Great auk: Difference between revisions
Snowmanradio (talk | contribs) →Behaviour: consistency |
→Taxonomy: copyedit |
||
| Line 31: | Line 31: | ||
==Taxonomy== |
==Taxonomy== |
||
The Great Auk was one of the many species originally described by [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] in his |
The Great Auk was one of the many species originally described by [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] in his 18<sup>th</sup> century work, ''[[Systema Naturae]]''.<ref>Linnaeus, C (1758)</ref> |
||
Analysis of [[mtDNA]] [[DNA sequence|sequences]]<ref>Moum ''et al'' (2002)</ref> have confirmed [[Morphology (biology)|morphological]] and [[biogeography|biogeographical]] studies in regarding the [[ |
Analysis of [[mtDNA]] [[DNA sequence|sequences]]<ref>Moum ''et al'' (2002)</ref> have confirmed [[Morphology (biology)|morphological]] and [[biogeography|biogeographical]] studies in regarding the [[Razorbill]] as the Great Auk's closest living relative. Interestingly, they were also closely related to the [[Dovekie]], which underwent a radically different evolution compared to ''Pinguinus''. The entire lineage seems to have evolved in the North Atlantic. Due to the outward similarity to the razorbill (apart from flightlessness and size), the Great Auk was often placed in the genus ''Alca''. |
||
However, the fossil record (''Pinguinus alfrednewtoni'' from the Early [[Pliocene]] [[Yorktown Formation]] of the Lee Creek Mine, USA) and molecular evidence demonstrate that the three genera, while still closely related, diverged soon after their common ancestor had spread to the coasts of the Atlantic. The common ancestor was probably similar to a stout [[Xantus's Murrelet]]. By that time, the murres or Atlantic [[Guillemot]]s had apparently already split off from the other Atlantic alcids, however. Razorbill-like birds were common in the Atlantic during the [[Pliocene]], but the evolution of the |
However, the fossil record (''Pinguinus alfrednewtoni'' from the Early [[Pliocene]] [[Yorktown Formation]] of the Lee Creek Mine, USA) and molecular evidence demonstrate that the three genera, while still closely related, diverged soon after their common ancestor had spread to the coasts of the Atlantic. The common ancestor was probably similar to a stout [[Xantus's Murrelet]]. By that time, the murres or Atlantic [[Guillemot]]s had apparently already split off from the other Atlantic alcids, however. Razorbill-like birds were common in the Atlantic during the [[Pliocene]], but the evolution of the Dovekie is badly documented. |
||
The molecular data is compatible with either view but the weight of evidence indicates that placing the Great Auks in a distinct genus is a more satisfying treatment. |
The molecular data is compatible with either view but the weight of evidence indicates that placing the Great Auks in a distinct genus is a more satisfying treatment. |
||
Revision as of 21:52, 4 June 2008
| Great Auk | |
|---|---|
| |
| Breeding (standing) and nonbreeding (swimming) plumage. By John Gerrard Keulemans. | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Phylum: | |
| Class: | |
| Subclass: | |
| Superorder: | |
| Order: | |
| Suborder: | |
| Family: | |
| Subfamily: | |
| Tribe: | |
| Genus: | Pinguinus Bonnaterre, 1791
|
| Species: | P. impennis
|
| Binomial name | |
| Pinguinus impennis (Linnaeus, 1758)
| |
| Synonyms | |
|
Alca impennis | |
The Great Auk (Pinguinus impennis, formerly in genus Alca) is an extinct bird. It was the only species in the genus Pinguinus, a group which included several flightless giant auks from the Atlantic, to survive until modern times, but it has been extinct since the mid-19th century. It was also known as garefowl (from the Old Norse geirfugl, meaning "spear-bird", a reference to the shape of its beak), or penguin (before the birds known by that name today were called so).
In the past, the Great Auk was found in great numbers on islands off eastern Canada, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Ireland and Great Britain, but it was eventually hunted to extinction. Remains found in Floridian middens suggest that, at least occasionally, the Great Auk ventured that far south in winter as recently as in the 14th century.[1][2]
Taxonomy
The Great Auk was one of the many species originally described by Linnaeus in his 18th century work, Systema Naturae.[3]
Analysis of mtDNA sequences[4] have confirmed morphological and biogeographical studies in regarding the Razorbill as the Great Auk's closest living relative. Interestingly, they were also closely related to the Dovekie, which underwent a radically different evolution compared to Pinguinus. The entire lineage seems to have evolved in the North Atlantic. Due to the outward similarity to the razorbill (apart from flightlessness and size), the Great Auk was often placed in the genus Alca.
