Limoniastrum monopetalum: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
AnomieBOT (talk | contribs)
Bots
6,257,247 edits
m Dating maintenance tags: {{Cn}}
added notes and refs
Line 23: Line 23:
*''Statice scabra'' {{small|Pers.}}
*''Statice scabra'' {{small|Pers.}}
*''Taxanthema monopetalum'' {{small|(L.) Sweet}}
*''Taxanthema monopetalum'' {{small|(L.) Sweet}}
|synonyms_ref=<ref>{{cite web |title=Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss. |url=http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:686612-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=13 May 2021}}</ref>
|synonyms_ref=<ref namePOWO>{{cite web |title=Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss. |url=http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:686612-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |access-date=13 May 2021}}</ref>
}}
}}


Line 37: Line 37:
It has light green,<ref name="pangaia">{{cite web |title=Limoniastrum monopetalum seeds |url=https://www.pangaiaseeds.com/en/ornamentals-seeds/limoniastrum-monopetalum-seeds/ |website=pangaiaseeds |access-date=12 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref> green-grey,<ref name="consulta"/> or silvery blue-green,<ref name="horom"/> leather-like,<ref name="herbier"/> stiff, narrowly spathulate (spoon-shaped) leaves.<ref name=Magyar/><ref name="consulta">{{cite web |title=''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' or Statice monopetalum {{!}} Care and Growing |url=http://www.consultaplantas.com/index.php/en/plants-from-d-to-l/2888-limoniastrum-monopetalum-or-statice-monopetalum-care-and-growing |website=www.consultaplantas.com |access-date=12 May 2021}}</ref> They are covered with white granulations<ref name="asturnatura"/>; [[calcareous]] (carbonate deposits<ref name="asturnatura"/>) [[tubercles]].<ref name=Magyar>Magyar Tudományos Akadémia ([[Hungarian Academy of Sciences]]) {{google books|UiBUAAAAMAAJ|Acta Botanica - Volumes 15-16 (1969)|page=9}}</ref> This gives the plant a whitish grey aspect.<ref name=Magyar/>
It has light green,<ref name="pangaia">{{cite web |title=Limoniastrum monopetalum seeds |url=https://www.pangaiaseeds.com/en/ornamentals-seeds/limoniastrum-monopetalum-seeds/ |website=pangaiaseeds |access-date=12 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref> green-grey,<ref name="consulta"/> or silvery blue-green,<ref name="horom"/> leather-like,<ref name="herbier"/> stiff, narrowly spathulate (spoon-shaped) leaves.<ref name=Magyar/><ref name="consulta">{{cite web |title=''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' or Statice monopetalum {{!}} Care and Growing |url=http://www.consultaplantas.com/index.php/en/plants-from-d-to-l/2888-limoniastrum-monopetalum-or-statice-monopetalum-care-and-growing |website=www.consultaplantas.com |access-date=12 May 2021}}</ref> They are covered with white granulations<ref name="asturnatura"/>; [[calcareous]] (carbonate deposits<ref name="asturnatura"/>) [[tubercles]].<ref name=Magyar>Magyar Tudományos Akadémia ([[Hungarian Academy of Sciences]]) {{google books|UiBUAAAAMAAJ|Acta Botanica - Volumes 15-16 (1969)|page=9}}</ref> This gives the plant a whitish grey aspect.<ref name=Magyar/>


It blooms between mid Spring and early Summer.<ref name="Daves"/><ref name="horom"/><!-- also <ref name="consulta"/> --> Variously; between March to November,<ref name="asturnatura"/> between July and August,<ref name="pangaia"/> or June to August.<ref name="Herbari"/> The numerous flowers,<ref name="horom"/> come in shades of bright pink,{{cn|date=May 2021}} pink,<ref name="Herbari"/><ref name="asturnatura"/><!-- also <ref name="consulta"/> --> purple-pink,<ref name="pangaia"/><ref name="horom"/> or lavender flowers.<ref name="Daves"/> As they die they fade to violet.<ref name="asturnatura"/><ref name="consulta"/>
It blooms between mid Spring and early Summer.<ref name="Daves"/><ref name="horom"/><!-- also <ref name="consulta"/> --> Variously; between March to November,<ref name="asturnatura"/> between July and August,<ref name="pangaia"/> or June to August.<ref name="Herbari"/> The numerous flowers,<ref name="horom"/> come in shades of pink,<ref name="Herbari"/><ref name="asturnatura"/><!-- also <ref name="consulta"/> --> lavender pink,<ref>[[United States Department of Agriculture]] {{google books|A4gWAAAAYAAJ|Plant Inventory No.165, 1966|page=260}}</ref> purple-pink,<ref name="pangaia"/><ref name="horom"/> or lavender flowers.<ref name="Daves"/> As they die they fade to violet.<ref name="asturnatura"/><ref name="consulta"/>


