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{{short description|Star in the constellation Ursa Minor}}
{{Starbox short |
{{Starbox begin
| name=ζ Ursae Minoris
| name = ζ Ursae Minoris
| epoch=[[J2000.0]]
| constell=[[Ursa Minor]]
| ra=15<sup>h</sup> 44<sup>m</sup> 03.5<sup>s</sup>
| dec=+77° 47' 40"
| spectral=A3Vn
| appmag_v=+4.29
| dist_ly=376 ± 20
| dist_pc=115 ± 6
| names=16&nbsp;Ursae Minoris, [[Star catalogue#BS, BSC, HR|HR]]&nbsp;5903,<BR/>[[Henry Draper Catalogue|HD]]&nbsp;142105, [[Star catalogue#BD.2FCD.2FCPD|BD]]+78&nbsp;527,<BR/>FK5&nbsp;590, [[Hipparcos catalogue|HIP]]&nbsp;77055,<BR/>[[Star catalogue#SAO|SAO]]&nbsp;8328, GC&nbsp;21243
}}
}}
{{Starbox image
'''Zeta Ursae Minoris''' (ζ UMi / ζ Ursae Minoris) is a [[star]] in the [[constellation]] [[Ursa Minor]]. It also has the traditional name '''Alifa al Farkadain'''.
| image =
{{Location mark
|image=Ursa Minor constellation map.svg|alt=|float=center|width=240
|label=|position=right
|mark=Red circle.svg|mark_width=10|mark_link=ζ UMi
|x=416|y=500
}}
| caption = Location of ζ Ursae Minoris (circled)
}}
{{Starbox observe
| epoch = J2000
| ra = {{RA|15|44|03.51892}}<ref name=vanLeeuwen2007/>
| dec = {{DEC|+77|47|40.1788}}<ref name=vanLeeuwen2007/>
| appmag_v = +4.29<ref name=Anderson2012/>
| constell = [[Ursa Minor]]
}}
{{Starbox character
| type =
| class = A3Vn<ref name=Cowley_et_al_1969/>
| b-v = {{val|0.038|0.005}}<ref name=Anderson2012/>
| u-b = +0.05<ref name="clpl99"/>
| variable = Suspected [[Delta Scuti variable|δ Sct]]<ref name=Frolov1970/>
}}
{{Starbox astrometry
| radial_v = {{val|−13.1|4.1}}<ref name=Gontcharov2006/>
| prop_mo_ra = 19.91<ref name=vanLeeuwen2007/>
| prop_mo_dec = −1.99<ref name=vanLeeuwen2007/>
| parallax = 8.84
| p_error = 0.12
| parallax_footnote = <ref name=vanLeeuwen2007/>
| absmag_v = −0.98<ref name=Anderson2012/>
}}
{{Starbox detail
| mass = ~3.4<ref name=kalerzet/>
| radius = 6.15<ref name=Cotten_Song_2016/>
| luminosity = 227<ref name=Anderson2012/>
| temperature = 8,720<ref name=Cotten_Song_2016/>
| metal_fe =
| rotation =
| rotational_velocity = 210<ref name=vanBelle2012/>
| gravity =
| age_myr = 180<ref name=Su_et_al_2006/>
}}
{{Starbox catalog
| names = {{odlist | B=Zeta UMi, ζ&nbsp;UMi | F=16&nbsp;Ursae Minoris | FK5=590 | HR=5903 | HD=142105 | BD=+78°527 | HIP=77055 | SAO=8328 | GC=21243 | NSV=7263 }}<ref name=SIMBAD/>
}}
{{Starbox reference
| Simbad=zet+UMi
}}
{{Starbox end}}


'''Zeta Ursae Minoris''', which is [[Romanization of Greek|Latinized]] from ζ Ursae Minoris, is a single<ref name=Eggleton_Tokovinin_2008/> [[star]] in the northern [[circumpolar constellation]] of [[Ursa Minor]], forming the northernmost part of the bowl in this "little dipper" [[Asterism (astronomy)|asterism]].<ref name=Harrington2010/> The star has a white hue and is faintly visible to the naked eye with an [[apparent visual magnitude]] of +4.28. It is located at a distance of approximately 369&nbsp;[[light-year]]s from the [[Sun]] based on [[stellar parallax|parallax]],<ref name=vanLeeuwen2007/> but is drifting further closer with a [[radial velocity]] of about –13&nbsp;km/s.<ref name=Gontcharov2006/>
Zeta Ursae Minoris is a white [[stellar classification|A-type]] [[main sequence|main sequence dwarf]] with an [[apparent magnitude]] of +4.32. It is approximately 376 [[light year]]s from [[Earth]].


