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{{Short description|Genus of lichens}}
{{Taxobox
{{For|a taxonomic synonym of a genus of plants|Centaurea}}
⚫
| image = Psora decipiens 310807.jpg
{{Automatic taxobox
| image_width =
⚫
| image = Psora decipiens.jpg
| image_caption = ''Psora decipiens''
| image_caption = ''Psora decipiens''
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| taxon = Psora
| divisio = [[Ascomycota]]
| authority = [[Hoffm.]] (1796)
| subdivisio = [[Pezizomycotina]]
| type_species = ''[[Psora decipiens]]''
⚫
| type_species_authority = ([[Hedw.]]) Hoffm. (1794)
| classis = [[Lecanoromycetes]]
| subclassis = [[Ostropomycetidae]]
⚫
| order = [[Lecanorales]]
| familia = [[Psoraceae]]
| genus = '''''Psora'''''
| genus_authority = Gotth. Schneid.
| type_species =
⚫
| type_species_authority =
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
| subdivision =
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy"/>
| synonyms =
*''Fritzea'' {{small|Stein (1879)}}
*''Chrysopsora'' {{small|[[Lagerh.]] (1892)}}
*''Lecidea'' sect. ''Chrysopsora'' {{small|Vain. [as 'Chrysospora'] (1934)}}
*''Peltiphylla'' {{small|M.Choisy (1950)}}
*''Chrysopsora'' {{small|([[Vain.]]) [[M.Choisy]] (1951)}}
}}
}}
'''''Psora''''' is a [[genus]] of [[fungi]] within the [[Psoraceae]] family.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM. |year=2007 |month=December |title=Outline of Ascomycota &ndash; 2007 |journal=Myconet |volume=13 |issue= |pages=1–58 |id= |url=http://www.fieldmuseum.org/myconet/outline.asp |accessdate= |publisher=The Field Museum, Department of Botany, Chicago, USA }}</ref>


'''''Psora''''' is a [[genus]] of [[lichen]]-forming [[fungi]] in the family [[Psoraceae]].<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020"/> Members of the genus are [[List of common names of lichen genera|commonly called]] '''fishscale lichens'''.<ref name =USDA>[http://plants.usda.gov/java/nameSearch USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Name Search]</ref><ref>[http://eol.org/pages/16369/overview Fishscale Lichen (Psora), Encyclopedia of Life]</ref> Lichens in the genus ''Psora'' generally have a [[Squamulose lichen|squamulose]] [[thallus]] and [[anthraquinone]]s in the [[hymenium]].<ref name="Timdal 1984"/> {{lichengloss|Photobiont}} partners of ''Psora'' lichens include members of the green algal genera ''[[Asterochloris]]'', ''[[Chloroidium]]'', ''[[Myrmecia (alga)|Myrmecia]]'', and ''[[Trebouxia]]''.<ref name="Sanders & Masumoto 2021"/>
==Gallery==

<gallery>
==Taxonomy==
Image:Psora decipiens 300406a.jpg|''[[Psora decipiens]]'', Tauberland, Germany. Yellow spot on left, ''[[Fulgensia fulgens]]'', black spot front right, [[Collema|''Collema'' sp.]]
The genus ''Psora'' was first [[validly published name|validly]] published in 1796 by the German lichenologist [[Georg Franz Hoffmann]]. His {{lichengloss|diagnosis}} of the genus was brief: {{lang|la|Crusta effigurata. Scutellae marginatae, convexae.}} "Crust patterned. Scutellae (small shields) bordered, convex.") He included 26 species in the genus.<ref name="Hoffmann 1796"/>
Image:Psora decipiens 300406.jpg|''[[Psora decipiens]]'', Tauberland, Germany.

