Abdopus
| Abdopus | ||||||||||
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Abdopus aculeatus |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||
| Abdopus | ||||||||||
| Norman & Finn , 2001 |
Abdopus is a genus of the real octopus family . The genre was onlyreorganizedin 2001 by Mark D. Norman and Julian Finn . It comprises seven types (as of 2017).
features
anatomy
Abdopus species are small to medium-sized Octopodidae, with a muscular coat . The shape of the mantle varies from an egg-shaped appearance to the shape of an amphora .
The tentacles are very long in all species. They have four to eight times the length of the mantle, with the side arms being the longest. The number of suction cups arranged in two rows differs between types. In sexually mature males, two to four suction cups on each arm are larger than the rest. In mature females, these are only slightly enlarged. In males, the third right arm forms the hectocotylus . This is slightly smaller and narrower than the opposite tentacle. The penis is linear and forms simple diverticula . The velar skin typically extends to 15% of the arm's length. It is most developed between the side arms.
The gills have five to ten lamellae per demibranch . The beak is relatively small. The radula consists of nine elements, seven rows of teeth and edge plates. The size of the posterior salivary glands varies in the individual species and ranges from an average to a relatively large diameter. Abdopuses have a W-shaped funnel organ . An ink sac and anal valves are present in all types. The side branch of the esophagus forms a distinct goiter.
Appearance
The color scheme and color pattern are variable between the individual species. However, all abdopus species have a transverse pair of white spots on the back of the coat. The genus has no false eyespots . The skin of all abdopuses has an irregular, cracked groove structure with large, widespread, wart-like structures called papillae. In all species they extend over the dorsal surface and the arms. This gives all abdomen a bushy appearance. All species also have complex body patterns that allow excellent camouflage. Like all real octopuses, abdopuses can adapt their appearance to their surroundings through a combination of different chromatophores and a change in the skin texture. A skin ridge around the lateral edge of the coat is not present in the genus.
Poison
It was reported that an as yet undisclosed species of abdopus ( abdopus "species 5") was caught in Port Hedland harbor , in the Pilbara region of northern Western Australia , which had a supply of the neurotoxin saxitoxin , also known as STX . The amount was three times the legal limit for human consumption of mussels in Europe , the USA and Australia . Further research is still pending.
Way of life
behavior
Abdopus species can throw off individual arms at their base when attacked ( autotomy ). The arm twisting in the water serves as an escape aid or as bait. The lost arms grow back within two to three months.
Occurrence and habitat
Except for one species that occurs exclusively in the Red Sea , all species live in the Pacific . The individual species populate different regions there, they do not occur together ( sympatric ).
The species of the genus Abdopus are typically diurnal. The habitat extends over reef areas in intertidal zones and shallow waters. Abdopuses are epipelagial species and occur at a depth of up to 30 meters.
Reproduction
The male spermatophores are small, narrow, and unprotected, coiled at the tip of the ejaculatory apparatus. This reaches a third of the length of the spermatophores.
All abdopuses lay very large, elongated eggs. These are lined up on stems, in cord-shaped or braided structures, such as garlands, in a brood cavity. The females stay in the cave during the breeding phase and do not eat any food during this time. After the offspring hatch, the female dies.
Systematics
The taxon was listed as the Octopus horridus group until 2001 , so they were considered to be members of the genus Octopus ( octopuses ). In 2001, Norman and Finn created a new subgenus Abdopus for them, which has been regarded as an independent genus since 2005. Abdopus undulatus was only described in 2007. Seven species are recorded in the current system.
- Abdopus abaculus (Norman & Sweeney, 1997)
- Abdopus aculeatus (d'Orbigny, 1834)
- Abdopus capricornicus (Norman & Finn, 2001)
- Abdopus horridus (d'Orbigny, 1826) ( type species )
- Abdopus tenebricus (Smith, 1884)
- Abdopus tonganus (Hoyle, 1885)
- Abdopus undulatus Huffard, 2007
gallery
Abdopus abaculus
Abdopus tonganus
Abdopus horridus
Abdopus aculeatus (underside)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b P. Bouchet (2010): Abdopus Norman & Finn, 2001. In: MolluscaBase (2017). Accessed via: WoRMS World Register of Marine Species , accessed November 14, 2017
- ↑ a b c d e f P. Jereb, CFE Roper, MD Norman, JK Finn (editors): Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalog of cephalopod species known to date. Volume 3. Octopods and Vampire Squids. by FAO Species Catalog for Fishery Purposes. No. 4, vol. 3. Rome, FAO. 2016. 370 pp. + 11 color plates. PDF (p. 59)
- ↑ a b c M. D. Norman and J. Finn: Revision of the Octopus horridus species-group, including erection of a new subgenus and description of two member species from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia Invertebrate Taxonomy 15 (1): 13-35. doi: 10.1071 / IT99018
- ↑ Wolfgang Weitlaner: Octopus skin as super reflectors innovation report, Forum for Science, Industry and Economy, December 11, 2006
- ↑ Octopodidae - Article at Tree of Life
- ^ MD Norman & FG Hochberg (2005): The current state of octopus taxonomy. Proceedings of the International Workshop and Symposium of Cephalopod International Advisory Council, Phuket, 2003. Phuket Marine Biological Center Research Bulletin 66: 127-154.