[[File:ZetaUMiLightCurve.png|thumb|left|A [[light curve]] for Zeta Ursae Minoris, plotted from ''[[Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite|TESS]]'' data. The main plot shows the flux as a function of time, and the inset plot shows the same data (excluding the eclipse) folded with the pulsation period.<ref name="IVSI"/>]]
Despite its classification as a dwarf star, Zeta UMi is 3.4 times the [[solar mass|mass of the sun]] and its [[luminosity]] is about 200 solar luminosities. At a surface temperature of 8700 [[kelvin]]s, this star is actually on the verge of becoming a [[giant star]]. Zeta UMi may also be a [[variable star|variable]] of the [[delta Scuti variable|delta scuti]] type.
The [[stellar classification]] of Zeta UMi is A3Vn,<ref name=Cowley_et_al_1969/> a notation that indicates this is an [[A-type main-sequence star]] with broad "nebulous" [[absorption line]]s in its [[stellar spectrum|spectrum]] due to rapid rotation. Based on [[Photometry (astronomy)|photometric]] data, some light [[variable star|variability]] was suspected by [[Robert Horace Baker|R. A. Baker]] in 1926, and it may be a [[Delta Scuti variable]].<ref name=Frolov1970/> It is a pulsating variable star, with a period of 15.8 hours, and it also undergoes [[eclipsing binary|eclipses]].<ref name="IVSI"/> The star is spinning with a [[projected rotational velocity]] of 210&nbsp;km/s, which is creating an [[equatorial bulge]] that is estimated to be 10% larger than the polar radius.<ref name=vanBelle2012/>


Zeta Ursae Minoris is about 180<ref name=Su_et_al_2006/>&nbsp;million years old with 6.15<ref name=Cotten_Song_2016/> times the [[radius of the Sun]]. It is radiating 227<ref name=Anderson2012/> times the [[luminosity of the Sun]] from its [[photosphere]] at an [[effective temperature]] of 8,720&nbsp;K.<ref name=Cotten_Song_2016/> This anomalously high temperature and an [[absolute magnitude]] of –0.98<ref name=Anderson2012/> may indicate it is on the verge of [[stellar evolution|evolving]] into a [[giant star]].<ref name=kalerzet/> An [[infrared excess]] has been detected from an orbiting [[circumstellar disk]].<ref name=Su_et_al_2006/> A [[black body]] fit to the data yields a mean dust temperature of 160&nbsp;K and an orbital radius of {{val|42.5|u=AU}}.<ref name=Cotten_Song_2016/>
[[Category:Bayer objects|Ursae Minoris, Zeta]]
[[Category:Ursa Minor constellation]]
[[Category:A-type main sequence stars]]


In some Arabic star charts it is listed as أخفى الفرقدين ''ʼakhfā al-farqadayn'', meaning "the dimmer of the two calves", and paired with [[η Ursae Minoris]] as ''ʼanwar al-farqadayn'', "the brighter of the two calves". The names may originally refer to a pair of Ibexes, and are more properly applied to [[γ UMi]] and [[β UMi]], respectively, the brighter two stars in the rectangle of Ursa Minor.<ref name=allen/>
{{main-star-stub}}


==References==
[[es:Alifa al Farkadain]]
{{reflist|refs=
[[nl:Alifa al Farkadain]]

<ref name=SIMBAD>{{cite simbad
| title=zet UMi | access-date=2021-01-08 }}</ref>

<ref name="IVSI">{{cite web
| title=zet UMi | url=https://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=45887
| website=The International Variable Star Index |publisher=AAVSO |access-date=16 October 2022}}</ref>

