{{cite web |title=Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:686612-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=13 May 2021}}</ref>
}}
}}


'''''Limoniastrum monopetalum''''' ('Grand statice'), is a species of [[flowering plant]] in the family [[Plumbaginaceae]] that is native to between [[Europe]], Northern [[Africa]] and Western [[Asia]]. It has been found in [[salt marshes]], dunes and other coastal areas with high [[salinity]] levels.
'''''Limoniastrum monopetalum''''' ('grand statice'), is a species of [[flowering plant]] in the family [[Plumbaginaceae]] that is native to between [[Europe]], Northern [[Africa]] and Western [[Asia]]. It has been found in [[salt marshes]], dunes and other coastal areas with high [[salinity]] levels.
It has silver-grey or light green leaves on multi branching stems. At the ends of the stems are the summer blooming flowers, in shades of pink, purple, lavender and violet. It is known to be salt and drought tolerant (as a [[Halophyte]]), as well as having the ability to withstand some forms of soil pollution.
It has silver-grey or light green leaves on multi branching stems. At the ends of the stems are the summer blooming flowers, in shades of pink, purple, lavender and violet. It is known to be salt and drought tolerant (as a [[Halophyte]]), as well as having the ability to withstand some forms of [[soil pollution]].


==Description==
==Description==
[[File:Limoniastrum monopetalum1.jpg|thumb|Branch and leaves of ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'']]
[[File:Limoniastrum monopetalum1.jpg|thumb|Branch and leaves of ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'']]
''L. monopetalum'' is a small evergreen shrub,<ref name=Root>{{cite journal |last1=Akoumianaki-Ioannidou |first1=Anastasia |last2=Martini |first2=A.N. |last3=Papafotiou |first3=M. |date=January 2016 |title=Rooting and establishment of ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' (L.) Boiss stem-tip cuttings |journal=African Journal of Plant Science |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=23-31}}</ref><ref name=Slama>{{cite journal |last1=Slama |first1=Houda Ben |last2=Triki |first2=Mohamed Ali |last3=Bouket |first3=Ali Chenari |last4=Mefteh |first4=Fedia Ben |last5=Alenezi |first5=Faizah N. |last6=Luptakova |first6=Lenka |last7=Cherif-Silini |first7=Hafsa |last8=Vallat |first8=Armelle |last9=Oszako |first9=Tomasz |last10=Gharsallah |first10=Neji |last11=Belbahri |first11=Lassaad |date=2019 |title=Screening of the High-Rhizosphere Competent ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' Culturable Endophyte Microbiota Allows the Recovery of Multifaceted and Versatile Biocontrol Agents |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/7/8/249 |journal=Microorganisms |volume=7 |issue=8 |page=249 |doi=10.3390/microorganisms7080249 |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="Daves">{{cite web |title=PlantFiles: Limoniastrum |url=https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/189332/ |website=Dave's Garden |access-date=28 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref><!-- also <ref name="consulta"> --> that has long thread-like and tufted fine roots, with ephemeral roots that are produced in a wet season and then vanish afterwards. The wide spread of the roots helps the plant withstand the high salinity conditions and they can also travel down to at least 50&nbsp;cm to reach the [[water table]].<ref name=Helmut>Helmut Lieth and A.A. Al Masoom (editors) {{google books|B_X9CAAAQBAJ|Towards the rational use of high salinity tolerant plants: Vol 1. Deliberations about High Salinity Tolerant Plants and Ecosystems (1990)|page=398}}</ref>
''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' is a small evergreen shrub,<ref name=Slama>{{cite journal |last1=Slama |first1=Houda Ben |last2=Triki |first2=Mohamed Ali |last3=Bouket |first3=Ali Chenari |last4=Mefteh |first4=Fedia Ben |last5=Alenezi |first5=Faizah N. |last6=Luptakova |first6=Lenka |last7=Cherif-Silini |first7=Hafsa |last8=Vallat |first8=Armelle |last9=Oszako |first9=Tomasz |last10=Gharsallah |first10=Neji |last11=Belbahri |first11=Lassaad |date=2019 |title=Screening of the High-Rhizosphere Competent ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' Culturable Endophyte Microbiota Allows the Recovery of Multifaceted and Versatile Biocontrol Agents |journal=Microorganisms |volume=7 |issue=8 |page=249 |doi=10.3390/microorganisms7080249 |pmid=31405010 |pmc=6723025 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Daves">{{cite web |title=PlantFiles: Limoniastrum |url=https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/189332/ |website=Dave's Garden |access-date=28 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref><!-- also <ref name="consulta"> --> that has long thread-like and tufted fine roots, with ephemeral roots that are produced in a wet season and then vanish afterwards. The wide spread of the roots helps the plant withstand the high salinity conditions and they can also travel down to at least 50&nbsp;cm to reach the [[water table]].<ref name=Helmut>Helmut Lieth and A.A. Al Masoom (editors) {{google books|B_X9CAAAQBAJ|Towards the rational use of high salinity tolerant plants: Vol 1. Deliberations about High Salinity Tolerant Plants and Ecosystems (1990)|page=398}}</ref>


It can grow up to between {{convert|90|-|120|cm|0|abbr=on}} tall,<ref name=Burkhill>H.M. Burkhill, 1985. The useful plants of West Tropical Africa, Vol. 4.</ref><ref name="Herbari">{{cite web |title=''Limoniastrum monopetalum''(L.) Boiss. |url=http://herbarivirtual.uib.es/en/general/981/especie/ajocagripaus |website=Herbari Virtual del Mediterrani Occidental |access-date=12 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="horom">{{cite web |title=LIMONIASTRUM MONOPETALUM (ΛΙΜΟΝΙΑΣΤΡΟ) {{!}} Horomidis Agronomic Corp. |url=https://horomidis.gr/en/product/limoniastrum-monopetalum-limoniastro/ |access-date=12 May 2021}}</ref><!-- also <ref name="Daves"/><ref name="consulta"> --> with much branched,<ref name="Herbari"/><ref name="horom"/> and leafy stems.<ref name=Root/><ref name=Burkhill/><ref name="herbier">{{cite web |title=''Limoniastrum monopetalum'', Grand Statice - Herbier de Sardaigne (Colette) |url=http://www.monherbier.com/site/especes/42179 |website=www.monherbier.com |access-date=8 May 2021}}</ref> They are [[terete]] (round in cross-section) and grey in colour.<ref name=Burkhill/> The leaves are normally at the top of the branches, leaving the base of the branch, bare with [[leaf scars]].<ref name="asturnatura">{{cite web |title=Limoniastrum monopetalum, Verdolaga seca |url=https://www.asturnatura.com/especie/limoniastrum-monopetalum.html |website=Naturaleza y turismo |access-date=12 May 2021 |language=es}}</ref>
It can grow up to {{convert|90|-|120|cm|0|abbr=on}} tall,<ref name=Burkhill>H.M. Burkhill, 1985. The useful plants of West Tropical Africa, Vol. 4.</ref><ref name="Herbari">{{cite web |title=''Limoniastrum monopetalum''(L.) Boiss. |url=http://herbarivirtual.uib.es/en/general/981/especie/ajocagripaus |website=Herbari Virtual del Mediterrani Occidental |access-date=12 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="horom">{{cite web |title=LIMONIASTRUM MONOPETALUM (ΛΙΜΟΝΙΑΣΤΡΟ) {{!}} Horomidis Agronomic Corp. |url=https://horomidis.gr/en/product/limoniastrum-monopetalum-limoniastro/ |access-date=12 May 2021}}</ref><!-- also <ref name="Daves"/><ref name="consulta"> --> with much branched,<ref name="Herbari"/><ref name="horom"/> and leafy stems.<ref name=Burkhill/><ref name="herbier">{{cite web |title=''Limoniastrum monopetalum'', Grand Statice - Herbier de Sardaigne (Colette) |url=http://www.monherbier.com/site/especes/42179 |website=www.monherbier.com |access-date=8 May 2021}}</ref> They are [[terete]] (round in cross-section) and grey in colour.<ref name=Burkhill/> The leaves are normally at the top of the branches, leaving the base of the branch, bare with [[leaf scars]].<ref name="asturnatura">{{cite web |title=Limoniastrum monopetalum, Verdolaga seca |url=https://www.asturnatura.com/especie/limoniastrum-monopetalum.html |website=Naturaleza y turismo |access-date=12 May 2021 |language=es}}</ref>


