al-Judaid
Al-Judaide or Judaide ( Arabic جديدة Judayda , DMG Ǧudayda , French Jdeïdé , English also transcribed al-Jdaydeh ) is the traditional Christian district of the Syrian city of Aleppo immediately north of the historic old town . Due to its numerous old churches and secular buildings, it is of great historical and cultural interest. As a result of the civil war in Syria since 2011 , the neighborhood, which was mentioned in the 15th century, suffered severe damage and many of its residents fled to other parts of Syria or abroad. Only some of the buildings have beenrestored or are in the process of being rebuiltsince the Islamist rebels were driven out from late 2016 to 2020, and only some of the residents have returned.
history
The Hanafi historian Ibn al-Shihna first mentioned Judaide as the “Christian district” of Damascus in the first half of the 15th century. When in the area outside the city walls, the first houses and churches were built is unknown, but possibly in the 14th century under the indicated Mamluks built Sharaf Mosque on a very long Muslim presence in the area out. After the conquest of Aleppo by the Ottomans in 1516, branches of Christian traders were established in Aleppo, so that there was an immigration of Armenian , Maronite and Jacobite ( Assyrian ), but also European Christians.
The Italian traveling salesman Pietro della Valle visited Aleppo twice on his journey to and from Persia under the Safavids , the last time in 1625. Here he mentioned, in addition to a fifth Syrian-Jacobite church further east, four Christian churches in a town square outside the city walls Christian Quarter: the Church of the Forty Martyrs and the Church of Our Lady, both of which were built in the 15th century for the largest Christian community in Aleppo, the Armenians , as well as a Greek Orthodox and a Maronite church. The area of these five churches was also called al-Saliba (الصليبة as-Saliba , fromالصليب as-Salib 'the cross'). In the course of the 18th and 19th centuries, churches united with Rome gained in importance, and so after the loosening of the restrictions on the construction of new churches in 1840, the Maronite, Greek Catholic and Armenian Catholic Churches were established. In 1850, in the course of a demonstration against conscription, a poll tax and the alleged preference given to Christians by the Tanzimat reforms, serious riots against the Christians in Judaide resulted in the murder of around 20 Christians. However, significantly more peopledied in the following fighting between insurgents and the army , in which no Christians were involved. Nevertheless, the neighborhood continued to grow in the following decades, and around 1900 there were around 26,600 Christians in Aleppo, about 24% of the population, two-thirds of them outside the northern city walls in Judaide.
Aleppo experienced a large influx of Christian refugees after the First World War , when Armenians as well as Arameans and Assyrians came here from regions that are now part of Turkey, fleeing the genocide of the Syrian Christians and the Armenians .
In the civil war in Syria since 2011 , the front line between government troops in the western part and Islamist rebels in the eastern part of the city ran through Judaide from 2012 to 2016. Shelling of buildings, but also tunneling and targeted detonation by the rebels using underground bombs led to severe damage and also to the complete destruction of numerous houses in Judaide as well as in the old town and in other historical districts. After the Islamists were expelled from Aleppo in December 2016, the Sahat al-Hatab square was described as "no longer recognizable". According to a UNESCO estimate from January 2017, 60% of the building fabric in the historic city center was severely damaged and 30% of it was completely destroyed. During the war, many Christians fled Aleppo to other regions such as Latakia or Wadi an-Nasara (“Valley of the Christians”), while others went abroad. The Syrian General Directorate for Antiquities and Museums ( Directorate-General of Antiquities & Museums , DGAM) and UNESCO recorded the damage and the necessary security measures for the affected buildings by November 2017. The German Gerda Henkel Foundation has a detailed report from October 2019 on the damage and necessary construction work on the churches, but also on other buildings in Judaide.
Attractions
Churches
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In one also called al-Saliba (الصليبة, from الصليب as-Salib 'the cross') the well-known core area of al-Judaide are directly next to each other the Forty Martyrs Cathedral of the Armenian Apostolic Church with the Zarehian treasury in the building of the former Armenian Holy Mother of God Church, which used to be the church (Saint Elias) serving printing house of the Syrian-Maronite Church of Antioch and the Church of the Dormition of Our Lady of the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch and then the Church of Saint Assia the Wise of the Syrian Catholic Church . Other churches in the district are the Saint Elias Cathedral of the Syrian Maronite Church of Antioch, which wasbuilt in 1873 to replace the previous Maronite Elias Church, the Church of Our Mother of Redemption of the Armenian Catholic Church and the St. Mary's Cathedral of the Melkite Greek- catholic church . The Judaide district with its churches was badly devastated in the civil war by fighting between Islamists and government troops. By the time the civil war broke out, Aleppo was likely to have had the largest absolute number of Christians in Syria, between 150,000 and 250,000, depending on the estimate, of whom only 100,000 were still living there at the end of 2016. Shortly before Christmas 2016, the Islamists were driven out of Aleppo, so that the first Christmas in five years was possible and the birth of Christ was celebrated in the ruins of the Saint Elias Cathedral. The heavily destroyed Armenian Forty Martyrs Cathedral was quickly rebuilt and reopened on March 30, 2019. The Orthodox Church of the Dormition of the Blessed Mother was demined by the Russian military in 2017 before reconstruction work began. St. Elias Cathedral was still a building site in March 2020; its destroyed roof was not restored until the end of 2019. The church of Mar Assia, on the other hand, was still walled up in 2020 because there was no money for the reconstruction. However, the Melkites' Heimgang-Marien-Cathedral wasreopenedin April 2019. On January 9, 2015, two hours before a scheduled service, the dome of the Armenian Catholic Church of Our Mother of Salvation was badly damaged and there was a risk of collapse. After reconstruction, it was reopened in early December 2019. The building of the National Evangelical Church was largely destroyedand is in ruins.
