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| authority = [[Georges Cuvier|G. Cuvier]], 1814
| authority = [[Georges Cuvier|G. Cuvier]], 1814
| type_species = ''Scolopsis sayanus''
| type_species = ''Scolopsis sayanus''
| type_species_authority = Gilliams, 1824
| type_species_authority = [[Jacob Gilliams|Gilliams]], 1824
| synonyms = * ''Ghanan'' <small>Forsskål, 1775</small> (not available)
| synonyms = * ''Ghanan'' <small>[[Peter Forsskål|Forsskål]], 1775</small> (not available)
* ''Scolopsides'' <small>G. Cuvier, 1829</small>
* ''Scolopsides'' <small>G. Cuvier, 1829</small>
* ''Lycogenis'' <small>G. Cuvier, 1830</small>
* ''Lycogenis'' <small>G. Cuvier, 1830</small>
* ''Ctenoscolopsis'' <small>Fowler, 1931</small>
* ''Ctenoscolopsis'' <small>[[Henry Weed Fowler|Fowler]], 1931</small>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name = WoRMS>{{cite WoRMS |author=Nicolas Baillie |year=2019 |title=''Scolopsis'' Cuvier, 1814 |id=203906 |access-date=20 November 2023}}</ref>
}}
}}


'''''Scolopsis''''' is a [[genus]] of [[threadfin bream]]s native to the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean.<ref name=FishBase/>
'''''Scolopsis''''' is a [[genus]] of marine [[ray-finned fish]]es belonging to the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Nemipteridae]], the threadfin breams. These fishes are found in the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean.

==Taxonomy==
''Scolopsis'' was first proposed as a genus in 1814 by the French [[zoologist]] [[Georges Cuvier]]. It is not clear what species Cuvier was classifying within the genus, although he referred to ''le curite'' which he referred to a fish described as having the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] name ''kurite'' from a figure by [[Patrick Russell (herpetologist)|Patrick Russell]]. However, the type species has traditionally been stated as ''Scolopsis sayanus'', [[Species description|described]] by [[Jacob Gilliams]] in 1824 from [[Pennsylvania]]. ''Scolopsis sayanus'' is a [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] of ''[[Aphredoderus sayanus]]'', the freshwater American pirate perch. Some authorities argue that as the type species of this genus is not classified within it then the International Commission for Zoological Nomenclature should be petitioned to designate a new type species, perhaps ''S. lineatus'',<ref name = CofF>{{Cof family|family=Nemipteridae|access-date=20 November 2023}}</ref> while others state that it should be ''S. curite'', a species revalidated in 2022.<ref name = Russell2022>{{cite journal|author=Russell, Barry |author2=Bogorodsky, Sergey |author3=Mal, Ahmad |author4=Bineesh, K.K. |author5=Alpermann, Tilman |name-list-style=& |year=2022 |title=The taxonomic identity of the monocle bream ''Scolopsis vosmeri'' species complex (Perciformes: Nemipteridae), with comments on molecular phylogenetic relationships within the genus ''Scolopsis'' |journal=Zootaxa |volume=5105 |pages=501-538 |doi=10.11646/zootaxa.5105.4.3}}</ref> The 5th edition of ''[[Fishes of the World]]'' classifies ''Scolopsis'' within the family Nemipteridae which it places in the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Spariformes]].<ref name = Nelson5>{{cite book |author1=Nelson, J.S. |author1-link=Joseph S. Nelson |author2=Grande, T.C. |author3=Wilson, M.V.H. |year=2016 |title=Fishes of the World |edition=5th |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |place=Hoboken, NJ |pages=502-506 |isbn=978-1-118-34233-6 |lccn=2015037522 |oclc=951899884 |ol=25909650M |doi=10.1002/9781119174844}}</ref>

==Etymology==
''Scolopsis'' combines ''scolo'', meaning "thorn", with ''opsis'', meaning "face", thought to be referring to the large backwards pointing spine on the suborbital or the serrated rear margin of the [[preoperculum]] having rows of blunt spines along its length.<ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web |url=https://etyfish.org/spariformes/ |title=Order SPARIFORMES: Families LETHRINIDAE, NEMIPTERIDAE and SPARIDAE |work=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database |access-date=20 November 2023 |date=17 October 2022 |publisher=Christopher Scharpf}}</ref>


