Tubular drum
Tubular barrel (English tubular drum ) is a generic term for drums , which body , as defined in the Sachs Scheme Hornbostel is tubular. The body can be covered with a membrane on one or both sides. In the first case, the bottom remains open.
Cylinder drums (English cylinder drums ) have the same diameter along its entire length. They are differentiated from frame drums , the frame height of which corresponds at most to the radius of the membrane . This classification, based on practical reasons, relates to typical instruments. As a flat drum (English shallow drum ) a format between the cylinder and frame drum can be described, in which the frame height corresponds at most to the skin diameter.
Drums with a bulging body in the middle are called barrel drums , and waisted they are hourglass drums . When played standing on the floor, they are called standing drums .
The other drum type are einfellige boiler drums (drums vessel) with a closed bottom, to which the timpani part.
origin
In the Egyptian Middle Kingdom (from the beginning of the 2nd millennium BC) double-sided tubular drums can be seen on numerous illustrations and are mentioned in texts. The larger ancient Egyptian drums were cylindrical and had an X-shaped lacing, a smaller drum type was barrel-shaped with parallel tied membranes. Its body consisted mainly of wood, rarely bronze. The oldest cylinder drum found comes from a grave in Beni Hasan and is around 2000 BC. Dated. In Mesopotamia , tube drums appear much less often at this time.
Double-headed long cylinder drums have been common in Arab military music since early Islamic times under the general Arabic term tabl ("drum"). Cylinder drums came to Europe with the Turkish janissary music . In the musicological work Syntagma musicum by the composer Michael Praetorius from 1619, the tubular drum is still shown as a musical instrument of the Orient.
Classification according to the design
The Hornbostel-Sachs system classifies tubular drums based on their design.
Cylinder drums
Cylindrical drums are like the modern drum set played Tomtom , the snare drum (snare drum) and the bass drum (plastic sometimes) manufactured or eroded by the known since pre-Christian times method from a standing timber section (bass drum) of bent and glued laminated timber panels. The clear cylindrical shape of the drums made in this way is relatively rare. It appears in the great Turkish military drum davul and the related tapan in the Balkans. Even if these should be frame drums according to their ratio of height to diameter, they are classified as cylinder drums by the long military drums according to their origin. The cylinder drums include the drums that are widely used or only in a certain region:
- Alfaia , light Brazilian bass drum made of plywood
- Caixa , snare drum in Brazilian samba and other dance music styles
- Chande , in the South Indian folk music of Karnataka , especially in the Yakshagana dance drama
- Chenda , similar to chande , in the southern Indian state of Kerala
- Dammam , to accompany Shiite mourning ceremonies in Iraq and Iran
- Doli , wooden drum in popular music of Georgia
- Dunun , wooden cylinder drum played with sticks in West Africa
- Lambeg drum , large cylinder drum played with sticks at street parades in Northern Ireland
- Pambai , two connected wooden cylinder drums in religious music in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu are played
- Tabor , historical cylinder drum since the European Middle Ages, which a musicianplayswith a one-handed flute at the same time
- T'bol , collective name for cylinder drums in the Maghreb
- Yak bera , used in rituals in the south of Sri Lanka
Barrel drums
A large number of barrel drums carved from a block of wood or molded from plastic are known. The two outer diameters can be different, which results in two pitches. In addition to the South American, single-headed conga , the round-bellied barrel drums include:
- Atsimevu , leading drum in large Ewe -Trommelorchester in Ghana, the clock of the hand bell Gankogui is predetermined
- Buk , two-headed barrel drum in Korean folk music
- Dhimay , barrel drum in the Kathmandu valley in Nepal
- Dhol , large, double-skinned barrel drum in northern India
- Dholak , smaller than the dhol , from northern India to Afghanistan
- Dholki , similar to the dholak , in the West and East Indies
- Ghoema , single- headed , hand-struck drum, which is mainly used at the New Year celebrations in South Africa
- Kendang , group of two-headed Indonesian barrel drums
- Negarit , old Ethiopian war drum, the name ofwhich is derivedfrom naqqara , a widespread type of kettle drum, which in some regions also includes barrel drums
- Taiko , group of large double-headed, vertically played barrel drums in Japan
- Tavil , South Indian barrel drum
Cone drums
The diameters of both sides are considerably different. The body has the shape of a truncated cone, its length is almost straight.