They have articulated [[rachis]] (spine) and tubular<ref name="asturnatura"/> or funnel-shaped [[Corolla (botany)|corolla]] (the petals of a flower),<ref name="herbier"/> they appear at the ends of the branches.<ref name="Herbari"/><ref name="horom"/><ref name="consulta"/> They have leathery [[bracts]], the external sepals are 2.5-7&nbsp;mm and the internal sepals are 7.5-9&nbsp;mm long, scarious (dry and membranous), covered almost entirely by the internal bract. It also has 5 stamens.<ref name="asturnatura"/>
They have articulated [[rachis]] (spine) and tubular<ref name="asturnatura"/> or funnel-shaped [[Corolla (botany)|corolla]] (the petals of a flower),<ref name="herbier"/> they appear at the ends of the branches.<ref name="Herbari"/><ref name="horom"/><ref name="consulta"/> They have leathery [[bracts]], the external sepals are 2.5-7&nbsp;mm and the internal sepals are 7.5-9&nbsp;mm long, scarious (dry and membranous), covered almost entirely by the internal bract. It also has 5 stamens.<ref name="asturnatura"/>
Line 61: Line 61:
Using an earlier description by [[Carl Linnaeus]] when he had named it as ''Statice monopetala'' in his book ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' in 1753.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Statice monopetala'' {{!}} International Plant Names Index |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/687606-1 |website=www.ipni.org |access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref> After the genus ''Statice'' was re-classified as 'Limoniastrum', it was then first published as ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' (L.) Boiss by [[Pierre Edmond Boissier]] in 'Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis' Vol.12 on page 689 in 1848.<ref name="ipni">{{cite web |title=''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' {{!}} International Plant Names Index |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/686612-1 |website=www.ipni.org |publisher=[[International Plant Names Index]]}}</ref>
Using an earlier description by [[Carl Linnaeus]] when he had named it as ''Statice monopetala'' in his book ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' in 1753.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Statice monopetala'' {{!}} International Plant Names Index |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/687606-1 |website=www.ipni.org |access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref> After the genus ''Statice'' was re-classified as 'Limoniastrum', it was then first published as ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' (L.) Boiss by [[Pierre Edmond Boissier]] in 'Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis' Vol.12 on page 689 in 1848.<ref name="ipni">{{cite web |title=''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' {{!}} International Plant Names Index |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/686612-1 |website=www.ipni.org |publisher=[[International Plant Names Index]]}}</ref>


It was verified by [[United States Department of Agriculture]] [[Agricultural Research Service]] on 9 August 1995, as ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'',<ref name=grin>{{GRIN}}</ref> and it is an RHS Accepted name and was last-listed in the RHS Plant Finder in 2016.<ref name="RHS">{{cite web |title=''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' {{!}} /RHS Gardening |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/10277/i-Limoniastrum-monopetalum-i/Details |website=www.rhs.org.uk |publisher=[[Royal Horticultural Society]] |access-date=28 April 2021 |language=en-gb}}</ref>
It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture [[Agricultural Research Service]] on 9 August 1995, as ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'',<ref name=grin>{{GRIN}}</ref> and it is an RHS Accepted name and was last-listed in the RHS Plant Finder in 2016.<ref name="RHS">{{cite web |title=''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' {{!}} /RHS Gardening |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/10277/i-Limoniastrum-monopetalum-i/Details |website=www.rhs.org.uk |publisher=[[Royal Horticultural Society]] |access-date=28 April 2021 |language=en-gb}}</ref>


==Distribution and habitat==
==Distribution and habitat==
Line 68: Line 68:


