Achbārīya

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The Achbārīya ( Arabic اخبارية, DMG Aḫbārīya ) is the traditionalist direction of teaching within the Twelve Shia , which derives its name from the achbār, the news about the twelve imams , and represents a countercurrent to the rationalistic teaching of the Uṣūli or Uṣūliyya founded by al-Hilli . The representatives of the achbariyya reject the ijtihād , their own rational effort of judgment, and only want to recognize authority to the traditional word of the Koran , the sunnah of the prophet and the traditions of the imams. The school grants "every lay believer the right to turn directly to the sources of tradition in order to clarify important religious questions without the mediation of a mudschtahid ."

The founder of the Achbariyya is Muhammad Amīn Astarābādī (d. 1624), who lived at the holy places in Mecca and Medina during his time . In the second half of the 17th century, the Achbariyya in the Safavid Empire also received ruling support. For example, the Achbari scholar Muḥammad Bāqir al- Majlisī was appointed Shaykh al-islām of Isfahan in 1687 and was given far-reaching powers to implement measures against religious deviants. He is best known for his monumental encyclopedia Biḥār al-anwār , which comprises 110 volumes in its printed edition and in which he has rearranged the entire corpus of Shiite traditions.

The school was successfully opposed by the Shiite Mujtahid from Persia Mohammad-Baqir Wahid Behbahani (approx. 1705–1791) and his students from the Usuli School of Shiite Islam. Until the 19th century, however, the school remained an influential branch of Shiite law ( fiqh ) in Iran , Iraq , parts of the Arabian Peninsula and India .

Today the Achbaris are only a small minority within the Twelve Shia, the Usulis are in the clear majority. The flow of the Achbaris currently only plays a major role in Bahrain . It can also be found in the Basra area in southern Iraq , in India ( Hyderabad ) and elsewhere.

According to the Islamic scholar and Shia expert Heinz Halm, they are "the Shiite 'fundamentalists' in the true sense of the word."

literature

  • Hamid Algar , Najam I. Haider: Art. Akhbārīyah , in: JL Esposito (ed.): The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World , Oxford University Press, Oxford 2009, paid online access at oxfordreference.com.
  • Mehdi Parvizi Amineh: The Global Capitalist Expansion and Iran. A study of the Iranian political economy (1500–1980). Lit Verlag Münster (1999) ( online excerpt )
  • Rainer Brunner: The Schia and the Koran forgery. Ergon, Würzburg 2001. pp. 12-39.
  • Juan Ricardo Cole: Sacred space and holy war: the politics, culture and history of Shi'ite Islam , IB Tauris, 2002, ISBN 1-86064-736-7
  • Robert Gleave: Scripturalist Islam: The History and Doctrines of the Akhbārī Shīʻī School. Brill, 2007 ( online excerpt ; book review )
  • Robert Gleave: Inevitable Doubt: Two Theories of Shi'i Jurisprudence (Studies in Islamic Law and Society). Brill 2000
  • Rüdiger Lohlker : Islam. A story of ideas. Stuttgart: UTB 2008 ( online excerpt )
  • Moojan Momen: An introduction to Shi'i Islam: the history and doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism (Oxford: G. Ronald 1985), ISBN 0-85398-201-5
  • Martin Riesebrodt: Fundamentalism as a patriarchal protest movement: American Protestants (1910–28) and Iranian Shiites (1961–79) in comparison. Mohr Siebeck (1990) ( online excerpt )
  • Madhu Trivedi: The Making of the Awadh Culture. Primus Books 2010 ( online excerpt )
  • Wahied Wahdat-Hagh : The Islamic Republic of Iran. The rule of political Islam as a variant of totalitarianism. Lit Verlag 2003 ( online excerpt )
  • Ina Wunn: Muslim Groups in Germany: A Handbook. Kohlhammer 2007 ( online excerpt )

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ "So it is nothing with the fundamental sunlessness of the Shīʿites" ( Ignaz Goldziher : Lectures on Islam , 2nd ed., P. 232 (on this: p. 371 f., Note 165)). - Cf. al-Kutub al-arbaʿa (the “Four Books”); Islamic Desk Reference: Akhbariyya , Brill, Leiden 1994.
  2. ↑ Robert Gleave
  3. ↑ Wilfried Buchta: Schiiten , Kreuzlingen / Munich 2004, p. 42
  4. ↑ cf. Moḥammad Amīn Astarābādi ( E. Kohlberg , EIr )
  5. ↑ cf. Asma Afsaruddin and A. Afsaruddin: Excellence & Precedence: Medieval Islamic Discourse on Legitimate Leadership Medieval Islamic Discourse on Legitimate Lead (Islamic History and Civilization) . Brill Academic Pub 2002 ( online excerpt )
  6. ↑ Cf. Rainer Brunner: MAJLESI, Moḥammad-Bāqer in Encyclopædia Iranica , http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/majlesi-mohammad-baqer
  7. ↑ cf. Nader Purnaqcheband: Islamism as Political Theology. Lit Verlag (2002) ( online excerpt )
  8. ↑ cf. Zackery M. Heem: Usuli Shi'ism: The emergence of an Islamic Reform Movement in Early Modern Iraq and Iran. Dissertation (The University of Utah) August 2011 ( Online  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. )@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / de.scribd.com  
  9. ↑ “30 of Behbahani's students reached the high level of independent legal finding. Behbahani has written over 70 books on Fiqh and the fundamental doctrine of religion. ”( German.irib.ir: The Islamic Culture and Civilization in the Course of History (Part 61) ) (Manuscript of the Broadcasting Corporation of the Islamic Republic of Iran , July 2, 2012) - On the Achbārī-Uṣūlī dispute, see: Andrew J. Newman, The Nature of the Akhbārī / Uṣūlī Dispute in Late Ṣafawid Iran. Part 1: 'Abdallāh al-Samāhijī's "Munyat al-Mumārisīn Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 55, No. 1 (1992), pp. 22-51
  10. ^ Juan Eduardo Campo: Encyclopedia of Islam . In: Encyclopedia of world religions . Facts On File, New York 2009, pp. 27 .
  11. ↑ Heinz Halm : Die Schiiten , 2005, p. 78