</gallery>
==Description==
Genus ''Psora'' comprises lichens recognised for their relatively large, thick {{lichengloss|squamules}}, which are the leaf-like structures making up the lichen's body. These squamules, ranging in colour from yellow to red-brown and typically measuring between 2 and 6&nbsp;mm in diameter, are notable for their absence of a [[prothallus#In lichens|prothallus]], which is an initial growth phase seen in some lichens. The upper cortex of these lichens is thick and well-developed, while the lower cortex may be poorly developed or entirely absent. Instead of a lower cortex, ''Psora'' species often anchor themselves with a well-developed network of fungal [[hypha]]e, which can either lack [[calcium oxalate]] crystals and have a brown pigmentation or be colourless, shorter, and densely covered in these crystals.<ref name="Cannon et al. 2022"/>

The symbiotic partner of ''Psora'', the {{lichengloss|photobiont}}, is {{lichengloss|chlorococcoid}}, meaning it consists of spherical [[green algae]], forming a continuous layer. The [[medulla (lichenology)|medulla]], the innermost layer of the lichen, is well-developed but does not contain [[iodine]]-reactive substances (I–).<ref name="Cannon et al. 2022"/>

Reproductive structures, known as [[apothecia]], are {{lichengloss|sessile}} (attached directly by their base), and can be found along the margins or on the surface ({{lichengloss|laminal}}) of the squamules. These structures are typically brown-black, starting flat or slightly convex in their youth, and may become highly convex or semi-spherical as they mature, occasionally with a white or yellow powdery coating ({{lichengloss|pruina}}). Unlike some lichens, ''Psora'' does not have a {{lichengloss|thalline margin}} around its apothecia. The {{lichengloss|true exciple}}, a ring of hyphae surrounding the apothecial {{lichengloss|disc}}, is colourless to pale brown and often becomes obscured as the apothecia mature.<ref name="Cannon et al. 2022"/>

The {{lichengloss|epithecium}}, the topmost layer inside the apothecia, is red-brown or brown and contains [[anthraquinone]]s compounds, such as [[parietin]], which react red or purple-red when treated with a potassium hydroxide solution (K+), but do not react with a [[nitric acid]] solution (N–). The [[hymenium]], another internal layer, also does not react to iodine (I–). The {{lichengloss|hypothecium}} beneath it is pale brown to colourless and filled with calcium oxalate crystals.<ref name="Cannon et al. 2022"/>

''Psora''{{'}}s supporting filamentous structures, or [[paraphyses]], are unbranched or sparingly branched and tightly bound together, with slightly swollen tips. The [[ascus|asci]], the spore-bearing cells, are {{lichengloss|clavate}} (club-shaped) with eight spores each and have a distinctive blue reaction when stained with [[iodine]], indicative of the ''[[Porpidia]]''-type asci without an ocular chamber. Ascospores are colourless, smooth, [[ellipsoid]]al, and lack a [[septum]] or a thick outer layer ({{lichengloss|perispore}}). The genus also produces [[pycnidia]], a type of [[asexual reproduction|asexual reproductive]] structure, which are immersed within the squamules and release elongate-{{lichengloss|bacilliform}} (rod-shaped), colourless [[conidia]].<ref name="Cannon et al. 2022"/>

Chemically, ''Psora'' has a range of compounds including [[depside]]s, [[depsidone]]s, [[anthraquinone]]s, various acids such as [[pulvinic acid|pulvinic]] and [[usnic acid]]s, and [[triterpene]]s.<ref name="Cannon et al. 2022"/>

