Aleurodiscus penicillatus
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Aleurodiscus penicillatus |
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| ( Burt ) |
Aleurodiscus penicillatus ( Syn .: Acanthobasidium penicillatum ) is a type of mushroom from the family of layer mushroom relatives (Stereaceae). The resuspended fruit bodies grow as crust-like coatings on the bark and on dead branches of various conifers. The fungus is characterized by its almost spherical, amyloid and prickly ornamented basidiospores and its brush-like-looking acanthohyphids. The fungus was found on various conifers in North America and Eastern Asia, but it seems to be absent in Europe.
features
Macroscopic features
The fruiting bodies are corticioid , that is, they cover their substrate like crusts. The fruit bodies first form small, separate spots, which later grow together to form irregular surfaces 0.2-0.4 mm thick. Their diameter is then 2-3 mm. Molds in western North America can be up to 0.7 mm thick. The edge of the fruiting body is sharply defined and attached to the substrate. The hymenium is frosted to powdery and white to cream-ocher in color. It is smooth at first and can later develop fine cracks, especially when it is dry.
Microscopic features
The thin-walled hyphae of the monomitic hyphae system mostly have buckles and are 3–6 µm wide. According to RGThorn, there are also isolates that are strapless. The Catahymenium is composed of basidia and numerous, thin-walled acanthohyphidia . There are also ampoule-shaped to moniliform (at the tip constricted like a string of pearls) gloeocystids ( pseudocystids ) and simple to less branched hyphids (paraphysoids). The brush-like looking acanthohyphidia are hyphoid to broadly clubbed and measure 20–100 × 5–20 µm. The outgrowths are limited to the rounded upper part, in the case of the hyphids they are also found laterally over a length of up to 20 µm. The outgrowths are about 3–7 µm long and about 0.7 µm wide. There are transitions between the two forms. The gloeocystids that arise in the subiculum are cylindrical to clubbed or constricted like a pearl chain (moniliform) and measure (35) 50–75 × 9–12 µm. Their tip is often drawn out like a teat (mammillate). They cannot be stained with sulfobenzaldehyde reagents. The cylindrical to clubbed, four-pore basidia measure 55–90 (110) × 16–24 µm. They have isolated lateral outgrowths, as they are also typical for the genus Acanthobasidium . The ovoid to ellipsoid basidiospores are relatively thick-walled at maturity and measure 15–20 (25) × 13–17 µm. After staining with Melzer's reagent, they are ornamented with dense blacks.
Species delimitation
Aleurodiscus penicillatus is well characterized by its combination of characteristics and can hardly be confused with other species from the Aleurodiscus complex if one looks at all characteristics.
PA Lemke, who studied the American Aleurodiscus species in detail, points to Aleurodiscus fruticetorum W.B. Cooke , which also has thin-walled acanthohyphidia with fine, delicate outgrowths. The species differs, however, by its almost stereoidal fruiting bodies, the dimitic hyphae system and by its smooth spores. In his opinion, the closest relatives are the two European species Aleurodiscus apricans Bourd. and Aleurodiscus delicatus Wakef . ( Acanthobasidium delicatum ). The three species mentioned have not yet been investigated in terms of molecular biology (as of 2014).
Ecology and diffusion
The fungus grows on dead branches of various conifers such as fir, spruce, pine, Douglas fir, thuja and hemlock. The fungus has been found in North America (Canada, USA), Eastern Russia, Japan, and Taiwan, but it seems to be absent in Europe.
Systematics
Aleurodiscus penicillatus was scientifically described for the first time in 1918 by Edward Burt. The Latin epithet “penicillatus” (brush-like) is derived from the Latin word “penicillum” (brush). Erast Parmasto placed the species in 1967 because of its acanthohyphidia in his newly created genus Acanthophysium , in which he included all species from Aleurodiscus s. l. posed with acanthohyphidia. Very few mycologists, however, followed his view, for very different reasons. Richard Thorn points out the great similarity to Aleurodiscus amorphus , the type species of the genus Aleurodiscus . Both species show very similar growth, especially in culture, so that he considered it advisable to place the fungus in the genus Aleurodiscus s. s. deliver. He mentions the large, prickly basidiospores, the pink-orange spore powder, as well as the sulfonegative, often pearl-like constricted gloeocystids, as further connecting characteristics.