===Range===
===Range===
It is found in Europe, in the Mediterranean countries of Portugal,<ref name="RHS"/><ref name=Neves/> [[Corsica]],<ref name="herbier"/> Spain, France, Greece,{{cn|date=May 2021}} [[Balearic Islands]] of [[Mallorca]] and [[Menorca]],<ref name="Herbari"/> and Italy (incl. [[Sardinia]] and [[Sicily]]).<ref name=grin/> Within North Africa and Asia,<ref name=Burkhill/> it is found in [[Algeria]], [[Libya]] and Egypt.<ref name=grin/><ref name=Elbar/>
It is found in Europe, in the Mediterranean countries of Portugal,<ref name="RHS"/><ref name=Neves/> [[Corsica]],<ref name="herbier"/> Spain, France, Greece,<ref namePOWO/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Alexiou |first1=Sotiris |title=TWO NEW LOCALITIES FOR LIMONIASTRUM MONOPETALUM (PLUMBAGINACEAE) FROM GREECE |journal=Parnassiana Archives |date=2014 |volume=2 |pages=13–16}}</ref> [[Balearic Islands]] of [[Mallorca]] and [[Menorca]],<ref name="Herbari"/> and Italy (incl. [[Sardinia]] and [[Sicily]]).<ref name=grin/> Within North Africa and Asia,<ref name=Burkhill/> it is found in [[Algeria]], [[Libya]] and Egypt.<ref name=grin/><ref name=Elbar/>


It has been introduced to [[Morocco]] and [[Tunisia]].<ref name=grin/><ref name=Debouba>{{cite journal |last1=Debouba |first1=Mohamed |last2=Zouari |first2=Sami |last3=Zouari |first3=Nacim |title=Evaluation of Antioxidant Status of Two Limoniastrum Species Growing Wild in Tunisian Salty Lands |journal=Antioxidants (Basel) |date=September 2013 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=122–131 |doi=10.3390/antiox2030122|pmid=26784341 |pmc=4665439 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
It has been introduced to [[Morocco]] and [[Tunisia]].<ref name=grin/><ref name=Debouba>{{cite journal |last1=Debouba |first1=Mohamed |last2=Zouari |first2=Sami |last3=Zouari |first3=Nacim |title=Evaluation of Antioxidant Status of Two Limoniastrum Species Growing Wild in Tunisian Salty Lands |journal=Antioxidants (Basel) |date=September 2013 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=122–131 |doi=10.3390/antiox2030122|pmid=26784341 |pmc=4665439 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
Line 76: Line 76:


===Habitat===
===Habitat===
In Egypt, it is found in salt marshes,{{cn|date=May 2021}} coastal sand dunes and rocky ridges habitats.<ref name="Herbari"/><ref name=Elbar>{{cite journal |last1=El-Maboud |first1=Mohamed M. Abd |last2=Elbar |first2=Ola H. Abd |date=2020 |title=Adaptive responses of ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' (L.) Boiss. growing naturally at different habitats |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40502-020-00519-3 |journal=Plant Physiology Reports |volume=25 |issue= 2|pages=325–334 |doi=10.1007/s40502-020-00519-3 |access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref> It is also found in the dunes of the salt marsh around [[Lake Manzala]] and [[Lake Mariout|Lake Mariut]], on the west Mediterranean coast and also the salt marshes near [[Sallum]].<ref name=Zahran> M.A. Zahran and A.J. Willis {{google books|svLDxKCIs5AC|The Vegetation of Egypt 2nd Edt. (2009)|page=263}}</ref> In Portugal, it is found in salt marshes with ''[[Halimione portulacoides|Atriplex portulacoides]]''.<ref name=Neves>{{cite journal |last1=Neves |first1=J. P. |last2=Ferreira |first2=L. F. |last3=Simões |first3=M. P. |last4=Gazarini |first4=L. C. |date=June 2007 |title=Primary production and nutrient content in two salt marsh species, ''Atriplex portulacoides'' L. and ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' L., in Southern Portugal |journal=Estuaries and Coasts |volume=30 |issue= 3|pages=459–468 |doi= 10.1007/BF02819392|access-date=}}</ref>
In Egypt, it is found in salt marshes,<ref name=Neves/><ref name=Zahran/> coastal sand dunes and rocky ridges habitats.<ref name="Herbari"/><ref name=Elbar>{{cite journal |last1=El-Maboud |first1=Mohamed M. Abd |last2=Elbar |first2=Ola H. Abd |date=2020 |title=Adaptive responses of ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' (L.) Boiss. growing naturally at different habitats |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40502-020-00519-3 |journal=Plant Physiology Reports |volume=25 |issue= 2|pages=325–334 |doi=10.1007/s40502-020-00519-3 |access-date=7 May 2021}}</ref> It is also found in the dunes of the salt marsh around [[Lake Manzala]] and [[Lake Mariout|Lake Mariut]], on the west Mediterranean coast and also the salt marshes near [[Sallum]].<ref name=Zahran> M.A. Zahran and A.J. Willis {{google books|svLDxKCIs5AC|The Vegetation of Egypt 2nd Edt. (2009)|page=263}}</ref> In Portugal, it is found in salt marshes with ''[[Halimione portulacoides|Atriplex portulacoides]]''.<ref name=Neves>{{cite journal |last1=Neves |first1=J. P. |last2=Ferreira |first2=L. F. |last3=Simões |first3=M. P. |last4=Gazarini |first4=L. C. |date=June 2007 |title=Primary production and nutrient content in two salt marsh species, ''Atriplex portulacoides'' L. and ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' L., in Southern Portugal |journal=Estuaries and Coasts |volume=30 |issue= 3|pages=459–468 |doi= 10.1007/BF02819392|access-date=}}</ref>


