Eight sounds

Eight sounds ( Chinese 八音 , Pinyin bāyīn ) is the name of a classification system for traditional Chinese musical instruments that has been used in China since the time of the Western Zhou Dynasty .

The classification system is also used in other Asian countries - e.g. B. Japan and Korea - to be found. It encompasses a wide range of string instruments, wind instruments and percussion instruments, which are traditionally classified according to their building materials .

groups

group	sub- group	Remarks
Metal 金 jīn		鐘 , zhōng - "a bell ",編鐘 , biānzhōng - "a Chinese carillon ",方響 , fāngxiǎng - "a soundwork made of iron bars of the same length but different thickness, hanging in two rows with eight bars on ropes and with a hammer are struck, "鑼 , luó -" Gong "雲鑼 , yúnluó -" clouds Gong "铜鼓 , tónggǔ -" copper drum , "鐃 , Nao -" Big cymbal "鈸 , bó -" China basin "鈴 , líng - " little bell ",鐸 , duó - "large antique bell",鉦 , zhēng - "gong for stopping troops"
Stone 石 shí		磬 , qìng - " sound stones ",编磬 , biānqìng - "sound stone game", (特磬 , tèqìng - "just a sound stone in the shape of a large L, hung on a rope and beaten with a clapper")
Silk 絲 sī	Plucked instrument 拨弦 bōxián	古琴 , gǔqín - “often short qín , a fingerboard zither without bridges, like an old wooden plank, for meditative solo play on seven strings that are tuned from tenor to alto”,柳琴 , liǔqín - “a small pipa with four strings which is played like a mandolin ”,月琴 , yuèqín -“called the moon guitar because of its large, round shape and short neck, with two high-pitched pairs of strings, sounding similar to the ukulele, now used in the Peking Opera ”,秦琴 , Qínqín - “A flower- shaped lute from the Qin dynasty, with a long neck, three strings and a sound like a wooden banjo”,獨弦琴 , dúxiánqín - “vietn. Dan Bau, a slim box zither with a vibrating stick (hence also stick zither), with which the singing sound of one string is changed when playing ",瑟 , sè -" a vaulted board zither similar to the Guzheng, but sounds more like the harp ",古筝 , gǔzhēng - “ Guzheng , a large vaulted board zither with 13 to 25 strings and a rather short, metallic sound; one of the most popular house instruments in China ”,箜篌 , kōnghóu -“ probably an angle to bow harp that can no longer be reconstructed and is now built freely or according to western models ”,南管琵琶 , nánguǎnpípa -“ a lute in the shape of the pipa , but held and played like a guitar, with four strings and sounding like a wooden banjo ",琵琶 , pípá -" Pipa , a drop-shaped lute (also bowl-neck lute) with a very flat body, three to five strings and a short, muted, metallic rattling sound ”,阮 , ruǎn -“ Ruan , a so-called moon guitar according to the later YueQin, with a round body, long neck and four strings, now sounding very similar to the guitar ”,口弦 , kǒuxián -“ a jew's harp (or a Zupfidiophon ) made of a slotted wooden stick and a pulling thread !! also classified in the group "bamboo" !! ",三弦 , sānxián -" Sanxian , a lute made of wood, with a small, rounded body covered with snakeskin, a long neck, three strings and a short, muffled sound like a metal one Banjo"
	Bow instrument 拉弦 lāxián	二胡 , èrhú - " Erhu , a high-pitched tubular spit violin from the family of the 胡琴 húqin, whose two strings are played together",三胡 , sānhú - "a barrel-shaped huqin, the three strings of which are played together as in the erhu",四胡 , sìhú - "a huqin like the erhu, whose four strings are also played together",高胡 , gāohú - "a huqin from the canton, like the erhu, but with a very high pitch",中胡 , zhōnghú - "one slightly larger and central (zhōng) sounding addition to the erhu for the orchestra ”,低音二胡 , dīyīnèrhú -“ with the orchestra a huqin between erhu and zhonghu, otherwise 低胡 dīhú a name for other low-pitched huqin ”,板胡 , bǎnhú -“ one completely wooden huqin with half a coconut as a resonance body, which is sawn open at the back and clad with a wooden ceiling at the front ”,京胡 , jīnghú -“ also 京二胡 jīng èrhú; the ErHu of the Peking Opera plays a bit higher and more fun ”,馬骨胡 , mǎgǔhú -“ a high-pitched huqin with horse bones (mǎgǔ) as a resonance body ”,椰胡 , yēhú -“ a huqin with half a coconut as a resonance body, which is slit at the back and is clad in the front with a wooden ceiling; in the middle a conch shell is attached as a sound amplifier , over which the strings are led ”,坠胡 , zhuìhú -“ also 坠琴 zhuìqín, a