Afrikan Spir

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Afrikan Spir

Afrikan Alexandrowitsch Spir ( Russian Африка́н Алекса́ндрович Спир ; born November 10, 1837 in Elisabethgrad , Russian Empire ; † March 26, 1890 in Geneva , Switzerland ) was a Russian-German philosopher and logician who wrote his works in German.

life and work

Afrikan Spir's father Alexander Alexandrowitsch came from a family of German-Jewish descent who had converted to the Protestant faith. Spir's mother Jelena Konstantinovna (née Pulewitsch) had Russian and Greek roots.

He had a great influence on Nietzsche and Theodor Lessing , who wrote his doctoral thesis about him, and on Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange . Spir understood philosophy as a discipline that established first principles as a science. It is supposed to reveal the illusory images that hide the true nature of things. The method of such a philosophy is to establish facts.

Spir, whose father was a well-known naturopath, also influenced the painter and cultural reformer Karl Wilhelm Diefenbach and thus his pupil Gusto Gräser , the spirit founder of Monte Verità . In his proposal to the friends of a sensible way of life from 1869, he drafted the project of a philosophical and vegetarian rural commune that Nietzsche sought to realize in Italy. Diefenbach succeeded in doing this on a larger scale at Himmelhof near Vienna and the Gräser brothers in Ascona. These experiments were based on Spir's definition of freedom: "In truth, freedom is nothing other than wanting and acting in accordance with oneself, wanting and acting in accordance with its own nature" (proposal, p. 40).

Spir studied at the University of Leipzig with Moritz Wilhelm Drobisch .

Works

  • 1866. The truth . Leipzig, JG Findel (under the pseud. Of “Prais”, Anagram of: A. Spir, 2nd edition under “A. Spir”, 1867, Leipzig, Förster and Findel).
  • 1868. Indication of inconsistent thinking . Leipzig, JG Findel.
  • 1869. Discussion of a basic philosophical insight . Leipzig, JG Findel.
  • 1869. Research into certainty in the knowledge of reality . Leipzig, JG Findel.
  • 1869. Brief presentation of the main features of a philosophical point of view . Leipzig, JG Findel.
  • 1869. Suggestion to the friends of a sensible way of life . Leipzig, JG Findel (French translation by Hélène Claparède-Spir: Projet d'un coenobium laïque . Ed. Del Coenobium, Lugano, 1907).
  • 1870. Small writings . Leipzig, JG Findel.
  • 1873. Thought and Reality: Attempt to Renew Critical Philosophy . 2 vols., Leipzig, JG Findel. Online Archive , 2nd ed. 1877
  • 1874. Morality and Religion . Leipzig, JG Findel, 2nd ed. 1878 (Italian translation by Odoardo Campa, Religione , Lanciano, Carabba, 1911, reprint 2008).
  • 1876. Empiricism and Philosophy: Four Treatises . Leipzig, JG Findel.
  • 1876. "On the question of the first principles". In: Philosophische Monatshefte , XII, pp. 49–55.
  • 1877. Sense and Consequences of the Modern Spiritual Stream . Leipzig, JG Findel, 2nd edition 1878
  • 1879. Johann Gottlieb Fichte based on his letters . Leipzig, JG Findel.
  • 1879. Right and Wrong: A Discussion of the Principles . Leipzig, JG Findel (2nd ed. 1883; Italian translation by Cesare Goretti: La Giustizia , Milano, Lombarda, 1930; French translation: Principes de justice sociale , Genève: Éditions du Mont-Blanc (Ed. Hélène Claparède-Spir , Foreword by Georges Duhamel); English translation by Alexander Frederick Falconer: Right and Wrong , Edinburgh, Oliver and Boyd, 1954).
  • 1879. On idealism and pessimism . Leipzig, JG Findel.
  • 1879. "Is a fourth dimension of space conceivable?". In: Philosophische Monatshefte , XV, pp. 350–352.
  • 1880. Four basic questions . Leipzig, JG Findel.
  • 1883. Studies . Leipzig, JG Findel.
  • 1883. About religion: a conversation . Leipzig, JG Findel, 2nd ed. 1897 (Italian translation by O. Campa, Ed. Del Coenobium, Lugano, 1910).
  • 1883-85. Collected Writings . Leipzig, JG Findel (new edition 1896 by Paul Neff, Stuttgart).
  • 1885. Philosophical essays . Leipzig, JG Findel (new edition 1896 by Paul Neff, Stuttgart).
  • 1887. Esquisses de philosophie critique . Paris, Ancienne librairie Germer-Baillière et Cie, F. Alcan éditeur, 2ème éd. 1930 (Russian translation by NA Bracker, Moscow, 1901; Italian translation by O. Campa, with an introduction by P. Martinetti, Milano, 1913).
  • 1890. Deux questions vitales: De la Connaissance du bien et du mal; De l'immortalité . Genève, Stapelmohr (anonymous).
  • 1895. "How do we arrive at freedom and harmony of thought?". In: Archive for Systematic Philosophy , Vol. I, Issue 4, pp. 457–473.
  • 1899. Nouvelles esquisses de philosophie critique (études posthumes) . Paris, Librairie Félix Alcan, (Spanish translation by R. Urbano, Madrid, 1904).
  • 1908-09. Collected Works . Johann Ambrosius Barth Verlag , Leipzig (Ed. Hélène Claparède-Spir).
  • 1930. Propos sur la guerre . Paris, Editions Truchy-Leroy (ed. Hélène Claparède-Spir).
  • 1937. Paroles d'un sage . Paris-Genève, Je Sers-Labor, 1937 ( Choix de pensées d'African Spir avec une esquisse biografique . Ed. Hélène Claparède-Spir, 2nd edition. Paris, Alcan, 1938).
  • 1948. Lettres inédites de African Spir au professeur Penjon . Neuchâtel, Éditions du Griffon (Einf by Emile Bréhier).

