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{{short description|Animal clade containing xenoturbellids, acoelomorphs, echinoderms and hemichordates}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
| image =
| display_parents = 4
| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Cambrian|Present}}
| image = {{Multiple image
|perrow = 2/2
|total_width = 295
|caption_align = center
|image1 = Xenoturbella japonica.jpg
|caption1 = [[Xenoturbellida]] (''[[Xenoturbella japonica]]'')
|image2 = Waminoa on Plerogyra.jpg
|caption2 = [[Acoelomorpha]] (''[[Waminoa]]'' sp.)
|image3 = Thromidia catalai Heavy Starfish PNG by Nick Hobgood.jpg
|caption3 = [[Echinodermata]] (''[[Thromidia|Thromidia catalai]]'')
|image4 = Balanoglosse - 2.jpg
|caption4 = [[Hemichordata]] (''[[Balanoglossus]]'' sp.)
|border = infobox
}}
| image_caption = Examples of all four branches of Xenambulacraria
| taxon = Xenambulacraria
| taxon = Xenambulacraria
| authority = Bourlat et al, 2006
| authority = Bourlat et al, 2006<ref name="Bourlat2006"/>
| subdivision_ranks = Clades
| subdivision_ranks = Clades
| subdivision = [[Xenacoelomorpha]] <br />
| subdivision = * [[Xenacoelomorpha]] <br />
** [[Xenoturbellida]]
[[Ambulacraria]]
** [[Acoelomorpha]]
* [[Ambulacraria]]
** [[Echinodermata]]
** [[Hemichordata]]
}}
}}


The '''Xenambulacraria''' are a proposed basal [[Bilateria]] clade consisting of the [[Xenacoelomorpha]] and the [[Ambulacraria]] as sister of the [[Nephrozoa]] (sans Ambulacraria), the [[Protostome]]s and [[Chordate]]s. Xenambulacraria could also be sister to the Chordates.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bourlat|first=Sarah J.|last2=Juliusdottir|first2=Thorhildur|last3=Lowe|first3=Christopher J.|last4=Freeman|first4=Robert|last5=Aronowicz|first5=Jochanan|last6=Kirschner|first6=Mark|last7=Lander|first7=Eric S.|last8=Thorndyke|first8=Michael|last9=Nakano|first9=Hiroaki|date=2006|title=Deuterostome phylogeny reveals monophyletic chordates and the new phylum Xenoturbellida|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=444|issue=7115|pages=85–88|doi=10.1038/nature05241|pmid=17051155|issn=0028-0836}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Philippe|first=Hervé|last2=Poustka|first2=Albert J.|last3=Chiodin|first3=Marta|last4=Hoff|first4=Katharina J.|last5=Dessimoz|first5=Christophe|last6=Tomiczek|first6=Bartlomiej|last7=Schiffer|first7=Philipp H.|last8=Müller|first8=Steven|last9=Domman|first9=Daryl|date=2019|title=Mitigating Anticipated Effects of Systematic Errors Supports Sister-Group Relationship between Xenacoelomorpha and Ambulacraria|journal=Current Biology|language=en|volume=29|issue=11|pages=1818–1826.e6|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.009|pmid=31104936}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Marlétaz|first=Ferdinand|last2=Peijnenburg|first2=Katja T.C.A.|last3=Goto|first3=Taichiro|last4=Satoh|first4=Noriyuki|last5=Rokhsar|first5=Daniel S.|date=2019|title=A New Spiralian Phylogeny Places the Enigmatic Arrow Worms among Gnathiferans|journal=Current Biology|language=en|volume=29|issue=2|pages=312–318.e3|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2018.11.042|pmid=30639106}}</ref>
'''Xenambulacraria''' is a proposed clade of [[animal]]s with [[symmetry (biology)#Bilateral symmetry|bilateral symmetry]] as an embryo, consisting of the [[Xenacoelomorpha]] (i.e., ''[[Xenoturbella]]'' and [[acoelomorph]]s) and the [[Ambulacraria]] (i.e., [[echinoderm]]s and [[hemichordate]]s).<ref name="Bourlat2006">{{cite journal |last1=Bourlat |first1=Sarah J. |last2=Juliusdottir |first2=Thorhildur |last3=Lowe |first3=Christopher J. |last4=Freeman |first4=Robert |last5=Aronowicz |first5=Jochanan |last6=Kirschner |first6=Mark |last7=Lander |first7=Eric S. |last8=Thorndyke |first8=Michael |last9=Nakano |first9=Hiroaki |last10=Kohn |first10=Andrea B. |last11=Heyland |first11=Andreas |last12=Moroz |first12=Leonid L. |last13=Copley |first13=Richard R. |last14=Telford |first14=Maximilian J. |title=Deuterostome phylogeny reveals monophyletic chordates and the new phylum Xenoturbellida |journal=Nature |volume=444 |issue=7115 |year=2006 |pages=85–88 |issn=0028-0836 |doi=10.1038/nature05241 |pmid=17051155 |bibcode=2006Natur.444...85B|s2cid=4366885 }}</ref>