Double cone drums
Double-cone drums have a larger mean diameter, the body tapers in a more or less straight line to the ends. Such a clearly visible kink in the middle is mainly found in two-headed drums played in a horizontal position in India:
- Khol , in North and East Indian religious folk music
- Maddale , in the folk music of Karnataka
- Mridangam , in South Indian classical music
- Pakhawaj , in North Indian classical music
- Pashchima , folk music in the Kathmandu valley in Nepal
- Pung , particularly slim form for dance accompaniment in the northeast Indian state of Manipur
Hourglass drums
The mean diameter is smaller than the two end diameters. Some African speaking drums with cord tension that can be changed during play are hourglass-shaped. In Asia, this drum shape is often given religious significance. The damaru played in India and in Tibetan music is one of the attributes of Shiva and other gods in Indian mythology , accordingly the idakka played in the temple music of Kerala is also venerated.
- Batá drum , Afro-Cuban hourglass drum with skins of different sizes
- Daunr , small wooden hourglass drum in the Garhwal region of Indiaon the southern edge of the Himalayas
- Dhadd , small wooden hourglass drum mainly used by Sikhs in the northwest Indian state of Punjab
- Hurka , slightly larger than the damaru , in the Garhwal and Kumaon regions
- Janggu , in Korean music
- Jiegu , historical hourglass drum in China
- Kalangu , two-headed hourglass drum of the Hausa in West Africa
- Kundu , the hourglass drum in the music of New Guinea . The wooden water drums on the Sepik in northeast New Guineaare also hourglass-shaped and of great mythological importance.
- Timila , like idakka used in Kerala temple music
Cup drums
The drum body is cup-shaped or cylindrical and merges into a slimmer lower part. Cup drums are single-headed, they either have a closed body base or are open to the foot end. They are often held between the knees or tucked horizontally under the arm and beaten with both hands. Very large types have a base with which they stand on the floor.
- Bekiviro , almost a man- sized ritual drum that is played in obsession rituals on Madagascar's west coast
- Dabakan , used in the Philippines, with a turned and ornamented wooden body
- Darbuka , typical tumbler in the Middle East and North Africa
- Djembé , common in West Africa, membrane mostly with string tension
- Ozi , ritual drum in Myanmar from one to three meters in length
- Tombak , also known as zarb , in classical and folk music of Iran
- Zerbaghali , a clay beaker drum that is used in Afghanistan's folk music
Classification according to purpose or style of play
Drums struck with mallets or brooms can be distinguished from hand drums . Standing drums that are only beaten on one side often have a second skin on the underside. This allows the upper skin to be tightened and at the same time serves to reinforce the resonance. In medieval military music there were long cylindrical, double-headed stirring drums (also Landsknecht drums ), today the name, which is derived from the circular movements of the mallets or brooms, is used synonymously for the single-headed small drums .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Hans Hickmann: The ancient Egyptian tubular drums. In: Oriens, Volume 17, December 31, 1964, pp. 172-181, here p. 173
- ^ Hans Hickmann: The music of the Arabic-Islamic area . In: Bertold Spuler (Hrsg.): Handbuch der Orientalistik. 1. Dept. The Near and Middle East. Supplementary Volume IV. Oriental Music. EJ Brill, Leiden / Cologne 1970, p. 62
- ↑ Jim Sykes: Musical Knowledge and the Vernacular Past in Post-War Sri Lanka. ISA, 2012, pp. 1–12, here p. 3