It has light green,<ref name="pangaia">{{cite web |title=Limoniastrum monopetalum seeds |url=https://www.pangaiaseeds.com/en/ornamentals-seeds/limoniastrum-monopetalum-seeds/ |website=pangaiaseeds |access-date=12 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref> green-grey,<ref name="consulta"/> or silvery blue-green,<ref name=Root/><ref name="horom"/> leather-like,<ref name="herbier"/> stiff, narrowly spathulate (spoon-shaped) leaves.<ref name=Magyar/><ref name="consulta">{{cite web |title=''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' or Statice monopetalum {{!}} Care and Growing |url=http://www.consultaplantas.com/index.php/en/plants-from-d-to-l/2888-limoniastrum-monopetalum-or-statice-monopetalum-care-and-growing |website=www.consultaplantas.com |access-date=12 May 2021}}</ref> They are covered with white granulations<ref name="asturnatura"/>; [[calcareous]] (carbonate deposits<ref name="asturnatura"/>) [[tubercles]].<ref name=Magyar>Magyar Tudományos Akadémia ([[Hungarian Academy of Sciences]]) {{google books|UiBUAAAAMAAJ|Acta Botanica - Volumes 15-16 (1969)|page=9}}</ref> This gives the plant a whitish grey aspect.<ref name=Magyar/>
It has light green,<ref name="pangaia">{{cite web |title=Limoniastrum monopetalum seeds |url=https://www.pangaiaseeds.com/en/ornamentals-seeds/limoniastrum-monopetalum-seeds/ |website=pangaiaseeds |access-date=12 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref> green-grey,<ref name="consulta"/> or silvery blue-green,<ref name="horom"/> leather-like,<ref name="herbier"/> stiff, narrowly spathulate (spoon-shaped) leaves.<ref name=Magyar/><ref name="consulta">{{cite web |title=''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' or Statice monopetalum {{!}} Care and Growing |url=http://www.consultaplantas.com/index.php/en/plants-from-d-to-l/2888-limoniastrum-monopetalum-or-statice-monopetalum-care-and-growing |website=www.consultaplantas.com |access-date=12 May 2021}}</ref> They are covered with white granulations;<ref name="asturnatura"/> [[calcareous]] (carbonate deposits<ref name="asturnatura"/>) [[tubercles]].<ref name=Magyar>Magyar Tudományos Akadémia ([[Hungarian Academy of Sciences]]) {{google books|UiBUAAAAMAAJ|Acta Botanica - Volumes 15-16 (1969)|page=9}}</ref> This gives the plant a whitish grey aspect.<ref name=Magyar/>


It blooms between mid Spring and early Summer.<ref name=Root/><ref name="Daves"/><ref name="horom"/><!-- also <ref name="consulta"/> --> Variously; between March to November,<ref name="asturnatura"/> between July and August,<ref name="pangaia"/> or June to August.<ref name="Herbari"/> The numerous flowers,<ref name="horom"/> come in shades of bright pink,<ref name=Root/> pink,<ref name=Root/><ref name="Herbari"/><ref name="asturnatura"/><!-- also <ref name="consulta"/> --> purple-pink,<ref name="pangaia"/><ref name="horom"/> or lavender flowers.<ref name="Daves"/> As they die they fade to violet.<ref name=Root/><ref name="asturnatura"/><ref name="consulta"/>
It blooms between mid-Spring and early Summer.<ref name="Daves"/><ref name="horom"/><!-- also <ref name="consulta"/> --> Variously; between March and November,<ref name="asturnatura"/> between July and August,<ref name="pangaia"/> or June to August.<ref name="Herbari"/> The numerous flowers,<ref name="horom"/> come in shades of pink,<ref name="Herbari"/><ref name="asturnatura"/><!-- also <ref name="consulta"/> --> lavender pink,<ref>[[United States Department of Agriculture]] {{google books|A4gWAAAAYAAJ|Plant Inventory No.165, 1966|page=260}}</ref> purple-pink,<ref name="pangaia"/><ref name="horom"/> or lavender flowers.<ref name="Daves"/> As they die they fade to violet.<ref name="asturnatura"/><ref name="consulta"/>


They have articulated [[rachis]] (spine) and tubular<ref name="asturnatura"/> or funnel-shaped [[Corolla (botany)|corolla]] (the petals of a flower),<ref name="herbier"/> they appear at the ends of the branches.<ref name="Herbari"/><ref name="horom"/><ref name="consulta"/> They have leathery [[bracts]], the external sepals are 2.5-7&nbsp;mm and the internal sepals are 7.5-9&nbsp;mm long, scarious (dry and membranous), covered almost entirely by the internal bract. It also has 5 stamens.<ref name="asturnatura"/>
They have articulated [[rachis]] (spine) and tubular<ref name="asturnatura"/> or funnel-shaped [[Corolla (botany)|corolla]] (the petals of a flower),<ref name="herbier"/> they appear at the ends of the branches.<ref name="Herbari"/><ref name="horom"/><ref name="consulta"/> They have leathery [[bracts]], the external sepals are 2.5–7&nbsp;mm and the internal sepals are 7.5–9&nbsp;mm long, scarious (dry and membranous), covered almost entirely by the internal bract. It also has 5 stamens.<ref name="asturnatura"/>


