Old weights and measures (bathing)
Old weights and measures in the areas of the Margraviate of Baden and in the Grand Duchy of Baden until the introduction of the metric system on January 1, 1872.
history
Regional systems
As part of the territorial reorganization of the Upper Rhine at the beginning of the 19th century, the margraviate of Baden was subject to considerable territorial changes, which in total both the land area and the population of the now Grand Duchy increased by about four times. The acquisitions concerned large areas such as the Electoral Palatinate and the Breisgau , but also small and small rulers, which often had their own systems of measurements and weights. There were about 60 different areas of area within the state. The effect was reinforced by the fact that in the old margraviate, different regional sizes were used, which were not uniform even in one place. For example B. in Karlsruhe two different wine measures . The two different wine measures from the neighboring town of Durlach were also used. In Freiburg im Breisgau, the Speckhäusle weight was a weight measure limited to the city.
Wild reform
Reform was necessary! This had to be based on Baden's system because of Baden's membership in the Rhine Confederation , which is dominated by France . France tried to introduce the metric system after the revolution , but met with massive resistance in the country.
Geodesist Michael Friedrich Wild was commissioned to standardize the dimensions and weights in Baden . In 1809 he submitted an extensive report of his research and his proposal. Wild proposed a system that changed the size of the traditional units a little and also kept their names. He chose the new sizes in such a way that simple conversion factors existed for the metric units and that as many units as possible depended on each other through decimal divisions . Wild's explanations go into great detail in all areas with a significant economic impact. Must be remembered that at that time charges , farm rents, and the like still partly in kind were provided. The change in units therefore had a noticeable impact on the legal situation.
Wild's suggestions were reflected in a regulation in 1810 that was precise about the definition of the units but did not give a date for its introduction. It was more of a letter of intent. In 1812, Napoleonic France passed a law on the mesures usuelles , which allowed the use of traditional units in addition to the metric units, which were similar to the metric system in Baden. Even after 20 years, France had failed to establish the new system.
Apparently there was also considerable resistance against the Wild units in Baden. Among the many tasks that the administration had to deal with in the new state, the creation of a new calibration system was probably of lower priority. Nevertheless, it is astonishing that the government did not make significant efforts again until 1828, which finally led to the creation of calibration regulations on August 7, 1829, and thus the basis for the introduction of weights and measures according to Wild's proposal. The regionally different units that were still in use until then were abolished and the ordinance of 1810 actually implemented.
Metric units
As before the North German Confederation in 1868 , Baden introduced the metric system of measurements and weights with a law of November 24, 1869. On January 1, 1872, the units from 1810/29 were abolished and the new ones were in effect. The further adjustment to the Reichsgesetz took place with the announcement of November 8, 1871.
Units used from 1810/1829 to 1871
Length measurements
1 mile = 2 hours of walking
1 rod = 10/6 fathoms = 5 cubits = 10 feet = 100 inches = 1000 lines = 10,000 points
| 1 point | = 0.3 mm | |