<ref name=Harrington2010>{{cite book
| title=Cosmic Challenge: The Ultimate Observing List for Amateurs
| first=Philip S. | last=Harrington
| page=38 | date=October 21, 2010
| publisher=Cambridge University Press
| isbn=9781139493680 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8mQmvT4wpWQC&pg=PA38 }}</ref>

<ref name=Frolov1970>{{cite journal
| title=List of Probable Delta Scuti Stars
| last1=Frolov | first1=M. S.
| journal=Information Bulletin on Variable Stars
| volume=427 | page=1 | date=April 1970
| bibcode=1970IBVS..427....1F }}</ref>

<ref name=Su_et_al_2006>{{cite journal
| display-authors=1 | last1=Su | first1=K. Y. L.
| last2=Rieke | first2=G. H. | last3=Stansberry | first3=J. A.
| last4=Bryden | first4=G. | last5=Stapelfeldt | first5=K. R.
| last6=Trilling | first6=D. E. | last7=Muzerolle | first7=J.
| last8=Beichman | first8=C. A. | last9=Moro-Martin | first9=A.
| title=Debris Disk Evolution around A Stars
| journal=The Astrophysical Journal
| volume=653 | issue=1 | pages=675–689 |date=December 2006
| doi=10.1086/508649 | arxiv=astro-ph/0608563
| bibcode=2006ApJ...653..675S | s2cid=14116473 }}</ref>

<ref name=Eggleton_Tokovinin_2008>{{cite journal
| last1=Eggleton | first1=P. P. | last2=Tokovinin | first2=A. A.
| title=A catalogue of multiplicity among bright stellar systems
| journal=[[Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society]]
| volume=389 | issue=2 | pages=869–879 | date=September 2008
| doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13596.x | arxiv=0806.2878
| bibcode=2008MNRAS.389..869E | s2cid=14878976 }}</ref>

<ref name=vanBelle2012>{{cite journal
| last=van Belle | first=Gerard T.
| title=Interferometric observations of rapidly rotating stars
| journal=The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review
| volume=20 | issue=1 | page=51 | date=March 2012
| doi=10.1007/s00159-012-0051-2 | s2cid=119273474
| bibcode=2012A&ARv..20...51V | arxiv=1204.2572 }}</ref>

<ref name=vanLeeuwen2007>{{cite journal
| title=Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction
| last=van Leeuwen | first=F.
| journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics
| volume=474 | issue=2 | pages=653–664 | date=2007
| arxiv=0708.1752 | bibcode=2007A&A...474..653V
| doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20078357 | s2cid=18759600 }}</ref>

<ref name=Gontcharov2006>{{cite journal
| last=Gontcharov | first=G. A.
| title=Pulkovo Compilation of Radial Velocities for 35495 Hipparcos stars in a common system
| journal=Astronomy Letters
| volume=32| issue=11| pages=759–771| date=November 2006
| doi=10.1134/S1063773706110065 | arxiv=1606.08053
| bibcode=2006AstL...32..759G | s2cid=119231169 }}</ref>

<ref name=kalerzet>{{cite web
| first=James B. | last=Kaler
| title=Alifa al Farkadain | work=Stars
| publisher=University of Illinois
| url=http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/alifa.html
| access-date=21 June 2014 }}</ref>

<ref name=Cowley_et_al_1969>{{cite journal
| title=A study of the bright A stars. I. A catalogue of spectral classifications
| last1=Cowley | first1=A. | last2=Cowley | first2=C.
| last3=Jaschek | first3=M. | last4=Jaschek | first4=C.
| display-authors=1 | journal=Astronomical Journal
| volume=74 | pages=375–406 |date=April 1969
| doi=10.1086/110819 | bibcode=1969AJ.....74..375C }}</ref>

<ref name=Cotten_Song_2016>{{cite journal
| title=A Comprehensive Census of Nearby Infrared Excess Stars
| last1=Cotten | first1=Tara H. | last2=Song | first2=Inseok
| journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
| volume=225 | issue=1 | id=15 | pages=24 | date=July 2016
| doi=10.3847/0067-0049/225/1/15 | arxiv=1606.01134
| bibcode=2016ApJS..225...15C | s2cid=118438871 | doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="clpl99">{{cite journal
| last1=Johnson | first1=H. L. | last2=Mitchell | first2=R. I.
| last3=Iriarte | first3=B. | last4=Wisniewski | first4=W. Z.
| display-authors=1 | title=UBVRIJKL photometry of the bright stars
| journal=Communications of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory
| volume=4 | issue=99 | date=1966 |page=99
| bibcode=1966CoLPL...4...99J }}</ref>