After flowering it produces a fruit (or seed capsule), which is membranous, [[indehiscent]] and included in the [[Calyx (botany)|calyx]].<ref name="asturnatura"/>
After flowering it produces a fruit (or seed capsule), which is membranous, [[indehiscent]] and included in the [[Calyx (botany)|calyx]].<ref name="asturnatura"/>
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[[File:Limoniastrum monopetalum 2.JPG|thumb|''Limoniastrum monopetalum'', Parque Natural Bahía de Cádiz, [[San Fernando, Cádiz]], Spain]]
[[File:Limoniastrum monopetalum 2.JPG|thumb|''Limoniastrum monopetalum'', Parque Natural Bahía de Cádiz, [[San Fernando, Cádiz]], Spain]]
It is a [[halophyte]] plant,<ref name="herbier"/> and the leaves of ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' have been studied to determine how the plants [[Phenols|phenolic contents]] and biological activities coped with various solvent effects.<ref name=Trabelsi>{{cite journal |last1=Trabelsi |first1=Najla |last2=Megdiche |first2=Wided |last3=Ksouri |first3=Riadh |last4=Falleh |first4=Hanen |last5=Oueslati |first5=Samia |last6=Soumaya |first6=Bourgou |last7=Hajlaoui |first7=Hafedh |last8=Abdelly |first8=Chedly
It is a [[halophyte]] plant,<ref name="herbier"/> and the leaves of ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' have been studied to determine how the plants [[Phenols|phenolic contents]] and biological activities coped with various solvent effects.<ref name=Trabelsi>{{cite journal |last1=Trabelsi |first1=Najla |last2=Megdiche |first2=Wided |last3=Ksouri |first3=Riadh |last4=Falleh |first4=Hanen |last5=Oueslati |first5=Samia |last6=Soumaya |first6=Bourgou |last7=Hajlaoui |first7=Hafedh |last8=Abdelly |first8=Chedly
|title=Solvent effects on phenolic contents and biological activities of the halophyte ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' leaves |journal=[[Food Science and Technology International]] |date=2010 |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=632-639 |url=https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.elsevier-269447d9-b3d0-3d1a-bd9a-82c8736a79d4 |accessdate=30 December 2015}}</ref><ref>Q. Ashton Acton (Editor) {{google books|cH4k4NedvXcC|Issues in Food Production, Processing, and Preparation: 2011 Edition|page=377}}</ref>
|title=Solvent effects on phenolic contents and biological activities of the halophyte ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' leaves |journal=[[Food Science and Technology International]] |date=2010 |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=632–639 |url=https://www.infona.pl/resource/bwmeta1.element.elsevier-269447d9-b3d0-3d1a-bd9a-82c8736a79d4 |accessdate=30 December 2015}}</ref><ref>Q. Ashton Acton (Editor) {{google books|cH4k4NedvXcC|Issues in Food Production, Processing, and Preparation: 2011 Edition|page=377}}</ref>


In 2014, the salt excretion crystals on the leaf surface of the plant were studied as a possible metal detoxification mechanism.<ref name=Manousaki>{{cite journal |last1=Manousaki |first1=Eleni |last2=Galanaki |first2=Kosmoula |last3=Papadimitriou |first3=Lamprini |last4=Kalogerakis |first4=Nicolas |date=2014 |title=Metal phytoremediation by the halophyte ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' (L.) Boiss: two contrasting ecotypes |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24933883/ |journal=Int. J. Phytoremediation |volume=16 |issue= |pages=755-769 |doi=10.1080/15226514.2013.856847 |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref>
In 2014, the salt excretion crystals on the leaf surface of the plant were studied as a possible metal detoxification mechanism.<ref name=Manousaki>{{cite journal |last1=Manousaki |first1=Eleni |last2=Galanaki |first2=Kosmoula |last3=Papadimitriou |first3=Lamprini |last4=Kalogerakis |first4=Nicolas |date=2014 |title=Metal phytoremediation by the halophyte ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' (L.) Boiss: two contrasting ecotypes |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24933883/ |journal=Int. J. Phytoremediation |volume=16 |issue= 7–12|pages=755–769 |doi=10.1080/15226514.2013.856847 |pmid=24933883 |s2cid=7799020 |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref>


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
[[File:Edwards' botanical register, or, Ornamental flower-garden and shrubbery .. (1829-1847) (20552012764).jpg|thumb|Illustration of ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' by [[Sydenham Edwards]] in [[The Botanical Register]]]]
[[File:Edwards' botanical register, or, Ornamental flower-garden and shrubbery .. (1829-1847) (20552012764).jpg|thumb|Illustration of ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' by [[Sydenham Edwards]] in [[The Botanical Register]]]]


It is known in [[Mali]] as 'zeïta' and 'zita' in [[Arabic]].<ref name=Burkhill/> It is known in Spanish as 'Salado' or 'Verdolaga seca',<ref>{{cite web |title=Verdolaga seca, Salado - Limoniastrum monopetalum |url=https://fichas.infojardin.com/arbustos/limoniastrum-monopetalum-verdolaga-seca-salado.htm |website=fichas.infojardin.com |access-date=12 May 2021}}</ref> and in [[Catalan]] as 'Ajocagripaus'.<ref name="Herbari"/>
It is known in [[Mali]] as 'zeïta' and 'zita' in [[Arabic]].<ref name=Burkhill/> It is known in Spanish as 'Salado' or 'Verdolaga seca',<ref>{{cite web |title=Verdolaga seca, Salado - Limoniastrum monopetalum |url=https://fichas.infojardin.com/arbustos/limoniastrum-monopetalum-verdolaga-seca-salado.htm |website=fichas.infojardin.com |access-date=12 May 2021}}</ref> and in [[Catalan language|Catalan]] as 'Ajocagripaus'.<ref name="Herbari"/>


It has the common name of 'Grand statice',<ref name="herbier"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Limoniastrum monopetalum, 1596 |url=https://www.chateau-perouse.com/assets/bestanden/html_EN/01596%20Limoniastrum%20monopetalum_EN.html |access-date=10 May 2021}}</ref> (reflecting the former name of the genus).
It has the common name of 'Grand statice',<ref name="herbier"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Limoniastrum monopetalum, 1596 |url=https://www.chateau-perouse.com/assets/bestanden/html_EN/01596%20Limoniastrum%20monopetalum_EN.html |access-date=10 May 2021}}</ref> (reflecting the former name of the genus).


The Latin [[Botanical name#Binary name|specific epithet]] ''monopetalum'' derived from 'monopetalus',<ref name="asturnatura"/> and refers to 'mono' and 'petal' meaning one petal.<ref> Allen J. Coombes {{Google books|capqDQYT_VYC|The A to Z of Plant Names: A Quick Reference Guide to 4000 Garden Plants|page=50}}</ref>
The Latin [[Botanical name#Binary name|specific epithet]] ''monopetalum'' derived from 'monopetalus',<ref name="asturnatura"/> and refers to 'mono' and 'petal' meaning one petal.<ref>Allen J. Coombes {{Google books|capqDQYT_VYC|The A to Z of Plant Names: A Quick Reference Guide to 4000 Garden Plants|page=50}}</ref>


Using an earlier description by [[Carl Linnaeus]] when he had named it as ''Statice monopetala'' in his book ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' in 1753.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Statice monopetala'' {{!}} International Plant Names Index |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/687606-1 |website=www.ipni.org |access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref> After the genus ''Statice'' was re-classified as 'Limoniastrum', it was then first published as ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' (L.) Boiss by [[Pierre Edmond Boissier]] in 'Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis' Vol.12 on page 689 in 1848.<ref name="ipni">{{cite web |title=''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' {{!}} International Plant Names Index |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/686612-1 |website=www.ipni.org |publisher=[[International Plant Names Index]]}}</ref>
Using an earlier description by [[Carl Linnaeus]] when he had named it as ''Statice monopetala'' in his book ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' in 1753.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Statice monopetala'' {{!}} International Plant Names Index |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/687606-1 |website=www.ipni.org |access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref> After the genus ''Statice'' was re-classified as 'Limoniastrum', it was then first published as ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' (L.) Boiss by [[Pierre Edmond Boissier]] in 'Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis' Vol.12 on page 689 in 1848.<ref name="ipni">{{cite web |title=''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' {{!}} International Plant Names Index |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/686612-1 |website=www.ipni.org |publisher=[[International Plant Names Index]]}}</ref>