However, the fossil record (Pinguinus alfrednewtoni from the Early Pliocene Yorktown Formation of the Lee Creek Mine, USA) and molecular evidence demonstrate that the three genera, while still closely related, diverged soon after their common ancestor had spread to the coasts of the Atlantic. The common ancestor was probably similar to a stout Xantus's Murrelet. By that time, the murres or Atlantic Guillemots had apparently already split off from the other Atlantic alcids, however. Razorbill-like birds were common in the Atlantic during the Pliocene, but the evolution of the Dovekie is badly documented.
The molecular data is compatible with either view but the weight of evidence indicates that placing the Great Auks in a distinct genus is a more satisfying treatment.
Description
Standing about 75 cm (30-34 in) tall and weighing around 5 kg (11 lb),[5] the flightless Great Auk was the largest of the auks. It had white and glossy black feathers. The longest wing feathers were only 4 inches long. Its feet and claws were black. The webbed skin between the toes was brown/black. The beak was black with white transverse grooves. There was an area of white feathers on both sides of the head between the beak and each eye. It had a reddish/brown iris. Juvenile birds had less prominent grooves in their beaks and had mottled white and black necks.[6]
Behaviour
They were excellent swimmers, using their wings to swim underwater.[6] Their main food was fish, usually between 12 and 20 cm, but occasionally up to half the bird's own length; based on remains associated with Great Auk bones on Funk Island and ecological and morphological considerations, it seems that Atlantic menhaden and capelin were favored prey items.[7] Great Auks walked slowly and sometimes used their wings to help them traverse rough terrain.[6] They had few natural predators, mainly large marine mammals and birds of prey,[citation needed] and had no innate fear of humans. Their flightlessness and awkwardness on land compounded their vulnerability to humans, who hunted them for food, feathers, and also for specimen collection for museums and private collections.
The Great Auk laid only one egg each year, which it incubated on bare ground, with hatching in June. The eggs were yellowish white to light ochre with a varying pattern of black, brown or greyish spots and lines which often congregated on the large end,[6][8] and quite large (110-140 x 70-84 mm).[citation needed]
Extinction
The Great Auk was hunted on a significant scale for food, eggs and down from at least the 8th century. Previous to that, hunting by local natives can be documented from Late Stone Age Scandinavia and Eastern North America,[9] and from early 5th century AD Labrador[10] where the bird only seems to have occurred as a straggler. A person buried at the Maritime Archaic site at Port au Choix, Newfoundland, dating to about 2000 BC, seems to have been interred clothed in a suit made from more than 200 Great Auk skins, with the heads left attached as decoration.[11]
The little ice age may have reduced their numbers, but massive exploitation for their down eventually reduced the population. Specimens of the Great Auk and its eggs became collectible and highly prized, and collecting of the eggs contributed to the demise of the species. On Stac an Armin, St Kilda, Scotland, in July, 1840, the last great auk seen in the British Isles was killed by two St Kildans residents. Haswell-Smith claims that this was because they thought it was a witch.[12]
The last population lived on Geirfuglasker ("Great Auk Rock") off Iceland. This island was a volcanic rock surrounded by cliffs, which made it inaccessible to humans, but in 1830 this rock submerged and the birds moved to a nearby island of Eldey which was accessible from a single side. The last pair, found incubating an egg, were killed there on 3 July 1844, with Jon Brandsson and Sigurdur Islefsson strangling the adults and Ketil Ketilsson smashing the egg with his boot.[13] In addition to this, a later claim of a live individual sighted in 1852 on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland is accepted by the IUCN.[14]
Today, around 75 eggs of the Great Auk remain in museum collections, along with 24 complete skeletons, and 81 mounted skins. While literally thousands of isolated bones have been collected from 19th century Funk Island to Neolithic middens, only a minute number of complete skeletons exist.[15]
In popular culture
The Great Auk is a mascot to Archmere Academy in Claymont, Delaware, USA, Sir Sandford Fleming college in Ontario, Canada, and the Adelaide University Choral Society (AUCS), Australia.[16] It is also the mascot of the Knowledge Masters educational competition.
The Auk, the scientific journal of the American Ornithologists' Union, is named after this bird.
According to Homer Hickam's memoir Rocket Boys and its subsequent film production October Sky the early rockets he and his friends built were named "Auk" along with a sequential numeration as an obvious display of irony.