Mosques
Of place Sahat al-Hatab probably in the 14th century under the stands Mamluks built Sharaf Mosque , whose minaret was destroyed during the civil war and suffered even more serious damage.
Secular buildings
Beit Atschiqbasch is a former home built in 1757 for a wealthy Christian merchant. After damage in the civil war, reconstruction work began in 2019. Beit Ghazaleh is a former palace from Ottoman times that served as a school from 1914 and later as a museum. The palace building suffered severe damage in the civil war. The Hammam Behram Pasha dates from the time of the Ottoman governor Behram Pasha and was completed in 1583. It too became unusable due to bombing during the civil war.
Web links
- Ross Burns & Stefan Knost: The Judayda (“the little new”) Quarter, Introduction
- The Churches of the Judayda Quarter
- Religious Buildings (Mosques, Churches)
- Alaaeddin Haddad, Issam Ballouz, Rami Alafandi, York Rieffel: Al-Judayda Churches, Rapid Damage Assessment. Gerda Henkel Foundation , October 10, 2019
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Feras Krimsti: The 1850 Uprising in Aleppo. Reconsidering the Explanatory Power of Sectarian Argumentation. In: Ulrike Freitag, Nelida Fuccaro, Claudia Ghrawi, Nora Lafi (Eds.): Urban Violence in the Middle East: Changing Cityscapes in the Transition from Empire to Nation State. Berghahn Books, New York / Oxford 2015, pp. 141–163, here p. 149.
- ↑ Aleppo's famed Old City left 'unrecognizable' by war. Al-Monitor, December 13, 2016.
- ↑ UNESCO reports on extensive damage in the first emergency assessment mission to Aleppo. UNESCO, January 19, 2017.
- ↑ Miracles in times of war. Evangelical Mission in Solidarity, March 16, 2016.
- ^ Burkhard Weitz: Diakonie Katastrophenhilfe supports refugees in Syria. A sewing machine to help you get started in troubled times. Chrismon, March 12, 2018.
- ↑ Nolwenn Jaumouillé: Can We Rebuild Aleppo Using New Technologies? Out there by the camp, December 15, 2017.
- ↑ Alaaeddin Haddad, Issam Ballouz, Rami Alafandi, York Rieffel: Al-Judayda Churches, Rapid Damage Assessment. Gerda Henkel Foundation , October 10, 2019.
- ↑ Celebrating between rubble. Christians celebrate Christmas in destroyed Aleppo. They built a nativity scene out of the rubble of the city's cathedral. 20min.ch, December 26, 2016.
- ^ Catholicos of Great See of Cilicia Aram I Consecrates Forty Martyrs Cathedral in Aleppo. The Armenian Mirror-Spectator, April 4, 2019.
- ↑ Russian soldiers de-mined XV century Orthodox church in Aleppo. Russkiy Mir, April 25, 2017.
- ↑ Living on in the Syrian rubble field. While hundreds of thousands of Syrians are on the run in the province of Idlib, the government-controlled areas are in dire straits. A local inspection of the Christian community in Aleppo. Wiener Zeitung , March 13, 2020.
- ↑ Syria: Cathedral in Aleppo open again. Vatican News , April 29, 2019.
- ↑ Nanore Barsoumian: Armenian Catholic Cathedral in Aleppo Bombed Hours Before Mass. Armenian Weekly, January 10, 2015.
- ^ Gh. A. Hassoun: Armenian Catholic Cathedral of Our Mother of Reliefs reopened in Aleppo. SANA, December 8, 2019.
- ↑ Rami Al-Afandi, Issam Ballouz, Alaa Haddad, York Rieffel: Jamiʿ Sharaf, Rapid Damage Assessment. Gerda Henkel Foundation , June 12, 2019.
Coordinates: 36 ° 12 ' N , 37 ° 9' E