==Species==
{{As of|2024|February}}, [[Species Fungorum]] (in the [[Catalogue of Life]]) accept 16 species of ''Psora''.<ref name="CoL"/> Although nearly 400 names have been published in this genus, most of these have been reduced to synonymy, transferred to other genera, or are older names that have not been examined with molecular methods.
[[File:Psora crenata 101178778.jpg|thumb|right|''Psora crenata'']]
*''[[Psora altotibetica]]'' {{small|Timdal, Obermayer & Bendiksby (2016)}}<ref name="Timdal 2016"/>
*''[[Psora brunneocarpa]]'' {{small|Timdal (2002)}}
*''[[Psora crenata]]'' {{small|(Taylor) Reinke (1895)}}
*''[[Psora crystallifera]]'' {{small|(Taylor) Müll.Arg. (1888)}}
*''[[Psora decipiens]]'' {{small|(Hedw.) Hoffm. (1794)}}
*''[[Psora globifera]]'' {{small|(Ach.) A.Massal. (1852)}}
*''[[Psora hyporubescens]]'' {{small|Timdal (2002)}}
*''[[Psora icterica]]'' {{small|(Mont.) Müll.Arg. (1888)}}
*''[[Psora indigirkae]]'' {{small|Timdal & Zhurb. (2004)}}
*''[[Psora peninsularis]]'' {{small|Timdal (2002)}}
*''[[Psora pruinosa]]'' {{small|Timdal (2002)}}
*''[[Psora rubiformis]]'' {{small|(Wahlenb. ex Ach.) Hook. (1833)}}
*''[[Psora taurensis]]'' {{small|Timdal, Bendiksby, Kahraman & Halıcı (2017)}}<ref name="Timdal et al. 2017"/>
*''[[Psora testacea]]'' {{small|Hoffm. (1790)}}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
{{reflist}}


<ref name="Cannon et al. 2022">{{cite book |last1=Cannon |first1=P. |last2=Aptroot |first2=A. |last3=Coppins |first3=B. |last4=Orange |first4=A. |last5=Sanderson |first5=N. |last6=Simkin |first6=J. |year=2022 |title=Lecanorales: Psoraceae, including the genera ''Brianaria'', ''Protoblastenia'', ''Protomicarea'' and ''Psora'' |series=Revisions of British and Irish Lichens |volume=28 |pages=8–9 |url=https://britishlichensociety.org.uk/sites/default/files/Psoraceae.pdf}}</ref>
==External links==
*''[http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/genusrecord.asp?RecordID=4513 Psora]'' at [[Index Fungorum]]


<ref name="CoL">{{Catalogue of Life |id=74DT |title=''Psora'' |access-date=2 February 2024}}</ref>
⚫
[[Category:Lecanorales]]
⚫
[[Category: Lichens]]


<ref name="Hoffmann 1796">{{cite journal |last=Hoffmann |first=G.F. |year=1796 |title=Deutschlands Flora oder botanisches Taschenbuch. Zweyter Theil für das Iahr 1795 |journal=Cryptogamie |page=161 |language=la |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/52833998}}</ref>
{{Lecanoromycetes-stub}}

<ref name="Sanders & Masumoto 2021">{{cite journal |last1=Sanders |first1=William B. |last2=Masumoto |first2=Hiroshi |title=Lichen algae: the photosynthetic partners in lichen symbioses |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=53 |issue=5 |year=2021 |doi=10.1017/S0024282921000335 |pages=347–393 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy">{{cite web |title=Synonymy. Current Name: ''Psora'' Hoffm., Deutschl. Fl., Zweiter Theil (Erlangen): 161 (1796) [1795] |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=4513 |publisher=[[Species Fungorum]] |access-date=2 February 2024}}</ref>

<ref name="Timdal 1984">{{cite journal|last=Timdal |first=Einar |year=1984 |title=The delimitation of ''Psora'' (Lecideaceae) and related genera, with notes on some species |journal=Nordic Journal of Botany |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=525–540 |doi=10.1111/j.1756-1051.1984.tb02059.x}}</ref>