It was verified by [[United States Department of Agriculture]] [[Agricultural Research Service]] on 9 August 1995, as ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'',<ref name=grin>{{GRIN}}</ref> and it is an RHS Accepted name and was last-listed in the RHS Plant Finder in 2016.<ref name="RHS">{{cite web |title=''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' {{!}} /RHS Gardening |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/10277/i-Limoniastrum-monopetalum-i/Details |website=www.rhs.org.uk |publisher=[[Royal Horticultural Society]] |access-date=28 April 2021 |language=en-gb}}</ref>
It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture [[Agricultural Research Service]] on 9 August 1995, as ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'',<ref name=grin>{{GRIN}}</ref> and it is an RHS Accepted name and was last-listed in the RHS Plant Finder in 2016.<ref name="RHS">{{cite web |title=''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' {{!}} /RHS Gardening |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/10277/i-Limoniastrum-monopetalum-i/Details |website=www.rhs.org.uk |publisher=[[Royal Horticultural Society]] |access-date=28 April 2021 |language=en-gb}}</ref>


==Distribution and habitat==
==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Salgado plants in dunes.jpg|thumb|Plants growing in the sand dunes, [[Ria Formosa]] in the [[Algarve]], Portugal]]
[[File:Salgado plants in dunes.jpg|thumb|Plants growing in the sand dunes, [[Ria Formosa]] in the [[Algarve]], Portugal]]
''L. monopetalum'' is [[native plant|native]] to [[temperate]] areas between [[Europe]], Northern [[Africa]] and Western [[Asia]].<ref name=grin/>
''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' is [[native plant|native]] to [[temperate]] areas between [[Europe]], Northern [[Africa]] and Western [[Asia]].<ref name=grin/>


===Range===
===Range===
It is found in Europe, in the Mediterranean countries of Portugal,<ref name="RHS"/><ref name=Neves/> [[Corsica]],<ref name="herbier"/> Spain, France, Greece,<ref name=Root/> [[Balearic Islands]] of [[Mallorca]] and [[Menorca]],<ref name="Herbari"/> and Italy (incl. [[Sardinia]] and [[Sicily]]).<ref name=grin/> Within North Africa and Asia,<ref name=Burkhill/> it is found in [[Algeria]], [[Libya]] and Egypt.<ref name=grin/><ref name=Elbar/>
It is found in Europe, in the Mediterranean countries of Portugal,<ref name="RHS"/><ref name=Neves/> [[Corsica]],<ref name="herbier"/> Spain, France, Greece,<ref name=POWO/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alexiou |first1=Sotiris |title=TWO NEW LOCALITIES FOR LIMONIASTRUM MONOPETALUM (PLUMBAGINACEAE) FROM GREECE |journal=Parnassiana Archives |date=2014 |volume=2 |pages=13–16}}</ref> [[Balearic Islands]] of [[Mallorca]] and [[Menorca]],<ref name="Herbari"/> and Italy (incl. [[Sardinia]] and [[Sicily]]).<ref name=grin/> Within North Africa and Asia,<ref name=Burkhill/> it is found in [[Algeria]], [[Libya]] and Egypt.<ref name=grin/><ref name=Elbar/>


It has been introduced to [[Morocco]] and [[Tunisia]].<ref name=grin/><ref name=Debouba>{{cite journal |last1=Debouba |first1=Mohamed |last2=Zouari |first2=Sami |last3=Zouari |first3=Nacim |title=Evaluation of Antioxidant Status of Two Limoniastrum Species Growing Wild in Tunisian Salty Lands |journal=Antioxidants (Basel) |date=September 2013 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=122–131 |doi=10.3390/antiox2030122}}</ref>
It has been introduced to [[Morocco]] and [[Tunisia]].<ref name=grin/><ref name=Debouba>{{cite journal |last1=Debouba |first1=Mohamed |last2=Zouari |first2=Sami |last3=Zouari |first3=Nacim |title=Evaluation of Antioxidant Status of Two Limoniastrum Species Growing Wild in Tunisian Salty Lands |journal= Antioxidants|date=September 2013 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=122–131 |doi=10.3390/antiox2030122|pmid=26784341 |pmc=4665439 |doi-access=free }}</ref>


Since 1995, it has been found in the [[Canary Islands]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barone |first1=Rubén |last2=Mesa |first2=Ricardo |last3=Scholz |first3=Stephan |date=November 1995 |title=''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' (L.) Boiss. (Plumbaginaceae), adición a la flora de Fuerteventura (Islas Canarias)
Since 1995, it has been found in the [[Canary Islands]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barone |first1=Rubén |last2=Mesa |first2=Ricardo |last3=Scholz |first3=Stephan |date=November 1995 |title=''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' (L.) Boiss. (Plumbaginaceae), adición a la flora de Fuerteventura (Islas Canarias)
|journal=Botánica Macaronésica |volume=21 |pages=59-60}}</ref>
|journal=Botánica Macaronésica |volume=21 |pages=59–60}}</ref>


===Habitat===
===Habitat===
In Egypt, it is found in salt marshes,<ref name=Root/> coastal sand dunes and rocky ridges habitats.<ref name="Herbari"/><ref name=Elbar>{{cite journal |last1=El-Maboud |first1=Mohamed M. Abd |last2=Elbar |first2=Ola H. Abd |date=2020 |title=Adaptive responses of ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' (L.) Boiss. growing naturally at different habitats |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40502-020-00519-3 |journal=Plant Physiology Reports |volume=25 |issue= |pages=325–334 |access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref> It is also found in the dunes of the salt marsh around [[Lake Manzala]] and [[Lake Mariout|Lake Mariut]], on the west Mediterranean coast and also the salt marshes near [[Sallum]].<ref name=Zahran> M.A. Zahran and A.J. Willis {{google books|svLDxKCIs5AC|The Vegetation of Egypt 2nd Edt. (2009)|page=263}}</ref> In Portugal, it is found in salt marshes with ''[[Halimione portulacoides|Atriplex portulacoides]]''.<ref name=Neves>{{cite journal |last1=Neves |first1=J. P. |last2=Ferreira |first2=L. F. |last3=Simões |first3=M. P. |last4=Gazarini |first4=L. C. |date=June 2007 |title=Primary production and nutrient content in two salt marsh species, ''Atriplex portulacoides'' L. and ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' L., in Southern Portugal |journal=Estuaries and Coasts |volume=30 |issue= |pages=459–468 |doi= |access-date=}}</ref>
In Egypt, it is found in salt marshes,<ref name=Neves/><ref name=Zahran/> coastal sand dunes and rocky ridges habitats.<ref name="Herbari"/><ref name=Elbar>{{cite journal |last1=El-Maboud |first1=Mohamed M. Abd |last2=Elbar |first2=Ola H. Abd |date=2020 |title=Adaptive responses of ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' (L.) Boiss. growing naturally at different habitats |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40502-020-00519-3 |journal=Plant Physiology Reports |volume=25 |issue= 2|pages=325–334 |doi=10.1007/s40502-020-00519-3 |access-date=7 May 2021|url-access=subscription }}</ref> It is also found in the dunes of the salt marsh around [[Lake Manzala]] and [[Lake Mariout|Lake Mariut]], on the west Mediterranean coast and also the salt marshes near [[Sallum]].<ref name=Zahran>M.A. Zahran and A.J. Willis {{google books|svLDxKCIs5AC|The Vegetation of Egypt 2nd Edt. (2009)|page=263}}</ref> In Portugal, it is found in salt marshes with ''[[Halimione portulacoides|Atriplex portulacoides]]''.<ref name=Neves>{{cite journal |last1=Neves |first1=J. P. |last2=Ferreira |first2=L. F. |last3=Simões |first3=M. P. |last4=Gazarini |first4=L. C. |date=June 2007 |title=Primary production and nutrient content in two salt marsh species, ''Atriplex portulacoides'' L. and ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' L., in Southern Portugal |journal=Estuaries and Coasts |volume=30 |issue= 3|pages=459–468 |doi= 10.1007/BF02819392|s2cid=84379819 |access-date=}}</ref>