<ref name=Anderson2012>{{cite journal
| title=XHIP: An extended hipparcos compilation
| last1=Anderson | first1=E. | last2=Francis | first2=Ch.
| journal=Astronomy Letters
| volume=38 | issue=5 | pages=331 | year=2012
| bibcode=2012AstL...38..331A | doi=10.1134/S1063773712050015
| arxiv=1108.4971 | s2cid=119257644 }}</ref>

<ref name=allen>{{cite book
| first=Richard Hinckley | last=Allen
| title=Star-names and Their Meanings
| url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_5xQuAAAAIAAJ
| year=1899 | publisher=G. E. Stechert
| pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_5xQuAAAAIAAJ/page/n469 447]–460}}</ref>

}}

{{Stars of Ursa Minor}}
<!-- Properties -->
{{DEFAULTSORT:Zeta Ursae Minoris}}
[[Category:A-type main-sequence stars]]
[[Category:Delta Scuti variables]]
[[Category:Suspected variables]]
[[Category:Circumstellar disks]]
<!-- Identifiers -->
[[Category:Ursa Minor]]
[[Category:Bayer objects|Ursae Minoris, Zeta]]
[[Category:Durchmusterung objects]]
[[Category:Flamsteed objects|Ursae Minoris, 16]]
[[Category:Hipparcos objects|077055]]
[[Category:Bright Star Catalogue objects|5903]]
[[Category:Henry Draper Catalogue objects|142105]]

Latest revision as of 03:36, 26 November 2023

ζ Ursae Minoris
Location of ζ Ursae Minoris (circled)
Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000
Constellation Ursa Minor
Right ascension 15h 44m 03.51892s[1]
Declination +77° 47′ 40.1788″[1]
Apparent magnitude (V) +4.29[2]
Characteristics
Spectral type A3Vn[3]
U−B color index +0.05[4]
B−V color index 0.038±0.005[2]
Variable type Suspected δ Sct[5]
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)−13.1±4.1[6] km/s
Proper motion (μ) RA: 19.91[1] mas/yr
Dec.: −1.99[1] mas/yr
Parallax (π)8.84 ± 0.12 mas[1]
Distance369 ± 5 ly
(113 ± 2 pc)
Absolute magnitude (MV)−0.98[2]
Details
Mass~3.4[7] M☉
Radius6.15[8] R☉
Luminosity227[2] L☉
Temperature8,720[8] K
Rotational velocity (v sin i)210[9] km/s
Age180[10] Myr
Other designations
Zeta UMi, ζ UMi, 16 Ursae Minoris, NSV 7263, BD+78°527, FK5 590, GC 21243, HD 142105, HIP 77055, HR 5903, SAO 8328[11]
Database references
SIMBADdata

Zeta Ursae Minoris, which is Latinized from ζ Ursae Minoris, is a single[12] star in the northern circumpolar constellation of Ursa Minor, forming the northernmost part of the bowl in this "little dipper" asterism.[13] The star has a white hue and is faintly visible to the naked eye with an apparent visual magnitude of +4.28. It is located at a distance of approximately 369 light-years from the Sun based on parallax,[1] but is drifting further closer with a radial velocity of about –13 km/s.[6]

A light curve for Zeta Ursae Minoris, plotted from TESS data. The main plot shows the flux as a function of time, and the inset plot shows the same data (excluding the eclipse) folded with the pulsation period.[14]

The stellar classification of Zeta UMi is A3Vn,[3] a notation that indicates this is an A-type main-sequence star with broad "nebulous" absorption lines in its spectrum due to rapid rotation. Based on photometric data, some light variability was suspected by R. A. Baker in 1926, and it may be a Delta Scuti variable.[5] It is a pulsating variable star, with a period of 15.8 hours, and it also undergoes eclipses.[14] The star is spinning with a projected rotational velocity of 210 km/s, which is creating an equatorial bulge that is estimated to be 10% larger than the polar radius.[9]