literature

  • Charles Baudouin, "Le philosophe African Spir (1837-1890). A l'occasion de son centenaire". In: Action et Pensée , 1938, juin, pp. 65-75.
  • Léon Brunschvicg , "La philosophie religieuse de Spir". In: Comptes rendus du II ème Congrès international de philosophie . Genève, 1904, pp. 329-334.
  • Hélène Claparède-Spir, Un précurseur: A. Spir . Lausanne-Genève, Payot & Cie, 1920.
  • Hélène Claparède-Spir, "Vie de A. Spir". In: African Spir. Nouvelles esquisses de philosophie critique . Paris, Félix Alcan, 1899.
  • Hélène Claparède, Evocation - Tolstoi - Nietzsche - Rilke - Spir , Georg et Cie, Librairie de l'Université, Genève, 1944.
  • Augusto Del Noce, Filosofi dell'esistenza e della libertà, Spir, Chestov, Lequier, Renouvier, Benda, Weil, Vidari, Faggi, Martinetti, Rensi, Juvalta, Mazzantini, Castelli, Capograssi . Edited by Francesco Mercadante e Bernardino Casadei, Milano, Giuffrè, 1992.
  • Fabrizio Frigerio, Catalog raisonné du fonds African Spir . Genève, Bibliothèque Publique et Universitaire de Genève, 1990.
  • Fabrizio Frigerio, "Un philosophe russe à Genève: African Spir (1837-1890)". In: Musées de Genève , 1990, 307, pp. 3-7.
  • Fabrizio Frigerio, "Spir, Afrikan Alexandrowitsch". In: Schweizer Lexikon , Mengis & Ziehr Ed., Lucerne, 1991–1993, Volume VI, p. 31.
  • Adolphe Ferrière , "African Spir". In: Bibliothèque universelle , 1911, Volume 63, pp. 166-175.
  • Alfred Haag, The concept of substance and its knowledge-theoretical foundations in the philosophy of the African Spir, 1837-1890. Historical-critical contribution to modern philosophy , Diss. Würzburg, 1923–24.
  • Gabriel Huan, Essai sur le dualisme de Spir . Arras, 1913.
  • Humanus (pseudonym of Ernst Eberhardt), African Spir: a philosopher of modern times . Leipzig, JGFindel, 1892.
  • Theodor Lessing, African Spirs Epistemology . Giessen, Münchow, 1900.
  • Piero Martinetti , "Africano Spir". In: Rassegna nazionale , 1913, issue 16 January - 11 February.
  • Piero Martinetti, La libertà . Milano, Lombarda, 1928, on Spir: pp. 282-289 (Neue Aufl. Torino, Aragno 2004, on Spir: pp. 248-254).
  • Piero Martinetti, Il pensiero di Africano Spir . Torino, Albert Meynier, 1990.
  • Auguste Penjon, "Spir et sa doctrine". In: Revue de métaphysique et de morale , 1893, pp. 216–248.
  • Rivista di filosofia , 1937, vol. XXVIII, volume 3: Africano Spir nel primo centenario della nascita : *** "Africano Spir (1837-1890)"; E. Carando, "La religione in Africano Spir"; A. Del Noce, "Osservazioni sul realismo e l'idealismo in A. Spir"; *** "Il dolore nel pesssimismo di A. Spir"; P. Martinetti, "Il dualismo di A. Spir"; A. Poggi, "Luci ed ombre nella morale di Africano Spir"; G. Solari, "Diritto e metafisica nella morale di Africano Spir".
  • Joseph Segond, "L'idéalisme des valeurs et la doctrine de Spir". In: Revue philosophique de la France et de l'étranger , 1912, 8, pp. 113-139.
  • Samuel Spitzer, Presentation and Critique of Spir's moral philosophy . Raab, 1896.
  • Andreas Zacharoff, Spir's theoretical philosophy presented and explained . Weida i. Th., Thomas & Hubert, 1910.
  • Mary-Barbara Zedlin, "Afrikan Alexandrovich Spir". In: Paul Edwards (ed.), Encyclopedia of Philosophy . New York, Macmillan, 1972.