It is often found growing alone.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' - Varieties — Garden Jardinitis |url=https://garden.jardinitis.com/limoniastrum-varieties-b10efa/ |website=garden.jardinitis.com |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref>
It is often found growing alone.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' - Varieties — Garden Jardinitis |url=https://garden.jardinitis.com/limoniastrum-varieties-b10efa/ |website=garden.jardinitis.com |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref>


==Protection status==
==Protection status==
It appears on the list of plant species protected throughout mainland France.<ref>Inventory of Protected Plants in France , Philippe Danton and Michel Baffray, Nathan, 1995, page 160.</ref><ref>Red Book of Threatened Flora of France , volume 1: Priority species. National Museum of Natural History , 1995, page 274.</ref>
It appears on the list of plant species protected throughout mainland France.<ref>Inventory of Protected Plants in France , Philippe Danton and Michel Baffray, Nathan, 1995, page 160.</ref><ref>Red Book of Threatened Flora of France , volume 1: Priority species. National Museum of Natural History , 1995, page 274.</ref>


==Cultivation==
==Cultivation==
[[File:Limoniastrum monopetalum (748324786).jpg|thumb|Close-up of the flowers, taken in Ibiza, Spain]]
[[File:Limoniastrum monopetalum (748324786).jpg|thumb|Close-up of the flowers, taken in Ibiza, Spain]]
''L. monopetalum'' is [[Hardiness (plants)|hardy]] enough for a Mediterranean climate. It can take sporadic frosts down to -5 ºC.<ref name="consulta"/> This means between [[USDA]] Zone 10a to Zone 11.<ref name="Daves"/>
''L. monopetalum'' is [[Hardiness (plants)|hardy]] enough for a Mediterranean climate. It can take sporadic frosts down to -5&nbsp;°C.<ref name="consulta"/> This means between [[USDA]] Zone 10a and Zone 11.<ref name="Daves"/>


They can grow in any type of soil, even in poor and salty soils,<ref name=Root/><ref name="horom"/><ref name="consulta"/> and it grows well in sandy soils,<ref name="pangaia"/> and can tolerate neutral or acidic soils (with [[Soil pH|pH levels]] between 6.6 – 7.8).<ref name="Daves"/>
They can grow in any type of soil, even in poor and salty soils,<ref name="horom"/><ref name="consulta"/> and it grows well in sandy soils,<ref name="pangaia"/> and can tolerate neutral or acidic soils (with [[Soil pH|pH levels]] between 6.6 and 7.8).<ref name="Daves"/>


It prefers to grow in positions in full sun,<ref name="consulta"/><ref name="horom"/><ref name="Daves"/> but is very resistant to drought,<ref name="Daves"/><ref name="horom"/><!-- also <ref name=Root/> --> and pollution.<ref name="consulta"/>
It prefers to grow in positions in full sun,<ref name="consulta"/><ref name="horom"/><ref name="Daves"/> but is very resistant to drought,<ref name="Daves"/><ref name="horom"/> and pollution.<ref name="consulta"/>


It is suitable for coastal planting,<ref name="horom"/><ref name="consulta"/> and they have been used in Mediterranean coastal gardens to cover slopes, planted in bushy groups and in pots and planters. They can combine well with plants of the genus; [[Cistus]], [[Salvia]], [[Rosmarinus]], [[Eriocephalus]] and [[Bupleurum]].<ref name="consulta"/> In the Baleares, it has been grown as a [[groundcover]] for motorway roadsides,<ref name="Herbari"/> although is some [[littoral]] (near shore) areas it has become [[naturalized]].<ref name=Root/>
It is suitable for coastal planting,<ref name="horom"/><ref name="consulta"/> and they have been used in Mediterranean coastal gardens to cover slopes, planted in bushy groups and in pots and planters. They can combine well with plants of the genus; [[Cistus]], [[Salvia]], [[Rosmarinus]], [[Eriocephalus]] and [[Bupleurum]].<ref name="consulta"/> In the Baleares, it has been grown as a [[groundcover]] for motorway roadsides,<ref name="Herbari"/> although in some [[littoral]] (near shore) areas it has become [[naturalized]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barone |first1=Rubén |last2=Scholz |first2=Stephan |last3=Mesa |first3=Ricardo |title=''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' (L.) Boiss. (Plumbaginaceae), adición a la flora de Fuerteventura (Islas Canarias) |journal=Botánica Macaronésica |date=16 November 1995 |volume=21 |pages=59–60}}</ref>


They are not usually attacked by the usual Mediterranean pests and diseases.<ref name="consulta"/>
They are not usually attacked by the usual Mediterranean pests and diseases.<ref name="consulta"/>


===Propagation===
===Propagation===
''L. monopetalum'' can be propagated in summer by [[Cutting (plant)|cuttings]],<ref name="consulta"/> using the stem-tip method.<ref name=Root/>
''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' can be propagated in summer by [[Cutting (plant)|cuttings]],<ref name="consulta"/> using the stem-tip method or by [[In vitro]] micropropagation.<ref name=Martini>{{cite journal |last1=Martini |first1=Aikaterini N. |last2=Papafotiou |first2=Maria |title=In Vitro Propagation and NaCl Tolerance of the Multipurpose Medicinal Halophyte ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' |journal=HortScience |date=20 February 2020 |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=436–443|doi=10.21273/HORTSCI14584-19 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
It was noted that cuttings taken in the winter or the spring, were more successful than those collected in summer or autumn.<ref name=Root/>
It was noted that cuttings taken in the winter or the spring, were more successful than those collected in summer or autumn.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Martini |first1=A.N. |last2=Papafotiou |first2=M. |title=Micropropagation of ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' L. |journal=Acta Hortic |date=2016 |volume=1113 |issue=1113 |pages=195–200 |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1113.29}}</ref>


==Cultivars==
==Cultivars==
Line 103: Line 96:


==Uses==
==Uses==
''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' is a traditional medicinal species which a leaf infusion exhibits anti-dysenteric properties against infectious diseases.<ref name=Trabelsi/> ''L. monopetalum'' and ''[[Limoniastrum guyonianum]]'' have been studied for [[antioxidant]] status.<ref name=Root/><ref name=Debouba/>
''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' is a traditional medicinal species which a leaf infusion exhibits anti-dysenteric properties against infectious diseases.<ref name=Trabelsi/><ref name=Martini/> ''L. monopetalum'' and ''[[Limoniastrum guyonianum]]'' have been studied for [[antioxidant]] status.<ref name=Debouba/>


''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' is used as [[fodder]] for camels,<ref name=Burkhill/><ref name=Root/> especially during the winter.<ref> Laudadio V., Dario M., Hammadi M., Tufarelli V. Nutritional composition of three fodder species browsed by camels (''Camelus dromedarius'') on arid area of Tunisia. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 2008; 41: pages 1219–1224</ref> It is also used in farms as a fuel source.<ref name=Burkhill/>
''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' is used as [[fodder]] for camels,<ref name=Burkhill/> especially during the winter.<ref>Laudadio V., Dario M., Hammadi M., Tufarelli V. Nutritional composition of three fodder species browsed by camels (''Camelus dromedarius'') on arid area of Tunisia. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 2008; 41: pages 1219–1224</ref> It is also used in farms as a fuel source.<ref name=Burkhill/>


