Acholeplasm

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Acholeplasm
Systematics
Domain : Bacteria (bacteria)
Department : Tenerife
Class : Mollicutes
Order : Acholeplasmatales
Family : Acholeplasmataceae
Genre : Acholeplasm
Scientific name
Acholeplasm
Edward & Friends 1970

Acholeplasma is a genus of bacteria . She is one of the Mollicutes .

features

Appearance

The cells are spherical and very small, the diameter is 300 nm. Filaments can also be formed, the length here is 2-5 µm. They are facultatively anaerobic , so they can also live in the absence of oxygen.

metabolism

Acholeplasma is chemo-organotrophic , photosynthesis is not carried out. Most species use glucose and other sugars as their main sources of energy.

Pathogenicity

Humans are not attacked under normal circumstances. However, it is assumed that in environments where there are high concentrations of these bacteria, humans can also be attacked by some species. Within the classification of bacteria, some species are assigned to risk group 2 ( Section 3 Biological Agents Ordinance ): " Risk group 2: biological agents that can cause illness in humans and pose a risk to employees; spreading in the population is unlikely; effective Prevention or treatment is usually possible ". These types include B. Acholeplasma granularum , Acholeplasma hippikon , Acholeplasma laidlawii and Acholeplasma morum . The pathogenicity in vertebrates has mostly not yet been finally clarified, e.g. B. Different types of Acholeplasma were found in cattle, Acholeplasma laidlawii in cats.

The species Acholeplasma laidlawii is the only species of the Mollicutes that can also live outside the host, provided the environment provides the necessary nutritional requirements.

Systematics

Archolepasma can be distinguished from many types of Mollicutes in that it does not require cholesterol for growth. However, this also applies to some types of Asteroleplasma , Spiroplasma and Mesoplasmado . Some species (as of October 10, 2019):

The species Acholeplasma entomophilum , first described by Joseph G. Tully in 1988 , is now placed in the genus Mesoplasma . Also Acholeplasma florum , first described by McCoy et al. in 1984, is now also listed within the genus Mesoplasma . The same applies to Acholeplasma seiffertii (first described by Bonnet et al. In 1991).

etymology

The generic name Acholeplasma is derived from the Greek a ('not'), the Greek word chole (bile) and the Greek word plasma ('shaped') and refers to the independence of cholesterol for growth. The word 'bile' refers to the fact that cholesterol was first isolated from gallstones .

Importance to humans

The cells are very small and variable in shape and can therefore pass through sterile filters with a diameter of 0.2 micrometers in the laboratory, including v. a. the species Acholeplasma laidlawii . This creates the risk that the bacteria z. B. can contaminate cell cultures in the laboratory. In addition to acholeplasma , various types of mycoplasma are primarily involved. The species include M. fermentans , M. hominis , M. orale , M. salivarium , M. bovis . It is assumed that in Japan up to 80% of all cell cultures that are produced in the laboratory are contaminated with mycoplasmas, in Germany up to 40%. The types of Mycoplasma belong to the normal fauna of humans, so the source of the contamination in the laboratory are usually employees in the improper handling of cell cultures.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b N. R. Krieg, W. Ludwig, WB Whitman, BP Hedlund, BJ Paster, JT Staley, N. Ward, D. Brown, A. Parte: Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. Volume 4: The Bacteroidetes, Spirochaetes, Tenericutes (Mollicutes), Acidobacteria, Fibrobacteres, Fusobacteria, Dictyoglomi, Gemmatimonadetes, Lentisphaerae, Verrucomicrobia, Chlamydiae, and Planctomycetes . 2nd Edition. Springer, New York 2010, ISBN 978-0-387-68572-4 , pp. 351-358 .
  2. ↑ TRBA (Technical Rules for Biological Agents) 466: Classification of prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea) into risk groups. In: Website of the Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (BAuA). April 2012, accessed April 22, 2014 .
  3. ↑ Hans-Joachim Selbitz, Uwe Truyen and Peter Valentin-Weigand: Veterinary microbiology, infection and disease theory . 9th edition. Enke, 2010, ISBN 978-3-8304-1080-5 .
  4. ^ Marian C. Horzinek, Vera Schmidt and Hans Lutz: Diseases of the cat . 4th edition. Enke, 2005, ISBN 978-3-8304-1049-2 , pp. 176 .
  5. ^ CJ Hurst: Opportunistic Bacteria Associated with Mammalian Livestock Disease. In: Hurst C. (eds) The Connections Between Ecology and Infectious Disease. Advances in Environmental Microbiology, vol 5. Springer Verlag, 2018. ISBN 978-3-319-92373-4
  6. ↑ Jean Euzéby, Aidan C. Parte: Genus jeotgalicoccus. In: List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature Systematics of Bacteria (LPSN) . Retrieved December 8, 2017 .
  7. ↑ Michael Rieth: Pharmaceutical Microbiology: Quality Assurance, Monitoring, Industrial Hygiene . 1st edition. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co, 2012, ISBN 978-3-527-33087-4 , p. 185 .