Literature on Nietzsche and Spir (selection)

  • Peter Bornedal, Surface and the Abyss, Nietzsche as Philosopher of Mind and Knowledge , Berlin - New-York, 2010.
  • Hélène Claparède-Spir, Evocation: Tolstoi, Nietzsche, Rainer Maria Rilke , Spir . Genève, Georg, 1944.
  • Hélène Claparède-Spir, "Friedrich Nietzsche and Afrikan Spir". In: Philosophy and Life , 1930, 6, pp. 242–250.
  • Maudemarie Clark & ​​David Dudrick, "Nietzsche's Post-Positivism". In: European Journal of Philosophy , 2004, 12, pp. 369–385.
  • Karl-Heinz Dickopp, "On the change in Nietzsche's understanding of being: Afrikan Spir and Gustav Teichmüller". In: Journal for philosophical research , 1970, 24, pp. 50–71.
  • Paolo D'Iorio, "La superstition des philosophes critiques: Nietzsche et Afrikan Spir". In: Nietzsche Studies , 1993, 22, pp. 257-294.
  • Domenico M. Fazio, "Il Pensiero del Giovane Nietzsche e Afrikan Spir". In: Bollettino di Storia della Filosofia dell'Università degli Studi di Lecce , 1986/9, 9, pp. 243-262.
  • Domenico M. Fazio, Nietzsche e il criticismo. Elementi kantiani e neokantiani e critica della dialettica hegeliana nella formazione filosofica del giovane Nietzsche . Urbino, QuattroVenti, 1991.
  • Michael Steven Green, Nietzsche and the Transcendental Tradition . Urbana & Chicago, University of Illinois Press - International Nietzsche Studies Series, 2002.
  • Michael Steven Green, "Nietzsche's Place in Nineteenth Century German Philosophy". In: Inquiry , 2004, 47, pp. 168-188.
  • Nadeem JZ Hussain, "Nietzsche's Positivism". In: European Journal of Philosophy , 2004, 12, pp. 326–368.
  • Sergio Sánchez, "Logica, verità e credenza: alcune considerazioni in merito alla relazione Nietzsche-Spir". In: Maria Cristina Fornari (ed.), La trama del testo: Su alcune letture di Nietzsche . Lecce, Millela, 2000, pp. 249-282.
  • Sergio Sánchez, "Linguaggio, conoscenza e verità nella filosofía del giovane Nietzsche: I frammenti postumi del 1873 e le loro fonti". In: Annuario Filosofico , 2000, 16, pp. 213-240.
  • Sergio Sánchez, El problema del conocimiento en la filosofía del joven Nietzsche . Córdoba (Argentina), 2001.
  • Karl Schlechta & Anni Anders, Friedrich Nietzsche: From the hidden beginnings of his philosophizing . Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt, F. Frommann, 1962, pp. 119-122, 159-166.
  • Robin Small, "Nietzsche, Spir, and Time". In: Journal of the History of Philosophy , 1994, 32, pp. 82-102.

Web links

personal data
SURNAME Spir, Afrikan
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Spir, Afrikan Olexandrowytsch; Spir, African (de)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Russian philosopher and logician
DATE OF BIRTH November 10, 1837
PLACE OF BIRTH at Kirovohrad
DATE OF DEATH March 26, 1890
Place of death Geneva