It is often found growing alone.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' - Varieties — Garden Jardinitis |url=https://garden.jardinitis.com/limoniastrum-varieties-b10efa/ |website=garden.jardinitis.com |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref>
It is often found growing alone.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' - Varieties — Garden Jardinitis |url=https://garden.jardinitis.com/limoniastrum-varieties-b10efa/ |website=garden.jardinitis.com |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref>
Line 91: Line 91:
It prefers to grow in positions in full sun,<ref name="consulta"/><ref name="horom"/><ref name="Daves"/> but is very resistant to drought,<ref name="Daves"/><ref name="horom"/> and pollution.<ref name="consulta"/>
It prefers to grow in positions in full sun,<ref name="consulta"/><ref name="horom"/><ref name="Daves"/> but is very resistant to drought,<ref name="Daves"/><ref name="horom"/> and pollution.<ref name="consulta"/>


It is suitable for coastal planting,<ref name="horom"/><ref name="consulta"/> and they have been used in Mediterranean coastal gardens to cover slopes, planted in bushy groups and in pots and planters. They can combine well with plants of the genus; [[Cistus]], [[Salvia]], [[Rosmarinus]], [[Eriocephalus]] and [[Bupleurum]].<ref name="consulta"/> In the Baleares, it has been grown as a [[groundcover]] for motorway roadsides,<ref name="Herbari"/> although is some [[littoral]] (near shore) areas it has become [[naturalized]].{{cn|date=May 2021}}
It is suitable for coastal planting,<ref name="horom"/><ref name="consulta"/> and they have been used in Mediterranean coastal gardens to cover slopes, planted in bushy groups and in pots and planters. They can combine well with plants of the genus; [[Cistus]], [[Salvia]], [[Rosmarinus]], [[Eriocephalus]] and [[Bupleurum]].<ref name="consulta"/> In the Baleares, it has been grown as a [[groundcover]] for motorway roadsides,<ref name="Herbari"/> although is some [[littoral]] (near shore) areas it has become [[naturalized]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barone |first1=Rubén |last2=Scholz |first2=Stephan |last3=Mesa |first3=Ricardo |title=''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' (L.) Boiss. (Plumbaginaceae), adición a la flora de Fuerteventura (Islas Canarias) |journal=Botánica Macaronésica |date=16 November 1995 |volume=21 |pages=59–60}}</ref>


They are not usually attacked by the usual Mediterranean pests and diseases.<ref name="consulta"/>
They are not usually attacked by the usual Mediterranean pests and diseases.<ref name="consulta"/>


===Propagation===
===Propagation===
''L. monopetalum'' can be propagated in summer by [[Cutting (plant)|cuttings]],<ref name="consulta"/> using the stem-tip method.{{cn|date=May 2021}}
''L. monopetalum'' can be propagated in summer by [[Cutting (plant)|cuttings]],<ref name="consulta"/> using the stem-tip method.
It was noted that cuttings taken in the winter or the spring, were more successful than those collected in summer or autumn.{{cn|date=May 2021}}
It was noted that cuttings taken in the winter or the spring, were more successful than those collected in summer or autumn.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Martini |first1=A.N. |last2=Papafotiou |first2=M. |title=Micropropagation of ''Limoniastrum monopetalum'' L. |journal=Acta Hortic |date=2016 |volume=1113 |pages=195-200 |doi=10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1113.29}}</ref>