Huqin from Henan, the snake skin stretched on a metal body, and with a scratchy, dull, but central one high sound ”,大筒 , dàtǒng -“ a huqin with a slender but elongated tube that sits on a wood; the sound is reminiscent of a muted gypsy violin; the Datong is part of the Hunan opera 花鼓戏 huāgǔxì “,大广弦 , dàguǎngxián -“ also 大筒弦 dàtǒngxián; a plump, but high-sounding Huqin from Fujian, which is also used in the Taiwan Opera ",葫芦胡 , húluhú -" also 葫芦胡 húluqín; a huqin with a bottle gourd as a sound space ”,土胡 , tǔhú -“ A 胡琴 húqin made of wood on all sides with metal strings and a comparatively deep sound; It is part of the culture of the 壮 Zhuàng in Guǎngxī ”,擂琴 , lèiqín -“ a Huqin from Henan, similar to the Erhu, but with a metal body and an almost barking high sound ”,革胡 , géhú -“ An answer to the popular Cello, which has been significantly reduced in size and whose opening on the side has now been covered with snake or artificial fur; the sound is closer to the cello ”,低音革胡 , dī yīn géhú -“ Bass-Gehu ”,馬頭琴 , mǎtóuqín -“ the horse-head violin (Mongolian "morin khuur") is more similar to the cello ”,牛角琴 , niújiǎoqin -“ Tibetan胡琴 húqin with cow horn (牛角 niújiǎo) as a resonance body, also called 角胡 jiǎohú, ie horn fiddle, ”,牛腿琴 , niútuǐqín -“ a kind of trout-shaped violin from GuangXi, one from the hip bone (tuǐ) Ox (niú) carved, with a neck made of wood and a very high to snotty sound ",二弦 , èrxián -" a slender Huqin similar to the erhu, but with a very muffled high to quasy sound ",奚琴 , xī qín -" Allegedly the first HuQin (see also the directly related Korean Haegeum ) ”,文枕琴 , wénzhěnqín -“ a both pluckedand bowed , slim zither that is held upright on the thigh ”,軋箏 , zházhēng -“ with a bow played 7 to 13-string zither "
	Lifting instrument 擊弦 Jixian	扬琴 or 洋琴 , yángqín - “ Yangqin trapezoidal dulcimer; 洋 = ocean, foreign ",筑 , zhù / Taiwan: zhú -" old 5-string dulcimer with a long neck (today's reenactments tend to have 20 strings) "
Bamboo 竹 zhú		笛子 , dí zi - " Dizi (instrument) bamboo flute",箫 , xiāo - " Xiao (flute) core- gap flute made of root bamboo ",排簫 , páixiāo - "Chinese pan flute ",籥 , yuè - " Yue (flute) length flute, old flute with three finger holes ”,篪 , chí -“ Chi (flute) old transverse flute with a penetrating tongue ”,尺八 , chě bā -“ Shakuhachi Che = notation of the tone 尺 chě ( d1 or Ré ) in Gongche notation - ba = 8 "筚篥 , Bili -" hichiriki "管子 , guǎnzi -" Guan see筚篥 , Bili - " hichiriki " " 嗩吶 / 唢呐 , suǒ nà -" suona "巴烏 / 巴乌 , Bawu -" Bawu wooing (?) - Raven ",芒筒 , mángtǒng -" Chinaschilf-Rohr ",唎咧 , lìliē -" Sound-mouth warping lily (wind instrument) ",口笛 , kǒudí -" mouth-flute ",新笛 , xīn dí - " Xindi (flute) new flute",侗笛 , Dòng dí - "Dong (people) flute",口弦 , kǒuxián - "a jaw harp (or a plucked idiophone ) made from a slotted wooden stick and with a pulling thread !! also included in group "silk", subgroup "string instruments" !! "
Bottle gourd 匏 páo		竽 , yú - "mouth organ with penetrating tongues (a 传统笙 chuántǒng shēng, ie a common sheng with a bottle gourd as a wind chamber)",蘆笙 / 芦笙 , lúshēng - " Lusheng ",葫蘆絲 / 葫芦丝 , húlúsī - " Hulusi ",葫蘆笙 / 葫芦笙 , húlúshēng - "Bottle gourd sheng, in which the bamboo tubes reach through the wind chamber and are held shut from below to generate the sound"
Clay / loam 土 tǔ		the vessel flute 塤 , xūn - " Xun " and 缶 , fǒu - "clay gong"
Leather 革 gé		鼓 , gǔ - " drum ",大鼓 , dàgǔ - " large drum ",板鼓 , bǎn gǔ - "small, high-pitched single-headed frame drum in Chinese opera",排鼓 , pái gǔ - "row drum; a set of 5 to 6 drums played with mallets ”,堂鼓 , tánggǔ -“ A barrel drum of various sizes and widths ”,大堂鼓 , dà tánggǔ -“ Great TangGu ”(also南堂鼓 , nán tánggǔ -“ Southern TangGu ”or花盆鼓 , huāpén gǔ - “flower pot drum”),八角鼓 , bājiǎo gǔ - “octagonal tambourine ”,羯鼓 , jié gǔ - “ Jiegu ( hourglass drum )”,撥浪鼓 , bōlàng gǔ - “ rattle drum used in ritual music”,搏拊 , bófǔ - "wooden drum, old percussion instrument"
Wood 木 mù		木魚 , Muyu - " wooden fish idiophone slit drum ,"柷 , zhù - " beat box "敔 , yǔ - " Schraptiger "鼓板 , gǔ bǎn - "drum-board"拍板 , pāibǎn - "strips Klapper (see: the grave of Wang Chuzhi (863–923) ) ",梆子 , bāng zi -" night watchman rattle "
Others 其他		骨笛 , gǔdí - "bone flute",木葉 / 木叶 , mùyè - "wood sheet"

Individual evidence

↑ JG Krünitz: Economic Encyclopedia (1773-1858). Retrieved August 17, 2013 .

Eight sounds

groups

Individual evidence

See also