==Species==
==Species==
The currently recognized species in this genus are:<ref name=FishBase>{{FishBase genus | genus = Scolopsis| month = February | year = 2014}}</ref>
The currently recognized species in this genus are:<ref name=Fishbase>{{FishBase genus | genus = Scolopsis| month = October | year = 2023}}</ref><ref name = CofF2>{{Cof genus|genus=Scolopsis|access-date=20 November 2023}}</ref>
* ''[[Scolopsis affinis]]'' <small>[[Wilhelm Peters|W. K. H. Peters]], 1877</small> (Peters' monocle bream)
* ''[[Scolopsis affinis]]'' <small>[[Wilhelm Peters|W. K. H. Peters]], 1877</small> (Peters' monocle bream)
* ''[[Scolopsis aurata]]'' <small>([[Mungo Park (explorer)|M. Park]], 1797)</small> (yellowstripe monocle bream)
* ''[[Scolopsis aurata]]'' <small>([[Mungo Park (explorer)|M. Park]], 1797)</small> (Yellowstripe monocle bream)
* ''[[Scolopsis bilineata]]'' <small>([[Marcus Elieser Bloch|Bloch]], 1793)</small> (two-lined monocle bream)
* ''[[Scolopsis bilineata]]'' <small>([[Marcus Elieser Bloch|Bloch]], 1793)</small> (Two-lined monocle bream)
* ''[[Scolopsis bimaculata]]'' <small>[[Eduard Rüppell|Rüppell]], 1828</small> (thumbprint monocle bream)
* ''[[Scolopsis bimaculata]]'' <small>[[Eduard Rüppell|Rüppell]], 1828</small> (Thumbprint monocle bream)
* ''[[Scolopsis ciliata]]'' <small>([[Bernard Germain Étienne De La Ville, Comte De Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1802)</small> (saw-jawed monocle bream)
* ''[[Scolopsis ciliata]]'' <small>([[Bernard Germain Étienne De La Ville, Comte De Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1802)</small> (Saw-jawed monocle bream)
* ''[[Scolopsis frenata]]'' <small>([[Georges Cuvier|G. Cuvier]], 1830)</small> (bridled monocle bream)
* ''[[Scolopsis curite]]'' <small>Cuvier 1815</small> (Whitecheek monocle bream)
* ''[[Scolopsis frenata]]'' <small>(Cuvier, 1830)</small> (Bridled monocle bream)
* ''[[Scolopsis ghanam]]'' <small>([[Peter Forsskål|Forsskål]], 1775)</small> (Arabian monocle bream)
* ''[[Scolopsis ghanam]]'' <small>([[Peter Forsskål|Forsskål]], 1775)</small> (Arabian monocle bream)
* ''[[Scolopsis igcarensis]]'' <small>[[Subhrendu Sekhar Mishra|Mishra]], [[Sudeepta Biswas|S. Biswas]], [[Barry C. Russell|B. C. Russell]], [[Kamala Kanta Satpathy|Satpathy]] & [[Mariadoss Selvanayagam|Selvanyagam]], 2013</small> (Igcar monocle bream)
* ''[[Scolopsis japonica]]'' <small>(Bloch 1793)</small> (Javanese monocle bream)
* ''[[Scolopsis lineata]]'' <small>[[Jean René Constant Quoy|Quoy]] & [[Joseph Paul Gaimard|Gaimard]], 1824</small> (striped monocle bream)
* ''[[Scolopsis lacrima]]'' <small>[[Jumpei Nakamura|Nakamura]], [[Philippe Béarez|Béarez]] & [[Hiroyuki Motomura|Motomura]], 2019</small> (Teary monocle bream)
* ''[[Scolopsis margaritifera]]'' <small>([[Georges Cuvier|G. Cuvier]], 1830)</small> (pearly monocle bream)
* ''[[Scolopsis lineata]]'' <small>[[Jean René Constant Quoy|Quoy]] & [[Joseph Paul Gaimard|Gaimard]], 1824</small> (Striped monocle bream)
* ''[[Scolopsis monogramma]]'' <small>(G. Cuvier, 1830)</small> (monogrammed monocle bream)
* ''[[Scolopsis margaritifera]]'' <small>(Cuvier, 1830)</small> (Pearly monocle bream)
* ''[[Scolopsis taeniata]]'' <small>(G. Cuvier, 1830)</small> (black-streaked monocle bream)
* ''[[Scolopsis meridiana]]'' <small>Nakamura, [[Barry C. Russell|Russell]], [[Glenn I. Moore|Moore]] & Motomura, 2018</small> (Sahul monocle bream)
* ''[[Scolopsis taenioptera]]'' <small>(G. Cuvier, 1830)</small> (lattice monocle bream)
* ''[[Scolopsis monogramma]]'' <small>(Cuvier, 1830)</small> (Monogrammed monocle bream)
* ''[[Scolopsis temporalis]]'' <small>(G. Cuvier, 1830)</small> (bald-spot monocle bream)
* ''[[Scolopsis taeniata]]'' <small>(Cuvier, 1830)</small> (Black-streaked monocle bream)
* ''[[Scolopsis trilineata]]'' <small>[[Rudolf Kner|Kner]], 1868</small> (three-lined monocle bream)
* ''[[Scolopsis taenioptera]]'' <small>(Cuvier, 1830)</small> (Lattice monocle bream)
* ''[[Scolopsis vosmeri]]'' <small>(Bloch, 1792)</small> (whitecheek monocle bream)
* ''[[Scolopsis temporalis]]'' <small>(Cuvier, 1830)</small> (Bald-spot monocle bream)
* ''[[Scolopsis xenochrous]]'' <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1872</small> (oblique-barred monocle bream)
* ''[[Scolopsis trilineata]]'' <small>[[Rudolf Kner|Kner]], 1868</small> (Three-lined monocle bream)
* ''[[Scolopsis vosmeri]]'' <small>(Bloch, 1792)</small> (Vosmaer’s monocle bream)
* ''[[Scolopsis xenochrous]]'' <small>[[Albert Günther|Günther]], 1872</small> (Oblique-barred monocle bream)