==Cultivars==
==Cultivars==

Revision as of 00:39, 23 May 2021

Limoniastrum monopetalum
Limoniastrum monopetalum in Ria Formosa, the Algarve, Portugal
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Core eudicots
Order:
Caryophyllales
Family:
Plumbaginaceae
Genus:
Limoniastrum
Species:
L. monopetalum
Binomial name
Limoniastrum monopetalum
SynonymsCite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page).
  • Bubania monopetala (L.) Girard
  • Limoniastrum articulatum Moench
  • Limoniastrum multiflorum Bonhomme & P.Fourn.
  • Limonium monopetalum (L.) Hill
  • Limonium siculum Mill.
  • Statice denudata Regel & Körn.
  • Statice monopetala L.
  • Statice scabra Pers.
  • Taxanthema monopetalum (L.) Sweet

Limoniastrum monopetalum ('Grand statice'), is a species of flowering plant in the family Plumbaginaceae that is native to between Europe, Northern Africa and Western Asia. It has been found in salt marshes, dunes and other coastal areas with high salinity levels. It has silver-grey or light green leaves on multi branching stems. At the ends of the stems are the summer blooming flowers, in shades of pink, purple, lavender and violet. It is known to be salt and drought tolerant (as a Halophyte), as well as having the ability to withstand some forms of soil pollution.

Description

Branch and leaves of Limoniastrum monopetalum

L. monopetalum is a small evergreen shrub,[1][2] that has long thread-like and tufted fine roots, with ephemeral roots that are produced in a wet season and then vanish afterwards. The wide spread of the roots helps the plant withstand the high salinity conditions and they can also travel down to at least 50 cm to reach the water table.[3]

It can grow up to between 90–120 cm (35–47 in) tall,[4][5][6] with much branched,[5][6] and leafy stems.[4][7] They are terete (round in cross-section) and grey in colour.[4] The leaves are normally at the top of the branches, leaving the base of the branch, bare with leaf scars.[8]

It has light green,[9] green-grey,[10] or silvery blue-green,[6] leather-like,[7] stiff, narrowly spathulate (spoon-shaped) leaves.[11][10] They are covered with white granulations[8]; calcareous (carbonate deposits[8]) tubercles.[11] This gives the plant a whitish grey aspect.[11]

It blooms between mid Spring and early Summer.[2][6] Variously; between March to November,[8] between July and August,[9] or June to August.[5] The numerous flowers,[6] come in shades of pink,[5][8] lavender pink,[12] purple-pink,[9][6] or lavender flowers.[2] As they die they fade to violet.[8][10]

They have articulated rachis (spine) and tubular[8] or funnel-shaped corolla (the petals of a flower),[7] they appear at the ends of the branches.[5][6][10] They have leathery bracts, the external sepals are 2.5-7 mm and the internal sepals are 7.5-9 mm long, scarious (dry and membranous), covered almost entirely by the internal bract. It also has 5 stamens.[8]

After flowering it produces a fruit (or seed capsule), which is membranous, indehiscent and included in the calyx.[8]

Biochemistry

Limoniastrum monopetalum, Parque Natural Bahía de Cádiz, San Fernando, Cádiz, Spain

It is a halophyte plant,[7] and the leaves of Limoniastrum monopetalum have been studied to determine how the plants phenolic contents and biological activities coped with various solvent effects.[13][14]

In 2014, the salt excretion crystals on the leaf surface of the plant were studied as a possible metal detoxification mechanism.[15]

Taxonomy

Illustration of Limoniastrum monopetalum by Sydenham Edwards in The Botanical Register

It is known in Mali as 'zeïta' and 'zita' in Arabic.[4] It is known in Spanish as 'Salado' or 'Verdolaga seca',[16] and in Catalan as 'Ajocagripaus'.[5]

It has the common name of 'Grand statice',[7][17] (reflecting the former name of the genus).