The shrub is also an ecological habitat of a large number of insects such as ''[[Lepidoptera]]'' and ''[[Hymenoptera]]'' (including ''[[Oecocecis guyonella]]'', ''Acalyptris limoniastri''),as the [[larvae]] feed on the plant and they create a [[gall]] on a branch, in which to [[pupate]].<ref name=Debouba/>
The shrub is also an ecological habitat of a large number of insects such as ''[[Lepidoptera]]'' and ''[[Hymenoptera]]'' (including ''[[Oecocecis guyonella]]'', ''Acalyptris limoniastri''),as the [[larvae]] feed on the plant and they create a [[gall]] on a branch, in which to [[pupate]].<ref name=Debouba/>


In southern Tunisia, these galls are used to tan leather and in the dyeing of hair. They can also be used medically, an [[infusion]] (tea) of galls and the leaf is used against infectious or parasitic disease causing [[diarrhoea]].<ref>Chaieb M., Boukhris M. Flore Suscinte et Illustrée des Zones Arides et Sahariennes de Tunisie. Association de la Protection de la Nature et de l’Environnement; Sfax, Tunisia: 1998. pp. 204–205</ref>
In southern Tunisia, these galls are used to tan leather and in the dyeing of hair.<ref name=Martini/> They can also be used medically, an [[infusion]] (tea) of galls and the leaf is used against infectious or parasitic disease causing [[diarrhoea]].<ref name=Martini/><ref>Chaieb M., Boukhris M. Flore Suscinte et Illustrée des Zones Arides et Sahariennes de Tunisie. Association de la Protection de la Nature et de l’Environnement; Sfax, Tunisia: 1998. pp. 204–205</ref>


''L. monopetalum'' is a potential plant to be used for [[xeriscaping]],<ref name="Daves"/> and landscape architecture in semi-arid Mediterranean areas, especially with poor, saline, neglected or degraded soils. It also has ecological value, as a sand accumulator (using the roots), salt tolerant [[windbreak]] and an inhibitor of soil erosion.<ref name=Root/>
''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' is a potential plant to be used for [[xeriscaping]],<ref name="Daves"/> and landscape architecture in semi-arid Mediterranean areas, especially with poor, saline, neglected or degraded soils. It also has ecological value, as a sand accumulator (using the roots), salt tolerant [[windbreak]].<ref name=Martini/>


===Soil Contamination===
===Soil Contamination===
In [[Al-Alamein]], Egypt near (El-Hammra station, the main [[crude oil]] pipeline terminal) the environment is contaminated with crude oil spill as a result of various activities from refineries; such as oilfield blowouts, tanker and pipeline break-ups. The area was previously was a mixture of various common halophytes species. However, ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' is now the only recorded species found growing in the oil-contaminated soil, since 2002.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hussein |first1=Hussein S. |last2=Terry |first2=Norman |date=April 2002 |title=Phytomonitoring the unique colonization of oil-contaminated saline environment by ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' (L.) Boiss in Egypt |journal=Environment International |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=127-135}}</ref> A 2011 study was carried out on the ''L. monopetalum'' populations established on the crude oil polluted soil.<ref>Ranya El-Bakatoushi, 'Identification and characterization of up-regulated genes in the halophyte ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' (L.) Boiss grown under crude oil pollution', Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Volume 9, Issue 2, December 2011, Pages 137-148 </ref>
In [[Al-Alamein]], Egypt near (El-Hammra station, the main [[crude oil]] pipeline terminal) the environment is contaminated with crude oil spill as a result of various activities from refineries; such as oilfield blowouts, tanker and pipeline break-ups. The area was previously a mixture of various common halophytes species. However, ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' is now the only recorded species found growing in the oil-contaminated soil, since 2002.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hussein |first1=Hussein S. |last2=Terry |first2=Norman |date=April 2002 |title=Phytomonitoring the unique colonization of oil-contaminated saline environment by ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' (L.) Boiss in Egypt |journal=Environment International |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=127–135|doi=10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00016-8 |pmid=12046949 }}</ref> A 2011 study was carried out on the ''L. monopetalum'' populations established on the crude oil polluted soil.<ref>Ranya El-Bakatoushi, 'Identification and characterization of up-regulated genes in the halophyte ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' (L.) Boiss grown under crude oil pollution', Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Volume 9, Issue 2, December 2011, Pages 137-148</ref>


It has been also found that the plant's salt glands can also absorb small amounts of [[cadmium]] (Cd) and [[Lead]] (Pb).<ref name=Manousaki/> It can also absorb [[Zinc]] (Zn).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cambrollé |first1=Jesús |last2=Mancilla-Leytón |first2=J.M. |last3=Muñoz Vallés |first3=Sara |last4=Figueroa-Luque |first4=Enrique |title=Evaluation of zinc tolerance and accumulation potential of the coastal shrub ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' (L.) Boiss |journal=Environmental and Experimental Botany |date=January 2013 |volume=85 |pages=50–57}}</ref>
It has been also found that the plant's salt glands can also absorb small amounts of [[cadmium]] (Cd) and [[Lead]] (Pb).<ref name=Manousaki/> It can also absorb [[Zinc]] (Zn).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cambrollé |first1=Jesús |last2=Mancilla-Leytón |first2=J.M. |last3=Muñoz Vallés |first3=Sara |last4=Figueroa-Luque |first4=Enrique |title=Evaluation of zinc tolerance and accumulation potential of the coastal shrub ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' (L.) Boiss |journal=Environmental and Experimental Botany |date=January 2013 |volume=85 |pages=50–57|doi=10.1016/j.envexpbot.2012.08.007 }}</ref>
This means the plant has [[phytoremediation]] potentials.<ref name=Manousaki/><ref name=Root/><ref name=Slama/>
This means the plant has [[phytoremediation]] potentials.<ref name=Manousaki/><ref name=Slama/>


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 08:27, 13 December 2023

Limoniastrum monopetalum
Limoniastrum monopetalum in Ria Formosa, the Algarve, Portugal
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Plumbaginaceae
Genus: Limoniastrum
Species:
L. monopetalum
Binomial name
Limoniastrum monopetalum
Synonyms[1]
  • Bubania monopetala (L.) Girard
  • Limoniastrum articulatum Moench
  • Limoniastrum multiflorum Bonhomme & P.Fourn.
  • Limonium monopetalum (L.) Hill
  • Limonium siculum Mill.
  • Statice denudata Regel & Körn.
  • Statice monopetala L.
  • Statice scabra Pers.
  • Taxanthema monopetalum (L.) Sweet

Limoniastrum monopetalum ('grand statice'), is a species of flowering plant in the family Plumbaginaceae that is native to between Europe, Northern Africa and Western Asia. It has been found in salt marshes, dunes and other coastal areas with high salinity levels. It has silver-grey or light green leaves on multi branching stems. At the ends of the stems are the summer blooming flowers, in shades of pink, purple, lavender and violet. It is known to be salt and drought tolerant (as a Halophyte), as well as having the ability to withstand some forms of soil pollution.