The Great Auk is the subject of a novel, The Last Great Auk, by Allen Eckert. This novel tells about the events leading to extinction of the Great Auk, as seen from the perspective of the Great Auk that winds up being the last one alive. A Great Auk (presumably stuffed) appears in the opera The Rake's Progress by Igor Stravinsky with libretto by W.H.Auden and Chester Kallman among the possessions of Baba the Turk. In the novel adaptation of "The Wicker Man" by Robin Hardy & Anthony Shaffer, but not the film, the (fictitious) Summerisle is revealed to be home to a surviving colony of Great Auks.
The Great Auk is a significant factor in the children's book The Island of Adventure by Enid Blyton. Jack is a keen ornithologist, and believes that the mysterious Island of Gloom may host a surviving Great Auk. This belief leads the children to the island. They don't find a Great Auk, but they do find adventure.
The Great Auk is also the subject of a Ballet called Still Life at the Penguin Café choreographed by David Bintley. Music by Simon Jeffes.
References
Notes
- ^ Weigel (1958)
- ^ Brodkorb (1960)
- ^ Linnaeus, C (1758)
- ^ Moum et al (2002)
- ^ Livezey (1988)
- ^ a b c d Morris (1864). pp. 56–58
- ^ Olson et al. (1979)
- ^ "Great Auk egg". Norfolk Museums & Archaeology Service.
- ^ Greenway (1967)
- ^ Jordan and Olson (1982)
- ^ Tuck (1976)
- ^ Haswell-Smith (1996)
- ^ Ellis, R (2004) p. 160
- ^ BirdLife International (2004)
- ^ Luther (1996)
- ^ "O'Sqweek" (PDF). Adelaide University Choral Society. 2005.
Bibliography
- Template:IUCN2006 Database entry includes justification for why this species is listed as extinct
- Brodkorb, Pierce (1960): Great Auk and Common Murre from a Florida Midden. Auk 77(3): 342-343. PDF fulltext
- Crofford, Emily (1989), Gone Forever: The Great Auk, New York: Crestwood House, ISBN 0-89686-459-6
- Ellis, Richard (2004). No Turning Back: The Life and Death of Animal Species. New York: Harper Perennial. p. 160. ISBN 0-06-055804-0.
- Fuller, Errol (1999): The Great Auk. Abrams, New York.
- Greenway, James C., Jr. (1967): Great Auk. In: Extinct and Vanishing Birds of the World, 2nd edition: 271-291. Dover, New York. QL676.7.G7
- Haswell-Smith, Hamish (1996). The Scottish Islands
- Jordan, Richard H. & Olson, Storrs L. (1982): First Record of the Great Auk (Pinguinus impennis) from Labrador. Auk 99(1): 167-168. PDF fulltext
- Linnaeus, C (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata (in Latin). Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii).
- Livezey, Bradley C. (1988): Morphometrics of flightlessness in the Alcidae. Auk 105(4): 681–698. PDF fulltext
- Luther, Dieter (1996): Riesenalk. In: Die ausgestorbenen Vögel der Welt, 4th edition (Die neue Brehm-Bücherei 424): 78-84. Westarp-Wissenschaften, Magdeburg; Spektrum, Heidelberg. ISBN 3-89432-213-6 [in German]
- Morris, Reverend Francis O. (1864). A History of British Birds. Vol. 6. Groombridge and Sons, Paternoster Way, London.
- Moum, Truls; Arnason, Ulfur & Árnason, Einar (2002): Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Evolution and Phylogeny of the Atlantic Alcidae, Including the Extinct Great Auk (Pinguinus impennis). Molecular Biology and Evolution 19(9): 1434–1439. PDF fulltext
- Olson, Storrs L.; Swift, Camm C. & Mokhiber, Carmine (1979): An Attempt to Determine the Prey of the Great Auk (Pinguinus impennis). Auk 96(4): 790-792. PDf fulltext
- Tuck, J. A. (1976): Ancient peoples of Port au Choix: The Excavation of an Archaic Indian Cemetery in Newfoundland. Newfoundland Social and Economic Studies 17.
- Weigel, Penelope Hermes (1958): Great Auk Remains from a Florida Shell Midden. Auk 75(2): 215–216. PDF fulltext
External links
- Auk Egg Auction Time Magazine, November 26 1934.
- Great Auk: Audubon fact sheet
- 3D view of specimen RMNH 110.104 at Naturalis, Leiden (requires QuickTime browser plugin).