The Latin specific epithet monopetalum derived from 'monopetalus',[8] and refers to 'mono' and 'petal' meaning one petal.[18]

Using an earlier description by Carl Linnaeus when he had named it as Statice monopetala in his book Species Plantarum in 1753.[19] After the genus Statice was re-classified as 'Limoniastrum', it was then first published as Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss by Pierre Edmond Boissier in 'Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis' Vol.12 on page 689 in 1848.[20]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service on 9 August 1995, as Limoniastrum monopetalum,[21] and it is an RHS Accepted name and was last-listed in the RHS Plant Finder in 2016.[22]

Distribution and habitat

Plants growing in the sand dunes, Ria Formosa in the Algarve, Portugal

L. monopetalum is native to temperate areas between Europe, Northern Africa and Western Asia.[21]

Range

It is found in Europe, in the Mediterranean countries of Portugal,[22][23] Corsica,[7] Spain, France, Greece,Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page).[24] Balearic Islands of Mallorca and Menorca,[5] and Italy (incl. Sardinia and Sicily).[21] Within North Africa and Asia,[4] it is found in Algeria, Libya and Egypt.[21][25]

It has been introduced to Morocco and Tunisia.[21][26]

Since 1995, it has been found in the Canary Islands.[27]

Habitat

In Egypt, it is found in salt marshes,[23][28] coastal sand dunes and rocky ridges habitats.[5][25] It is also found in the dunes of the salt marsh around Lake Manzala and Lake Mariut, on the west Mediterranean coast and also the salt marshes near Sallum.[28] In Portugal, it is found in salt marshes with Atriplex portulacoides.[23]

It is often found growing alone.[29]

Protection status

It appears on the list of plant species protected throughout mainland France.[30][31]

Cultivation

Close-up of the flowers, taken in Ibiza, Spain

L. monopetalum is hardy enough for a Mediterranean climate. It can take sporadic frosts down to -5 ºC.[10] This means between USDA Zone 10a to Zone 11.[2]

They can grow in any type of soil, even in poor and salty soils,[6][10] and it grows well in sandy soils,[9] and can tolerate neutral or acidic soils (with pH levels between 6.6 – 7.8).[2]

It prefers to grow in positions in full sun,[10][6][2] but is very resistant to drought,[2][6] and pollution.[10]

It is suitable for coastal planting,[6][10] and they have been used in Mediterranean coastal gardens to cover slopes, planted in bushy groups and in pots and planters. They can combine well with plants of the genus; Cistus, Salvia, Rosmarinus, Eriocephalus and Bupleurum.[10] In the Baleares, it has been grown as a groundcover for motorway roadsides,[5] although is some littoral (near shore) areas it has become naturalized.[32]

They are not usually attacked by the usual Mediterranean pests and diseases.[10]

Propagation

L. monopetalum can be propagated in summer by cuttings,[10] using the stem-tip method. It was noted that cuttings taken in the winter or the spring, were more successful than those collected in summer or autumn.[33]

Cultivars

There is one known cultivar; Limoniastrum monopetalum 'Carnaval' which is an evergreen subshrub that forms a mound, and has fleshy, spoon-shaped to narrowly lance-shaped, grey-green leaves and magenta flowers that bloom from early summer to early autumn. It is frost hardy.[34][35]

Uses

Limoniastrum monopetalum is a traditional medicinal species which a leaf infusion exhibits anti-dysenteric properties against infectious diseases.[13] L. monopetalum and Limoniastrum guyonianum have been studied for antioxidant status.[26]

Limoniastrum monopetalum is used as fodder for camels,[4] especially during the winter.[36] It is also used in farms as a fuel source.[4]

The shrub is also an ecological habitat of a large number of insects such as Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera (including Oecocecis guyonella, Acalyptris limoniastri),as the larvae feed on the plant and they create a gall on a branch, in which to pupate.[26]

In southern Tunisia, these galls are used to tan leather and in the dyeing of hair. They can also be used medically, an infusion (tea) of galls and the leaf is used against infectious or parasitic disease causing diarrhoea.[37]

L. monopetalum is a potential plant to be used for xeriscaping,[2] and landscape architecture in semi-arid Mediterranean areas, especially with poor, saline, neglected or degraded soils. It also has ecological value, as a sand accumulator (using the roots), salt tolerant windbreak and an inhibitor of soil erosion.[citation needed]