Description[edit]

Branch and leaves of Limoniastrum monopetalum

Limoniastrum monopetalum is a small evergreen shrub,[2][3] that has long thread-like and tufted fine roots, with ephemeral roots that are produced in a wet season and then vanish afterwards. The wide spread of the roots helps the plant withstand the high salinity conditions and they can also travel down to at least 50 cm to reach the water table.[4]

It can grow up to 90–120 cm (35–47 in) tall,[5][6][7] with much branched,[6][7] and leafy stems.[5][8] They are terete (round in cross-section) and grey in colour.[5] The leaves are normally at the top of the branches, leaving the base of the branch, bare with leaf scars.[9]

It has light green,[10] green-grey,[11] or silvery blue-green,[7] leather-like,[8] stiff, narrowly spathulate (spoon-shaped) leaves.[12][11] They are covered with white granulations;[9] calcareous (carbonate deposits[9]) tubercles.[12] This gives the plant a whitish grey aspect.[12]

It blooms between mid-Spring and early Summer.[3][7] Variously; between March and November,[9] between July and August,[10] or June to August.[6] The numerous flowers,[7] come in shades of pink,[6][9] lavender pink,[13] purple-pink,[10][7] or lavender flowers.[3] As they die they fade to violet.[9][11]

They have articulated rachis (spine) and tubular[9] or funnel-shaped corolla (the petals of a flower),[8] they appear at the ends of the branches.[6][7][11] They have leathery bracts, the external sepals are 2.5–7 mm and the internal sepals are 7.5–9 mm long, scarious (dry and membranous), covered almost entirely by the internal bract. It also has 5 stamens.[9]

After flowering it produces a fruit (or seed capsule), which is membranous, indehiscent and included in the calyx.[9]

Biochemistry[edit]

Limoniastrum monopetalum, Parque Natural Bahía de Cádiz, San Fernando, Cádiz, Spain

It is a halophyte plant,[8] and the leaves of Limoniastrum monopetalum have been studied to determine how the plants phenolic contents and biological activities coped with various solvent effects.[14][15]

In 2014, the salt excretion crystals on the leaf surface of the plant were studied as a possible metal detoxification mechanism.[16]

Taxonomy[edit]

Illustration of Limoniastrum monopetalum by Sydenham Edwards in The Botanical Register

It is known in Mali as 'zeïta' and 'zita' in Arabic.[5] It is known in Spanish as 'Salado' or 'Verdolaga seca',[17] and in Catalan as 'Ajocagripaus'.[6]

It has the common name of 'Grand statice',[8][18] (reflecting the former name of the genus).

The Latin specific epithet monopetalum derived from 'monopetalus',[9] and refers to 'mono' and 'petal' meaning one petal.[19]

Using an earlier description by Carl Linnaeus when he had named it as Statice monopetala in his book Species Plantarum in 1753.[20] After the genus Statice was re-classified as 'Limoniastrum', it was then first published as Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss by Pierre Edmond Boissier in 'Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis' Vol.12 on page 689 in 1848.[21]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service on 9 August 1995, as Limoniastrum monopetalum,[22] and it is an RHS Accepted name and was last-listed in the RHS Plant Finder in 2016.[23]

Distribution and habitat[edit]

Plants growing in the sand dunes, Ria Formosa in the Algarve, Portugal

Limoniastrum monopetalum is native to temperate areas between Europe, Northern Africa and Western Asia.[22]

Range[edit]

It is found in Europe, in the Mediterranean countries of Portugal,[23][24] Corsica,[8] Spain, France, Greece,[1][25] Balearic Islands of Mallorca and Menorca,[6] and Italy (incl. Sardinia and Sicily).[22] Within North Africa and Asia,[5] it is found in Algeria, Libya and Egypt.[22][26]

It has been introduced to Morocco and Tunisia.[22][27]

Since 1995, it has been found in the Canary Islands.[28]

Habitat[edit]

In Egypt, it is found in salt marshes,[24][29] coastal sand dunes and rocky ridges habitats.[6][26] It is also found in the dunes of the salt marsh around Lake Manzala and Lake Mariut, on the west Mediterranean coast and also the salt marshes near Sallum.[29] In Portugal, it is found in salt marshes with Atriplex portulacoides.[24]

It is often found growing alone.[30]

Protection status[edit]

It appears on the list of plant species protected throughout mainland France.[31][32]

Cultivation[edit]

Close-up of the flowers, taken in Ibiza, Spain

L. monopetalum is hardy enough for a Mediterranean climate. It can take sporadic frosts down to -5 °C.[11] This means between USDA Zone 10a and Zone 11.[3]

They can grow in any type of soil, even in poor and salty soils,[7][11] and it grows well in sandy soils,[10] and can tolerate neutral or acidic soils (with pH levels between 6.6 and 7.8).[3]

It prefers to grow in positions in full sun,[11][7][3] but is very resistant to drought,[3][7] and pollution.[11]

It is suitable for coastal planting,[7][11] and they have been used in Mediterranean coastal gardens to cover slopes, planted in bushy groups and in pots and planters. They can combine well with plants of the genus; Cistus, Salvia, Rosmarinus, Eriocephalus and Bupleurum.[11] In the Baleares, it has been grown as a groundcover for motorway roadsides,[6] although in some littoral (near shore) areas it has become naturalized.[33]

They are not usually attacked by the usual Mediterranean pests and diseases.[11]

Propagation[edit]

Limoniastrum monopetalum can be propagated in summer by cuttings,[11] using the stem-tip method or by In vitro micropropagation.[34] It was noted that cuttings taken in the winter or the spring, were more successful than those collected in summer or autumn.[35]

Cultivars[edit]

There is one known cultivar; Limoniastrum monopetalum 'Carnaval' which is an evergreen subshrub that forms a mound, and has fleshy, spoon-shaped to narrowly lance-shaped, grey-green leaves and magenta flowers that bloom from early summer to early autumn. It is frost hardy.[36][37]

Uses[edit]

Limoniastrum monopetalum is a traditional medicinal species which a leaf infusion exhibits anti-dysenteric properties against infectious diseases.[14][34] L. monopetalum and Limoniastrum guyonianum have been studied for antioxidant status.[27]

Limoniastrum monopetalum is used as fodder for camels,[5] especially during the winter.[38] It is also used in farms as a fuel source.[5]

The shrub is also an ecological habitat of a large number of insects such as Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera (including Oecocecis guyonella, Acalyptris limoniastri),as the larvae feed on the plant and they create a gall on a branch, in which to pupate.[27]

In southern Tunisia, these galls are used to tan leather and in the dyeing of hair.[34] They can also be used medically, an infusion (tea) of galls and the leaf is used against infectious or parasitic disease causing diarrhoea.[34][39]

Limoniastrum monopetalum is a potential plant to be used for xeriscaping,[3] and landscape architecture in semi-arid Mediterranean areas, especially with poor, saline, neglected or degraded soils. It also has ecological value, as a sand accumulator (using the roots), salt tolerant windbreak.[34]

Soil Contamination[edit]

In Al-Alamein, Egypt near (El-Hammra station, the main crude oil pipeline terminal) the environment is contaminated with crude oil spill as a result of various activities from refineries; such as oilfield blowouts, tanker and pipeline break-ups. The area was previously a mixture of various common halophytes species. However, Limoniastrum monopetalum is now the only recorded species found growing in the oil-contaminated soil, since 2002.[40] A 2011 study was carried out on the L. monopetalum populations established on the crude oil polluted soil.[41]