If confirmed, the clade would either be the sister group to the [[chordate]]s (if [[deuterostome]]s are [[monophyletic]]) or the sister group to all the other bilaterians, grouped together in [[Centroneuralia]] (with deuterostomes being [[paraphyletic]]).<ref name="Bourlat2006"/><ref name="Philippe2019">{{cite journal |last1=Philippe |first1=Hervé |last2=Poustka |first2=Albert J. |last3=Chiodin |first3=Marta |last4=Hoff |first4=Katharina J. |last5=Dessimoz |first5=Christophe |last6=Tomiczek |first6=Bartlomiej |last7=Schiffer |first7=Philipp H. |last8=Müller |first8=Steven |last9=Domman |first9=Daryl |last10=Horn |first10=Matthias |last11=Kuhl |first11=Heiner |last12=Timmermann |first12=Bernd |last13=Satoh |first13=Noriyuki |last14=Hikosaka-Katayama |first14=Tomoe |last15=Nakano |first15=Hiroaki |last16=Rowe |first16=Matthew L. |last17=Elphick |first17=Maurice R. |last18=Thomas-Chollier |first18=Morgane |last19=Hankeln |first19=Thomas |last20=Mertes |first20=Florian |last21=Wallberg |first21=Andreas |last22=Rast |first22=Jonathan P. |last23=Copley |first23=Richard R. |last24=Martinez |first24=Pedro |last25=Telford |first25=Maximilian J. |title=Mitigating Anticipated Effects of Systematic Errors Supports Sister-Group Relationship between Xenacoelomorpha and Ambulacraria |journal=Current Biology |volume=29 |issue=11 |year=2019 |pages=1818–1826.e6 |issn=0960-9822 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.009 |pmid=31104936 |bibcode=2019CBio...29E1818P |hdl=21.11116/0000-0004-DC4B-1|s2cid=155104811 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marlétaz|first=Ferdinand |date=2019-06-17 |title=Zoology: Worming into the Origin of Bilaterians |journal=Current Biology |volume=29 |issue=12 |pages=R577–R579 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.006 |issn=0960-9822 |pmid=31211978|doi-access=free|bibcode=2019CBio...29.R577M }}</ref><ref name="telford">{{Cite journal |last1=Kapli |first1=Paschalia |last2=Natsidis |first2=Paschalis |last3=Leite |first3=Daniel J. |last4=Fursman |first4=Maximilian |last5=Jeffrie |first5=Nadia |last6=Rahman |first6=Imran A. |last7=Philippe |first7=Hervé |last8=Copley |first8=Richard R. |last9=Telford |first9=Maximilian J. |date=2021-03-19 |title=Lack of support for Deuterostomia prompts reinterpretation of the first Bilateria |journal=Science Advances |volume=7 |issue=12 |pages=eabe2741 |doi=10.1126/sciadv.abe2741 |issn=2375-2548 |pmc=7978419 |pmid=33741592|bibcode=2021SciA....7.2741K }}</ref>
==References==

Although the validity of the clade relies mostly on [[phylogenomics]], [[molecular genetics]] studies have proposed [[pigment cell]] clusters expressing [[polyketide synthase]] (PKS) and [[sulfotransferase]] as a [[synapomorphy]] of Xenambulacraria.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Robertson |first1=Helen E. |last2=Sebe-Pedros |first2=Arnau |last3=Saudemont |first3=Baptiste |last4=Loe Mie |first4=Yann |last5=Zakrzewski |first5=Ann |last6=Grau-Bové |first6=Xavier |last7=Mailhe |first7=Marie-Pierre |last8=Schiffer |first8=Philipp |last9=Telford |first9=Maximilian J. |last10=Marlow |first10=Heather |date=2022-08-18 |title=Single cell atlas of Xenoturbella bocki highlights the limited cell-type complexity of a nonvertebrate deuterostome lineage |journal=bioRxiv |language=en |doi=10.1101/2022.08.18.504214 }}</ref>

== Phylogeny ==

Xenambulacraria has usually been recovered as a clade inside of either of two distinct phylogenies.