Soil Contamination

In Al-Alamein, Egypt near (El-Hammra station, the main crude oil pipeline terminal) the environment is contaminated with crude oil spill as a result of various activities from refineries; such as oilfield blowouts, tanker and pipeline break-ups. The area was previously was a mixture of various common halophytes species. However, Limoniastrum monopetalum is now the only recorded species found growing in the oil-contaminated soil, since 2002.[38] A 2011 study was carried out on the L. monopetalum populations established on the crude oil polluted soil.[39]

It has been also found that the plant's salt glands can also absorb small amounts of cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb).[15] It can also absorb Zinc (Zn).[40] This means the plant has phytoremediation potentials.[15][1]

References

  1. ^ a b Slama, Houda Ben; Triki, Mohamed Ali; Bouket, Ali Chenari; Mefteh, Fedia Ben; Alenezi, Faizah N.; Luptakova, Lenka; Cherif-Silini, Hafsa; Vallat, Armelle; Oszako, Tomasz; Gharsallah, Neji; Belbahri, Lassaad (2019). "Screening of the High-Rhizosphere Competent Limoniastrum monopetalum Culturable Endophyte Microbiota Allows the Recovery of Multifaceted and Versatile Biocontrol Agents". Microorganisms. 7 (8): 249. doi:10.3390/microorganisms7080249. PMC 6723025. PMID 31405010.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h "PlantFiles: Limoniastrum". Dave's Garden. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  3. ^ Helmut Lieth and A.A. Al Masoom (editors) Towards the rational use of high salinity tolerant plants: Vol 1. Deliberations about High Salinity Tolerant Plants and Ecosystems (1990), p. 398, at Google Books
  4. ^ a b c d e f g H.M. Burkhill, 1985. The useful plants of West Tropical Africa, Vol. 4.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Limoniastrum monopetalum(L.) Boiss". Herbari Virtual del Mediterrani Occidental. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "LIMONIASTRUM MONOPETALUM (ΛΙΜΟΝΙΑΣΤΡΟ) | Horomidis Agronomic Corp". Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  7. ^ a b c d e f "Limoniastrum monopetalum, Grand Statice - Herbier de Sardaigne (Colette)". www.monherbier.com. Retrieved 8 May 2021.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Limoniastrum monopetalum, Verdolaga seca". Naturaleza y turismo (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  9. ^ a b c d "Limoniastrum monopetalum seeds". pangaiaseeds. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Limoniastrum monopetalum or Statice monopetalum | Care and Growing". www.consultaplantas.com. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  11. ^ a b c Magyar Tudományos Akadémia (Hungarian Academy of Sciences) Acta Botanica - Volumes 15-16 (1969), p. 9, at Google Books
  12. ^ United States Department of Agriculture Plant Inventory No.165, 1966, p. 260, at Google Books
  13. ^ a b Trabelsi, Najla; Megdiche, Wided; Ksouri, Riadh; Falleh, Hanen; Oueslati, Samia; Soumaya, Bourgou; Hajlaoui, Hafedh; Abdelly, Chedly (2010). "Solvent effects on phenolic contents and biological activities of the halophyte Limoniastrum monopetalum leaves". Food Science and Technology International. 43 (4): 632–639. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
  14. ^ Q. Ashton Acton (Editor) Issues in Food Production, Processing, and Preparation: 2011 Edition, p. 377, at Google Books
  15. ^ a b c Manousaki, Eleni; Galanaki, Kosmoula; Papadimitriou, Lamprini; Kalogerakis, Nicolas (2014). "Metal phytoremediation by the halophyte Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss: two contrasting ecotypes". Int. J. Phytoremediation. 16 (7–12): 755–769. doi:10.1080/15226514.2013.856847. PMID 24933883. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  16. ^ "Verdolaga seca, Salado - Limoniastrum monopetalum". fichas.infojardin.com. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  17. ^ "Limoniastrum monopetalum, 1596". Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  18. ^ Allen J. Coombes The A to Z of Plant Names: A Quick Reference Guide to 4000 Garden Plants, p. 50, at Google Books
  19. ^ "Statice monopetala | International Plant Names Index". www.ipni.org. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  20. ^ "Limoniastrum monopetalum | International Plant Names Index". www.ipni.org. International Plant Names Index.