==Characteristics==
''Scolopsis'' monocle breams are small to medium sized fishes with slender to moderately deep bodies that are laterally compressed. They have brush like or small conical shaped teeth arranged in tapering bands in both the upper and lower jaws but there are no canine-like teeth. The [[pectoral fin]]s are short to moderately long and are supported by 2 simple and between 12 and 17 branched fin rays. In the [[anal fin]] the second spine is longer and thicker than the others. The [[caudal fin]] may be emarginate or forked and either or both lobes may be pointed, falcate and extended by short filaments. The bodies of these fish are covered in [[ctenoid scale]]s and the scales on the crown extend forwards to the level of the centre of the eyes or to the rear nostrils or beyond the rear nostrils. The suborbital is naked and has a large retrose spine and a series of smaller spines or serrations on its rear edge. Some species have a small forward pointing spine underneath the eye. The lower limb of the [[preoperculum]] may be naked or scaly and its rear margin may be serrated or spiny. The [[Operculum (fish)]] is scaly and its upper margin has a small, flat spine enclosed within the skin.<ref name = Russell>{{cite book |author=Russell, B.C. |year=1990 |series=FAO Species Catalogue |volume=12 |title=Nemipterid fishes of the world. (Threadfin breams, whiptail breams, monocle breams, dwarf monocle breams, and coral breams). Family Nemipteridae. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of nemipterid species known to date |publisher=FAO |pages=96-97 |url=https://www.fao.org/3/t0416e/T0416E13.pdf}}</ref> The smallest species is ''S. xenochrous'' with a maximum published [[total length]] of {{cvt|22|cm}} while the largest is ''S. monogramma'' with a maximum published [[total length]] of {{cvt|38|cm}}.<ref name = Fishbase/>

==Distribution and habitat==
''Scolopsis'' monocle breams have a wide distribution in the Indian and Western Pacific Oceans. They are benthic fishes, typically found at deoths arf {{cvt|60|m}} or less on reefs or on sandy or muddy substrates.<ref name = Russell/>

==Biology==
''Scolopsis'' monocle breams may be found as individuals or in [[Shoaling and schooling|school]]s and their prey is mainly small crustaceans taken off the seabed. The juveniles of some species are [[Batesian mimicry|Batesian mimics]] of other fish species. Some of the species in this genus are known to be [[protogynous hermaphrodite]]s.<ref name = Russell/>


== References ==
== References ==
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[[Category:Marine fish genera]]
[[Category:Marine fish genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Georges Cuvier]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Georges Cuvier]]
[[Category:Spariform fish genera]]

Latest revision as of 21:41, 26 April 2024

Scolopsis
Two-lined monocle bream, (S. bilineata)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Spariformes
Family: Nemipteridae
Genus: Scolopsis
G. Cuvier, 1814
Type species
Scolopsis sayanus
Gilliams, 1824
Synonyms[1]
  • Ghanan Forsskål, 1775 (not available)
  • Scolopsides G. Cuvier, 1829
  • Lycogenis G. Cuvier, 1830
  • Ctenoscolopsis Fowler, 1931

Scolopsis is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the family Nemipteridae, the threadfin breams. These fishes are found in the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean.