=== Basal Xenambulacraria ===

The following phylogeny assumes a paraphyletic [[Deuterostomia]], with Xenambulacraria at the base of Bilateria.<ref name="telford" />

{{clade|label1=[[Bilateria]]|1=
{{clade
|label1=[[Xenambulacraria]]
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Xenacoelomorpha]]
|1={{clade
|1=[[Xenoturbellida]] [[File:Xenoturbella japonica.jpg|60 px]]
|2=[[Acoelomorpha]] [[File:Proporus sp.png|60 px]]
}}
|label2=[[Ambulacraria]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Echinodermata]] [[File:Portugal 20140812-DSC01434 (21371237591).jpg|60 px]]
|2=[[Hemichordata]] [[File:Balanoglossus by Spengel 1893.png|45px]]
}}
}}
|label2=[[Centroneuralia]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Chordata]] [[File:Common carp (white background).jpg|60 px]]
|label2=[[Protostomia]]
|2={{clade
|3=†''[[Kimberella]]''[[File:Kimberella NT.jpg|60 px]]
|1=[[Ecdysozoa]] [[File:CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC.jpg|60 px]]
|2=[[Spiralia]] [[File:Grapevinesnail 01.jpg|60 px]]
}}
}}
}}
}}

=== Xenambulacraria inside Deuterostomia ===

The following phylogeny assumes a monophyletic [[Deuterostomia]], with Xenambulacraria nested inside of it.

{{clade|label1=[[Bilateria]]|1=
{{clade
|label1=[[Deuterostomia]]
|1=
{{clade
|label1=[[Xenambulacraria]]
|1={{clade
|label1=[[Xenacoelomorpha]]
|1={{clade
|1=[[Xenoturbellida]] [[File:Xenoturbella japonica.jpg|60 px]]
|2=[[Acoelomorpha]] [[File:Proporus sp.png|60 px]]
}}
|label2=[[Ambulacraria]]
|2={{clade
|1=[[Echinodermata]] [[File:Portugal 20140812-DSC01434 (21371237591).jpg|60 px]]
|2=[[Hemichordata]] [[File:Balanoglossus by Spengel 1893.png|45px]]
}}
}}
|2=[[Chordata]] [[File:Common carp (white background).jpg|60 px]]
}}
|label2=[[Protostomia]]
|2={{clade
|3=†''[[Kimberella]]''[[File:Kimberella NT.jpg|60 px]]
|1=[[Ecdysozoa]] [[File:CelegansGoldsteinLabUNC.jpg|60 px]]
|2=[[Spiralia]] [[File:Grapevinesnail 01.jpg|60 px]]
}}
}}
}}

== Gallery ==

<gallery class="center" widths=300px heights=300px caption="Diversity of Xenambulacrarians">
File:Nemertodermatida species.png|Various [[Acoelomorpha]] ([[Nemertodermatida|nemertodermatids]]).
File:Enteropneusta.png|Various [[Hemichordata]] ([[Enteropneusta|enteropneusts]]).
File:Echinodermata.png|Various [[Echinodermata]] from all extant classes.
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Animalia}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2412197}}


[[Category:Controversial taxa]]
[[Category:Controversial taxa]]
[[Category:Bilaterian taxonomy]]
[[Category:Bilaterian taxa]]


{{animal-stub}}

Latest revision as of 07:48, 28 April 2024

Xenambulacraria
Temporal range: Cambrian–Present
Examples of all four branches of Xenambulacraria
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Subkingdom: Eumetazoa
Clade: ParaHoxozoa
Clade: Bilateria
Clade: Xenambulacraria
Bourlat et al, 2006[1]
Clades