In 2010, Sheng-Hua Wu and his co-authors described an aleurodiscus-like fungus that they found on the tree line of the Fuji volcano on rhododendron. They placed him in the newly created genus Neoaleurodiscus . They sequenced the LSU region of the 28S RNA gene from two isolates and calculated a maximum parsimony tree from these and other sequences from the gene bank . In this tree, the two isolates from the new genus Neoaleurodiscus , Aleurodiscus (see s.) And Acanthobasidium (together with Aleurodiscus weirii ) form three branches of a common monophylum . Since Aleurodiscus penicillatum sometimes also has acanthobasidia (i.e. basidia with prickly or finger-like outgrowths), Wu placed the taxon in the genus Acanthobasidium . However, Acanthobasidia occur within the Stereaceae in numerous species. They are also found in Aleurodiscus mirabilis , Xylobolus frustulatus and Stereum rugosum, among others . Therefore, the presence of acanthobasidia alone is not evidence of a relationship. Apart from the acanthobasidia (Acanthobasidium are pleurobasidia ) and the acanthohyphids (which Oberwinkler also interprets as probasidia), there are few morphological and ecological similarities between the two taxa. Acanthobasidium's basidia are often typically urn-shaped and less than 50 µm long, the spores are elliptical to cylindrical and a maximum of 15 µm long, and the species grow on grasses or herbaceous plants and not on dead conifer branches. Therefore the question arises whether the apparently close relationship is not much more likely due to a tree formation artifact. Because if you calculate a UPGMA tree from the same sequences , the result is a completely different picture. (See Figure 1.) Acanthobasidium and Aleurodiscus weirii move to the base of the family tree and Aleurodiscus penicillatum forms a monophyllum with Aleurodiscus (see p.) And Neoaleurodiscus . If a more distant outgroup and further sequences are used for the family tree calculation (shown in red in Figure 2), the Acanthobasidium / Aleurodiscus weirii branch also migrates to the base of the family tree, while Aleurodiscus (see s.) Neuraleurodicus / Aleurodiscus aurantius and Aleurodiscus penicillatum re- enter Form monophyllum.
In summary, it can be said that the available data are insufficient to place Aleurodiscus penicillatus in the genus Acanthobasidium , even if the morphological characteristics are not taken into account. Nevertheless, between Aleurodiscus s. s. and Acanthobasidium more or less closely related. Aleurodiscus penicillatus could be the link between the two genera and also to other branches of the Aleuodiscus complex. However, all of this can only be confirmed or refuted by further sequence data.
meaning
Due to its small, not even 1 mm thick fruiting bodies, the mushroom is unsuitable as an edible mushroom.
swell
- Synonyms of Acanthobasidium penicillatum. (J. Erikss. & Ryvarden) Boidin, Lanq., Cand., Gilles & Hugueney, in Boi, Bull. Trimest. Soc. mycol. Fr. 101 (4): 341 (1986). In: SpeciesFungorum / speciesfungorum.org. Retrieved March 27, 2013 .
- Acanthobasidium penicillatum. In: MycoBank.org. International Mycological Association, accessed on February 19, 2013 (English, with illustration of basidia, basidospores, acanthohyphids and other micro-features).
- Sheng-Hua Wu, David S. Hibbett, Manfred Binder: Phylogenetic analyzes of Aleurodiscus s. l. and allied genera . In: The Mycological Society of America (Ed.): Mycologia . tape 93 , no. 4 . Lawrence 2001, p. 720-731 ( cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber ).
- Franz Oberwinkler: Revision of some form circles of basidia mushrooms with plastic basidia . In: Sydowia . tape 19 , no. 1-6 , 1966, pp. 45 ( PDF on ZOBODAT ).
Individual evidence
- ^ A b Edward A. Burt .: The Thelephoraceae of North America . Ed .: Missouri Botanical Garden. 1918 ( biodiversitylibrary.org ).
- ↑ a b Sheng-Hua Wu, Dong-Mei Wang & Shi-Yi Yu: Neoaleurodiscus fujii, a new genus and new species found at the timberline in Japan . In: The Mycological Society of America, (Ed.): Mycologia . tape 102 , no. 1 . Lawrence 2010, p. 217-223 ( mycologia.org [PDF]).
- ↑ a b c d PA Lemke: The genus Aleurodiscus (sensu stricto) in North America . In: Canadian Journal of Botany . tape 42 , no. 2 , 1964 ( mycobank.org ).
- ↑ a b c Maria Nunez, Leif Ryvarden: Aleurodiscus penicillatus Burt . In: The genus Aleurodiscus [Basidiomycotina] (= Synopsis fungorum . Volume 12 ). Fungiflora, Oslo, Norway 1997, p. 119 ( mycobank.org ).
- ↑ a b Acanthophysium penicillatum in the CBS Aphyllophorales database. In: cbs.knaw.nl. 1997, accessed March 24, 2013 .
- ↑ a b Richard Gregory Thorn: Aleurodiscus penicillatus Burt In: Taxonomic studies of cultures of selected corticiaceae. Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Toronto. 1991, p. 288 ( mycobank.org ).
- ^ HH Burdsall: Taxonomic and distributional notes on Corticiaceae (Homobasidiomycetes, Aphyllophorales) of the southern Appalachians . In: Distributional history of the biota of the southern Appalachians IV. Volume 4 : Algae and fungi , 1975 ( mycobank.org ).
- ^ Karl Ernst Georges: penicillum . Detailed concise Latin-German dictionary. tape 1 . Hanover 1913, Sp. 1552 ( zeno.org ).