Taxonomy[edit]

Scolopsis was first proposed as a genus in 1814 by the French zoologist Georges Cuvier. It is not clear what species Cuvier was classifying within the genus, although he referred to le curite which he referred to a fish described as having the Telugu name kurite from a figure by Patrick Russell. However, the type species has traditionally been stated as Scolopsis sayanus, described by Jacob Gilliams in 1824 from Pennsylvania. Scolopsis sayanus is a synonym of Aphredoderus sayanus, the freshwater American pirate perch. Some authorities argue that as the type species of this genus is not classified within it then the International Commission for Zoological Nomenclature should be petitioned to designate a new type species, perhaps S. lineatus,[2] while others state that it should be S. curite, a species revalidated in 2022.[3] The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies Scolopsis within the family Nemipteridae which it places in the order Spariformes.[4]

Etymology[edit]

Scolopsis combines scolo, meaning "thorn", with opsis, meaning "face", thought to be referring to the large backwards pointing spine on the suborbital or the serrated rear margin of the preoperculum having rows of blunt spines along its length.[5]

Species[edit]

The currently recognized species in this genus are:[6][7]

Characteristics[edit]

Scolopsis monocle breams are small to medium sized fishes with slender to moderately deep bodies that are laterally compressed. They have brush like or small conical shaped teeth arranged in tapering bands in both the upper and lower jaws but there are no canine-like teeth. The pectoral fins are short to moderately long and are supported by 2 simple and between 12 and 17 branched fin rays. In the anal fin the second spine is longer and thicker than the others. The caudal fin may be emarginate or forked and either or both lobes may be pointed, falcate and extended by short filaments. The bodies of these fish are covered in ctenoid scales and the scales on the crown extend forwards to the level of the centre of the eyes or to the rear nostrils or beyond the rear nostrils. The suborbital is naked and has a large retrose spine and a series of smaller spines or serrations on its rear edge. Some species have a small forward pointing spine underneath the eye. The lower limb of the preoperculum may be naked or scaly and its rear margin may be serrated or spiny. The Operculum (fish) is scaly and its upper margin has a small, flat spine enclosed within the skin.[8] The smallest species is S. xenochrous with a maximum published total length of 22 cm (8.7 in) while the largest is S. monogramma with a maximum published total length of 38 cm (15 in).[6]

Distribution and habitat[edit]

Scolopsis monocle breams have a wide distribution in the Indian and Western Pacific Oceans. They are benthic fishes, typically found at deoths arf 60 m (200 ft) or less on reefs or on sandy or muddy substrates.[8]

Biology[edit]

Scolopsis monocle breams may be found as individuals or in schools and their prey is mainly small crustaceans taken off the seabed. The juveniles of some species are Batesian mimics of other fish species. Some of the species in this genus are known to be protogynous hermaphrodites.[8]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Nicolas Baillie (2019). "Scolopsis Cuvier, 1814". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  2. ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Nemipteridae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  3. ^ Russell, Barry; Bogorodsky, Sergey; Mal, Ahmad; Bineesh, K.K. & Alpermann, Tilman (2022). "The taxonomic identity of the monocle bream Scolopsis vosmeri species complex (Perciformes: Nemipteridae), with comments on molecular phylogenetic relationships within the genus Scolopsis". Zootaxa. 5105: 501–538. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.5105.4.3.
  4. ^ Nelson, J.S.; Grande, T.C.; Wilson, M.V.H. (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 502–506. doi:10.1002/9781119174844. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. LCCN 2015037522. OCLC 951899884. OL 25909650M.
  5. ^ "Order SPARIFORMES: Families LETHRINIDAE, NEMIPTERIDAE and SPARIDAE". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf. 17 October 2022. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  6. ^ a b Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2023). Species of Scolopsis in FishBase. October 2023 version.
  7. ^ Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Scolopsis". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  8. ^ a b c Russell, B.C. (1990). Nemipterid fishes of the world. (Threadfin breams, whiptail breams, monocle breams, dwarf monocle breams, and coral breams). Family Nemipteridae. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of nemipterid species known to date (PDF). FAO Species Catalogue. Vol. 12. FAO. pp. 96–97.
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