<ref name="Timdal 2016">{{cite journal |last1=Timdal,E |last2=Obermayer,W. |last3=Bendiksby |first3=M. |year=2016 |title=''Psora altotibetica'' (Psoraceae, Lecanorales), a new lichen species from the Tibetan part of the Himalayas |journal=MycoKeys |volume=13 |pages=35–48|doi=10.3897/mycokeys.13.8824 |doi-access=free |hdl=10852/50296 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Timdal et al. 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Timdal |first1=E. |last2=Bendiksby |first2=M. |last3=Kahraman |first3=A.M. |last4=Halıcı |first4=M.G. |year=2017 |title=''Psora taurensis'' (Psoraceae, Lecanorales), a new lichen species from Turkey |journal=MycoKeys |volume=21 |pages=1–12|doi=10.3897/mycokeys.21.11726 |doi-access=free |hdl=10852/55765 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |last1=Wijayawardene |first1=Nalin |last2=Hyde |first2=Kevin |first3=Laith Khalil Tawfeeq |last3=Al-Ani |last4=Somayeh |first4=Dolatabadi |last5=Stadler |first5=Marc |last6=Haelewaters |first6=Danny |last7=Tsurykau |first7=Andrei |last8=Mesic |first8=Armin |last9=Navathe |first9=Sudhir |last10=Papp |first10=Viktor |last11=Oliveira Fiuza |first11=Patrícia |last12=Vázquez |first12=Víctor |last13=Gautam |first13=Ajay |last14=Becerra |first14=Alejandra G. |last15=Ekanayaka |first15=Anusha |last16=K. C. |first16=Rajeshkumar |last17=Bezerra |first17=Jadson |last18=Matočec |first18=Neven |last19=Maharachchikumbura |first19=Sajeewa |last20=Suetrong |first20=Satinee |year=2020 |title=Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa |journal=Mycosphere |volume=11 |pages=1060–1456 |doi=10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8 |doi-access=free|hdl=10481/61998 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q7256114}}

⚫
[[Category:Lecanorales]]
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[[Category:Lichen genera]]
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[[Category:Lecanorales genera]]
[[Category:Taxa described in 1796]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Georg Franz Hoffmann]]

Latest revision as of 07:08, 11 March 2024

For a taxonomic synonym of a genus of plants, see Centaurea.

Psora
Psora decipiens
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Lecanorales
Family: Psoraceae
Genus: Psora
Hoffm. (1796)
Type species
Psora decipiens
(Hedw.) Hoffm. (1794)
Synonyms[1]
  • Fritzea Stein (1879)
  • Chrysopsora Lagerh. (1892)
  • Lecidea sect. Chrysopsora Vain. [as 'Chrysospora'] (1934)
  • Peltiphylla M.Choisy (1950)
  • Chrysopsora (Vain.) M.Choisy (1951)

Psora is a genus of lichen-forming fungi in the family Psoraceae.[2] Members of the genus are commonly called fishscale lichens.[3][4] Lichens in the genus Psora generally have a squamulose thallus and anthraquinones in the hymenium.[5] Photobiont partners of Psora lichens include members of the green algal genera Asterochloris, Chloroidium, Myrmecia, and Trebouxia.[6]

Taxonomy[edit]

The genus Psora was first validly published in 1796 by the German lichenologist Georg Franz Hoffmann. His diagnosis of the genus was brief: Crusta effigurata. Scutellae marginatae, convexae. "Crust patterned. Scutellae (small shields) bordered, convex.") He included 26 species in the genus.[7]

Description[edit]

Genus Psora comprises lichens recognised for their relatively large, thick squamules, which are the leaf-like structures making up the lichen's body. These squamules, ranging in colour from yellow to red-brown and typically measuring between 2 and 6 mm in diameter, are notable for their absence of a prothallus, which is an initial growth phase seen in some lichens. The upper cortex of these lichens is thick and well-developed, while the lower cortex may be poorly developed or entirely absent. Instead of a lower cortex, Psora species often anchor themselves with a well-developed network of fungal hyphae, which can either lack calcium oxalate crystals and have a brown pigmentation or be colourless, shorter, and densely covered in these crystals.[8]

The symbiotic partner of Psora, the photobiont, is chlorococcoid, meaning it consists of spherical green algae, forming a continuous layer. The medulla, the innermost layer of the lichen, is well-developed but does not contain iodine-reactive substances (I–).[8]