Xenambulacraria is a proposed clade of animals with bilateral symmetry as an embryo, consisting of the Xenacoelomorpha (i.e., Xenoturbella and acoelomorphs) and the Ambulacraria (i.e., echinoderms and hemichordates).[1]

If confirmed, the clade would either be the sister group to the chordates (if deuterostomes are monophyletic) or the sister group to all the other bilaterians, grouped together in Centroneuralia (with deuterostomes being paraphyletic).[1][2][3][4]

Although the validity of the clade relies mostly on phylogenomics, molecular genetics studies have proposed pigment cell clusters expressing polyketide synthase (PKS) and sulfotransferase as a synapomorphy of Xenambulacraria.[5]

Phylogeny[edit]

Xenambulacraria has usually been recovered as a clade inside of either of two distinct phylogenies.

Basal Xenambulacraria[edit]

The following phylogeny assumes a paraphyletic Deuterostomia, with Xenambulacraria at the base of Bilateria.[4]

Bilateria

Xenambulacraria inside Deuterostomia[edit]

The following phylogeny assumes a monophyletic Deuterostomia, with Xenambulacraria nested inside of it.

Gallery[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c Bourlat, Sarah J.; Juliusdottir, Thorhildur; Lowe, Christopher J.; Freeman, Robert; Aronowicz, Jochanan; Kirschner, Mark; Lander, Eric S.; Thorndyke, Michael; Nakano, Hiroaki; Kohn, Andrea B.; Heyland, Andreas; Moroz, Leonid L.; Copley, Richard R.; Telford, Maximilian J. (2006). "Deuterostome phylogeny reveals monophyletic chordates and the new phylum Xenoturbellida". Nature. 444 (7115): 85–88. Bibcode:2006Natur.444...85B. doi:10.1038/nature05241. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 17051155. S2CID 4366885.
  2. ^ Philippe, Hervé; Poustka, Albert J.; Chiodin, Marta; Hoff, Katharina J.; Dessimoz, Christophe; Tomiczek, Bartlomiej; Schiffer, Philipp H.; Müller, Steven; Domman, Daryl; Horn, Matthias; Kuhl, Heiner; Timmermann, Bernd; Satoh, Noriyuki; Hikosaka-Katayama, Tomoe; Nakano, Hiroaki; Rowe, Matthew L.; Elphick, Maurice R.; Thomas-Chollier, Morgane; Hankeln, Thomas; Mertes, Florian; Wallberg, Andreas; Rast, Jonathan P.; Copley, Richard R.; Martinez, Pedro; Telford, Maximilian J. (2019). "Mitigating Anticipated Effects of Systematic Errors Supports Sister-Group Relationship between Xenacoelomorpha and Ambulacraria". Current Biology. 29 (11): 1818–1826.e6. Bibcode:2019CBio...29E1818P. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.009. hdl:21.11116/0000-0004-DC4B-1. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 31104936. S2CID 155104811.
  3. ^ Marlétaz, Ferdinand (2019-06-17). "Zoology: Worming into the Origin of Bilaterians". Current Biology. 29 (12): R577–R579. Bibcode:2019CBio...29.R577M. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.006. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 31211978.
  4. ^ a b Kapli, Paschalia; Natsidis, Paschalis; Leite, Daniel J.; Fursman, Maximilian; Jeffrie, Nadia; Rahman, Imran A.; Philippe, Hervé; Copley, Richard R.; Telford, Maximilian J. (2021-03-19). "Lack of support for Deuterostomia prompts reinterpretation of the first Bilateria". Science Advances. 7 (12): eabe2741. Bibcode:2021SciA....7.2741K. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abe2741. ISSN 2375-2548. PMC 7978419. PMID 33741592.
  5. ^ Robertson, Helen E.; Sebe-Pedros, Arnau; Saudemont, Baptiste; Loe Mie, Yann; Zakrzewski, Ann; Grau-Bové, Xavier; Mailhe, Marie-Pierre; Schiffer, Philipp; Telford, Maximilian J.; Marlow, Heather (2022-08-18). "Single cell atlas of Xenoturbella bocki highlights the limited cell-type complexity of a nonvertebrate deuterostome lineage". bioRxiv. doi:10.1101/2022.08.18.504214.