Zeta Ursae Minoris is about 180[10] million years old with 6.15[8] times the radius of the Sun. It is radiating 227[2] times the luminosity of the Sun from its photosphere at an effective temperature of 8,720 K.[8] This anomalously high temperature and an absolute magnitude of –0.98[2] may indicate it is on the verge of evolving into a giant star.[7] An infrared excess has been detected from an orbiting circumstellar disk.[10] A black body fit to the data yields a mean dust temperature of 160 K and an orbital radius of 42.5 AU.[8]

In some Arabic star charts it is listed as أخفى الفرقدين ʼakhfā al-farqadayn, meaning "the dimmer of the two calves", and paired with η Ursae Minoris as ʼanwar al-farqadayn, "the brighter of the two calves". The names may originally refer to a pair of Ibexes, and are more properly applied to γ UMi and β UMi, respectively, the brighter two stars in the rectangle of Ursa Minor.[15]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f van Leeuwen, F. (2007). "Validation of the new Hipparcos reduction". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (2): 653–664. arXiv:0708.1752. Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357. S2CID 18759600.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Anderson, E.; Francis, Ch. (2012). "XHIP: An extended hipparcos compilation". Astronomy Letters. 38 (5): 331. arXiv:1108.4971. Bibcode:2012AstL...38..331A. doi:10.1134/S1063773712050015. S2CID 119257644.
  3. ^ a b Cowley, A.; et al. (April 1969). "A study of the bright A stars. I. A catalogue of spectral classifications". Astronomical Journal. 74: 375–406. Bibcode:1969AJ.....74..375C. doi:10.1086/110819.
  4. ^ Johnson, H. L.; et al. (1966). "UBVRIJKL photometry of the bright stars". Communications of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory. 4 (99): 99. Bibcode:1966CoLPL...4...99J.
  5. ^ a b Frolov, M. S. (April 1970). "List of Probable Delta Scuti Stars". Information Bulletin on Variable Stars. 427: 1. Bibcode:1970IBVS..427....1F.
  6. ^ a b Gontcharov, G. A. (November 2006). "Pulkovo Compilation of Radial Velocities for 35495 Hipparcos stars in a common system". Astronomy Letters. 32 (11): 759–771. arXiv:1606.08053. Bibcode:2006AstL...32..759G. doi:10.1134/S1063773706110065. S2CID 119231169.
  7. ^ a b Kaler, James B. "Alifa al Farkadain". Stars. University of Illinois. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
  8. ^ a b c d e Cotten, Tara H.; Song, Inseok (July 2016). "A Comprehensive Census of Nearby Infrared Excess Stars". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 225 (1): 24. arXiv:1606.01134. Bibcode:2016ApJS..225...15C. doi:10.3847/0067-0049/225/1/15. S2CID 118438871. 15.
  9. ^ a b van Belle, Gerard T. (March 2012). "Interferometric observations of rapidly rotating stars". The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review. 20 (1): 51. arXiv:1204.2572. Bibcode:2012A&ARv..20...51V. doi:10.1007/s00159-012-0051-2. S2CID 119273474.
  10. ^ a b c Su, K. Y. L.; et al. (December 2006). "Debris Disk Evolution around A Stars". The Astrophysical Journal. 653 (1): 675–689. arXiv:astro-ph/0608563. Bibcode:2006ApJ...653..675S. doi:10.1086/508649. S2CID 14116473.
  11. ^ "zet UMi". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2021-01-08.
  12. ^ Eggleton, P. P.; Tokovinin, A. A. (September 2008). "A catalogue of multiplicity among bright stellar systems". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 389 (2): 869–879. arXiv:0806.2878. Bibcode:2008MNRAS.389..869E. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13596.x. S2CID 14878976.
  13. ^ Harrington, Philip S. (October 21, 2010). Cosmic Challenge: The Ultimate Observing List for Amateurs. Cambridge University Press. p. 38. ISBN 9781139493680.
  14. ^ a b "zet UMi". The International Variable Star Index. AAVSO. Retrieved 16 October 2022.
  15. ^ Allen, Richard Hinckley (1899). Star-names and Their Meanings. G. E. Stechert. pp. 447–460.
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