Reproductive structures, known as apothecia, are sessile (attached directly by their base), and can be found along the margins or on the surface (laminal) of the squamules. These structures are typically brown-black, starting flat or slightly convex in their youth, and may become highly convex or semi-spherical as they mature, occasionally with a white or yellow powdery coating (pruina). Unlike some lichens, Psora does not have a thalline margin around its apothecia. The true exciple, a ring of hyphae surrounding the apothecial disc, is colourless to pale brown and often becomes obscured as the apothecia mature.[8]

The epithecium, the topmost layer inside the apothecia, is red-brown or brown and contains anthraquinones compounds, such as parietin, which react red or purple-red when treated with a potassium hydroxide solution (K+), but do not react with a nitric acid solution (N–). The hymenium, another internal layer, also does not react to iodine (I–). The hypothecium beneath it is pale brown to colourless and filled with calcium oxalate crystals.[8]

Psora's supporting filamentous structures, or paraphyses, are unbranched or sparingly branched and tightly bound together, with slightly swollen tips. The asci, the spore-bearing cells, are clavate (club-shaped) with eight spores each and have a distinctive blue reaction when stained with iodine, indicative of the Porpidia-type asci without an ocular chamber. Ascospores are colourless, smooth, ellipsoidal, and lack a septum or a thick outer layer (perispore). The genus also produces pycnidia, a type of asexual reproductive structure, which are immersed within the squamules and release elongate-bacilliform (rod-shaped), colourless conidia.[8]

Chemically, Psora has a range of compounds including depsides, depsidones, anthraquinones, various acids such as pulvinic and usnic acids, and triterpenes.[8]

Species[edit]

As of February 2024, Species Fungorum (in the Catalogue of Life) accept 16 species of Psora.[9] Although nearly 400 names have been published in this genus, most of these have been reduced to synonymy, transferred to other genera, or are older names that have not been examined with molecular methods.

Psora crenata

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Synonymy. Current Name: Psora Hoffm., Deutschl. Fl., Zweiter Theil (Erlangen): 161 (1796) [1795]". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  2. ^ Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8. hdl:10481/61998.
  3. ^ USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service Name Search
  4. ^ Fishscale Lichen (Psora), Encyclopedia of Life
  5. ^ Timdal, Einar (1984). "The delimitation of Psora (Lecideaceae) and related genera, with notes on some species". Nordic Journal of Botany. 4 (4): 525–540. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1984.tb02059.x.
  6. ^ Sanders, William B.; Masumoto, Hiroshi (2021). "Lichen algae: the photosynthetic partners in lichen symbioses". The Lichenologist. 53 (5): 347–393. doi:10.1017/S0024282921000335.
  7. ^ Hoffmann, G.F. (1796). "Deutschlands Flora oder botanisches Taschenbuch. Zweyter Theil für das Iahr 1795". Cryptogamie (in Latin): 161.
  8. ^ a b c d e f Cannon, P.; Aptroot, A.; Coppins, B.; Orange, A.; Sanderson, N.; Simkin, J. (2022). Lecanorales: Psoraceae, including the genera Brianaria, Protoblastenia, Protomicarea and Psora (PDF). Revisions of British and Irish Lichens. Vol. 28. pp. 8–9.
  9. ^ "Psora". Catalogue of Life. Species 2000: Leiden, the Netherlands. Retrieved 2 February 2024.
  10. ^ Timdal,E; Obermayer,W.; Bendiksby, M. (2016). "Psora altotibetica (Psoraceae, Lecanorales), a new lichen species from the Tibetan part of the Himalayas". MycoKeys. 13: 35–48. doi:10.3897/mycokeys.13.8824. hdl:10852/50296.
  11. ^ Timdal, E.; Bendiksby, M.; Kahraman, A.M.; Halıcı, M.G. (2017). "Psora taurensis (Psoraceae, Lecanorales), a new lichen species from Turkey". MycoKeys. 21: 1–12. doi:10.3897/mycokeys.21.11726. hdl:10852/55765.
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