It has been also found that the plant's salt glands can also absorb small amounts of cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb).[16] It can also absorb Zinc (Zn).[42] This means the plant has phytoremediation potentials.[16][2]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b "Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 13 May 2021.
  2. ^ a b Slama, Houda Ben; Triki, Mohamed Ali; Bouket, Ali Chenari; Mefteh, Fedia Ben; Alenezi, Faizah N.; Luptakova, Lenka; Cherif-Silini, Hafsa; Vallat, Armelle; Oszako, Tomasz; Gharsallah, Neji; Belbahri, Lassaad (2019). "Screening of the High-Rhizosphere Competent Limoniastrum monopetalum Culturable Endophyte Microbiota Allows the Recovery of Multifaceted and Versatile Biocontrol Agents". Microorganisms. 7 (8): 249. doi:10.3390/microorganisms7080249. PMC 6723025. PMID 31405010.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h "PlantFiles: Limoniastrum". Dave's Garden. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  4. ^ Helmut Lieth and A.A. Al Masoom (editors) Towards the rational use of high salinity tolerant plants: Vol 1. Deliberations about High Salinity Tolerant Plants and Ecosystems (1990), p. 398, at Google Books
  5. ^ a b c d e f g H.M. Burkhill, 1985. The useful plants of West Tropical Africa, Vol. 4.
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  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "LIMONIASTRUM MONOPETALUM (ΛΙΜΟΝΙΑΣΤΡΟ) | Horomidis Agronomic Corp". Retrieved 12 May 2021.
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  10. ^ a b c d "Limoniastrum monopetalum seeds". pangaiaseeds. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Limoniastrum monopetalum or Statice monopetalum | Care and Growing". www.consultaplantas.com. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
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  13. ^ United States Department of Agriculture Plant Inventory No.165, 1966, p. 260, at Google Books
  14. ^ a b Trabelsi, Najla; Megdiche, Wided; Ksouri, Riadh; Falleh, Hanen; Oueslati, Samia; Soumaya, Bourgou; Hajlaoui, Hafedh; Abdelly, Chedly (2010). "Solvent effects on phenolic contents and biological activities of the halophyte Limoniastrum monopetalum leaves". Food Science and Technology International. 43 (4): 632–639. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  15. ^ Q. Ashton Acton (Editor) Issues in Food Production, Processing, and Preparation: 2011 Edition, p. 377, at Google Books
  16. ^ a b c Manousaki, Eleni; Galanaki, Kosmoula; Papadimitriou, Lamprini; Kalogerakis, Nicolas (2014). "Metal phytoremediation by the halophyte Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss: two contrasting ecotypes". Int. J. Phytoremediation. 16 (7–12): 755–769. doi:10.1080/15226514.2013.856847. PMID 24933883. S2CID 7799020. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  17. ^ "Verdolaga seca, Salado - Limoniastrum monopetalum". fichas.infojardin.com. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  18. ^ "Limoniastrum monopetalum, 1596". Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  19. ^ Allen J. Coombes The A to Z of Plant Names: A Quick Reference Guide to 4000 Garden Plants, p. 50, at Google Books
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  21. ^ "Limoniastrum monopetalum | International Plant Names Index". www.ipni.org. International Plant Names Index.
  22. ^ a b c d e "Limoniastrum monopetalum". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
  23. ^ a b "Limoniastrum monopetalum | /RHS Gardening". www.rhs.org.uk. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  24. ^ a b c Neves, J. P.; Ferreira, L. F.; Simões, M. P.; Gazarini, L. C. (June 2007). "Primary production and nutrient content in two salt marsh species, Atriplex portulacoides L. and Limoniastrum monopetalum L., in Southern Portugal". Estuaries and Coasts. 30 (3): 459–468. doi:10.1007/BF02819392. S2CID 84379819.
  25. ^ Alexiou, Sotiris (2014). "TWO NEW LOCALITIES FOR LIMONIASTRUM MONOPETALUM (PLUMBAGINACEAE) FROM GREECE". Parnassiana Archives. 2: 13–16.
  26. ^ a b El-Maboud, Mohamed M. Abd; Elbar, Ola H. Abd (2020). "Adaptive responses of Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss. growing naturally at different habitats". Plant Physiology Reports. 25 (2): 325–334. doi:10.1007/s40502-020-00519-3. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  27. ^ a b c Debouba, Mohamed; Zouari, Sami; Zouari, Nacim (September 2013). "Evaluation of Antioxidant Status of Two Limoniastrum Species Growing Wild in Tunisian Salty Lands". Antioxidants. 2 (3): 122–131. doi:10.3390/antiox2030122. PMC 4665439. PMID 26784341.
  28. ^ Barone, Rubén; Mesa, Ricardo; Scholz, Stephan (November 1995). "Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss. (Plumbaginaceae), adición a la flora de Fuerteventura (Islas Canarias)". Botánica Macaronésica. 21: 59–60.
  29. ^ a b M.A. Zahran and A.J. Willis The Vegetation of Egypt 2nd Edt. (2009), p. 263, at Google Books
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  31. ^ Inventory of Protected Plants in France , Philippe Danton and Michel Baffray, Nathan, 1995, page 160.
  32. ^ Red Book of Threatened Flora of France , volume 1: Priority species. National Museum of Natural History , 1995, page 274.
  33. ^ Barone, Rubén; Scholz, Stephan; Mesa, Ricardo (16 November 1995). "Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss. (Plumbaginaceae), adición a la flora de Fuerteventura (Islas Canarias)". Botánica Macaronésica. 21: 59–60.
  34. ^ a b c d e Martini, Aikaterini N.; Papafotiou, Maria (20 February 2020). "In Vitro Propagation and NaCl Tolerance of the Multipurpose Medicinal Halophyte Limoniastrum monopetalum". HortScience. 55 (4): 436–443. doi:10.21273/HORTSCI14584-19.
  35. ^ Martini, A.N.; Papafotiou, M. (2016). "Micropropagation of Limoniastrum monopetalum L.". Acta Hortic. 1113 (1113): 195–200. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1113.29.
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  38. ^ Laudadio V., Dario M., Hammadi M., Tufarelli V. Nutritional composition of three fodder species browsed by camels (Camelus dromedarius) on arid area of Tunisia. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 2008; 41: pages 1219–1224
  39. ^ Chaieb M., Boukhris M. Flore Suscinte et Illustrée des Zones Arides et Sahariennes de Tunisie. Association de la Protection de la Nature et de l’Environnement; Sfax, Tunisia: 1998. pp. 204–205
  40. ^ Hussein, Hussein S.; Terry, Norman (April 2002). "Phytomonitoring the unique colonization of oil-contaminated saline environment by Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss in Egypt". Environment International. 28 (1): 127–135. doi:10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00016-8. PMID 12046949.
  41. ^ Ranya El-Bakatoushi, 'Identification and characterization of up-regulated genes in the halophyte Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss grown under crude oil pollution', Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Volume 9, Issue 2, December 2011, Pages 137-148
  42. ^ Cambrollé, Jesús; Mancilla-Leytón, J.M.; Muñoz Vallés, Sara; Figueroa-Luque, Enrique (January 2013). "Evaluation of zinc tolerance and accumulation potential of the coastal shrub Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss". Environmental and Experimental Botany. 85: 50–57. doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2012.08.007.

Other sources[edit]

  • Castrviejo Bolibar, Santiago & al. (eds.), Iberian flora ... Vol.II Platanaceae-Plumbaginaceae, 1990

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