  21. ^ a b c d e "Limoniastrum monopetalum". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
  22. ^ a b "Limoniastrum monopetalum | /RHS Gardening". www.rhs.org.uk. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  23. ^ a b c Neves, J. P.; Ferreira, L. F.; Simões, M. P.; Gazarini, L. C. (June 2007). "Primary production and nutrient content in two salt marsh species, Atriplex portulacoides L. and Limoniastrum monopetalum L., in Southern Portugal". Estuaries and Coasts. 30 (3): 459–468. doi:10.1007/BF02819392.
  24. ^ Alexiou, Sotiris (2014). "TWO NEW LOCALITIES FOR LIMONIASTRUM MONOPETALUM (PLUMBAGINACEAE) FROM GREECE". Parnassiana Archives. 2: 13–16.
  25. ^ a b El-Maboud, Mohamed M. Abd; Elbar, Ola H. Abd (2020). "Adaptive responses of Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss. growing naturally at different habitats". Plant Physiology Reports. 25 (2): 325–334. doi:10.1007/s40502-020-00519-3. Retrieved 7 May 2021.
  26. ^ a b c Debouba, Mohamed; Zouari, Sami; Zouari, Nacim (September 2013). "Evaluation of Antioxidant Status of Two Limoniastrum Species Growing Wild in Tunisian Salty Lands". Antioxidants (Basel). 2 (3): 122–131. doi:10.3390/antiox2030122. PMC 4665439. PMID 26784341.
  27. ^ Barone, Rubén; Mesa, Ricardo; Scholz, Stephan (November 1995). "Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss. (Plumbaginaceae), adición a la flora de Fuerteventura (Islas Canarias)". Botánica Macaronésica. 21: 59–60.
  28. ^ a b M.A. Zahran and A.J. Willis The Vegetation of Egypt 2nd Edt. (2009), p. 263, at Google Books
  29. ^ "Limoniastrum monopetalum - Varieties — Garden Jardinitis". garden.jardinitis.com. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  30. ^ Inventory of Protected Plants in France , Philippe Danton and Michel Baffray, Nathan, 1995, page 160.
  31. ^ Red Book of Threatened Flora of France , volume 1: Priority species. National Museum of Natural History , 1995, page 274.
  32. ^ Barone, Rubén; Scholz, Stephan; Mesa, Ricardo (16 November 1995). "Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss. (Plumbaginaceae), adición a la flora de Fuerteventura (Islas Canarias)". Botánica Macaronésica. 21: 59–60.
  33. ^ Martini, A.N.; Papafotiou, M. (2016). "Micropropagation of Limoniastrum monopetalum L.". Acta Hortic. 1113: 195–200. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2016.1113.29.
  34. ^ "Limoniastrum monopetalum 'Carnaval'". www.shootgardening.co.uk. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  35. ^ Gay, Jennifer. "Thoughts on Gardening on the Island of Andros". Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  36. ^ Laudadio V., Dario M., Hammadi M., Tufarelli V. Nutritional composition of three fodder species browsed by camels (Camelus dromedarius) on arid area of Tunisia. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 2008; 41: pages 1219–1224
  37. ^ Chaieb M., Boukhris M. Flore Suscinte et Illustrée des Zones Arides et Sahariennes de Tunisie. Association de la Protection de la Nature et de l’Environnement; Sfax, Tunisia: 1998. pp. 204–205
  38. ^ Hussein, Hussein S.; Terry, Norman (April 2002). "Phytomonitoring the unique colonization of oil-contaminated saline environment by Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss in Egypt". Environment International. 28 (1): 127–135. doi:10.1016/S0160-4120(02)00016-8. PMID 12046949.
  39. ^ Ranya El-Bakatoushi, 'Identification and characterization of up-regulated genes in the halophyte Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss grown under crude oil pollution', Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Volume 9, Issue 2, December 2011, Pages 137-148
  40. ^ Cambrollé, Jesús; Mancilla-Leytón, J.M.; Muñoz Vallés, Sara; Figueroa-Luque, Enrique (January 2013). "Evaluation of zinc tolerance and accumulation potential of the coastal shrub Limoniastrum monopetalum (L.) Boiss". Environmental and Experimental Botany. 85: 50–57. doi:10.1016/j.envexpbot.2012.08.007.

Other sources

  • Castrviejo Bolibar, Santiago & al. (eds.), Iberian flora ... Vol.II Platanaceae-Plumbaginaceae, 1990

Media related to Limoniastrum monopetalum at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Limoniastrum monopetalum at Wikispecies

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Limoniastrum_monopetalum&oldid=1024580746"