| 1 line | = 3.0 mm | |
| 1 inch | = 3.0 cm | |
| 1 foot | = 30 cm | |
| 1 cubit | = 60 cm | |
| 1 fathom | = 180 cm | |
| 1 rod | = 3 m | |
| 1 league hour | ≈ 4,444 km (until 1810/29) | = 40 ⁄ 9 km. |
| 1 league hour | = 4.0 km (from 1871) | |
| 1 mile | ≈ 8.889 km (until 1810/29) | = 80 ⁄ 9 km |
| 1 mile | = 8.0 km (from 1871) |
Area dimensions
1 morning ( called Juchert in southern Baden ) = 4 quarters = 10,000 ⁄ 9 square fathoms = 10,000 square cells
1 quarter = 10 belts = 100 square rods = 10,000 square feet = 1,000,000 square inches = 100 million square lines
| 1 square line | = 0.09 cm² |
| 1 square inch | = 9.0 cm² |
| 1 square foot | = 900 cm² |
| 1 square cell | = 0.36 m² |
| 1 square fathom | = 3.24 m² |
| 1 square rod | = 9.0 m² |
| 1 strap rod | = 90 m² |
| 1 quarter | = 9.0 a |
| 1 morning | = 36 a |
| 1 day's work | = 36 a |
Measure of capacity
firewood
1 cubic shoe = 6 fathoms = 72 bar rods = 864 cubic feet
| 1 cubic foot | = 0.027 m³ |
| 1 bar rod | = 0.324 m³ |
| 1 fathom | = 3.888 m³ |
| 1 cubic shoe | = 23.328 m³ |
| 1 star | = 1 m³ |
Sackable things
1 cubic rod = 125 cubic cells = 1000 cubic feet = 1,000,000 cubic inches
1 tub = 10 painters = 100 sesters = 1000 measuring cups = 10000 cups
| 1 cubic inch | = 27.0 cm³ |
| 1 cup | = 150 cm³ |
| 1 liter | = 1.0 Ltr. |
| 1 measuring instrument | = 1.50 ltr. |
| 1 sester | = 15.0 ltr. |
| 1 cubic foot | = 27 Ltr. |
| 1 painter | = 150 Ltr. |
| 1 cube | = 216 Ltr. |
| 1 tub | = 1.5 m³ |
| 1 cubic rod | = 27 m³ |
liquids
1 Fuder = 1.25 barrel = 2.5 load = 10 ohms = 100 supports = 1000 dimensions = 1500 liters = 4000 bottles = 10000 glasses
| 1 cubic inch | = 27.0 ml |
| 1 glass | = 150.0 ml |
| 1 bottle | = 375.0 ml |
| 1 liter | = 1,000 ml |
| 1 measure | = 1.50 ltr |
| 1 support | = 15.0 ltr |
| 1 ohm / ahm | = 150 Ltr |
| 1 load / piece of wine | = 600 Ltr |
| 1 barrel | = 12 hl |
| 1 load | = 15 hl |
Weight measurements
Commercial weight:
1 pound = 4 quads = 32 lot = 4 quint (traditional duodecimal system)
1 pound = 1 decimal = 10 centas = 100 decas = 1000 as (decimal according to Wildsch reform)
1 ounce = 2 loth = 8 quint = 24 scruples
1 quint = 3 scruples = 64 grains
1 grain = 4 grains = 16 pieces
| 1 straightening part | = 1 ⁄ 4 micrograms = 1 ⁄ 131,072 pounds | = 3.81476 mg. |
| 1 gränchen (until 1810) | = 14.26 mg. | |
| 1 Gränchen (from 1831) | = 1 ⁄ 4 grains = 1 ⁄ 32768 pounds | = 15.2588 mg. |
| 1 As | = 50 mg. | |
| 1 grain | = 1 ⁄ 64 quint = 1 ⁄ 8192 pounds | = 61.036 mg. |
| 1 decas | = 0.5 g. | |
| 1 scruple | = 1 ⁄ 24 ounces = 1 ⁄ 384 pounds | = 1.3020833 g. |
| 1 quint / quent / drachma | = 1 ⁄ 8 ounce = 1 ⁄ 128 pounds | = 3.90625 g. |
| 1 centas | = 5 g. | |
| 1 Loth | = 1 ⁄ 2 ounce = 1 ⁄ 32 pounds | = 15.625 g. |
| 1 ounce | = 1 ⁄ 16 pounds | = 31.25 g. |
| 1 ten of a kind | = 1 ⁄ 10 pounds | = 50 g. |
| 1 quadruplet | = 1 ⁄ 4 pounds | = 125 g. |
| 1 pound | = 500 g. | |
| 1 quintals | = 100 pounds | = 50 kg. |
See also
literature
- Wolfgang von Hippel: Measure and weight: in the area of the Grand Duchy of Baden at the end of the 18th century . Mannheim, 1996
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Karl Stiefel : Baden, 1648–1952 . Karlsruhe 1977, 2 volumes. Here in particular the chapter on weights and measures , Volume 2, pp. 1433–1439.
- ↑ Michael Friedrich Wild: Ueber generales Maas and weight - derived from the demands of nature, trade, the police and the currently still usual measures and weights . 2 parts, Freiburg 1809 SLUB Dresden . Volume 2, Appendix "I. Register", p. 14.
- ^ National Industrial Conference Board: The metric versus the English system of weights and measures . New York 1921, p. 22 Digitized at Internet Archive .
- ↑ Gustav Bacherer: Biography of M. Fr. Wild . Foreword to: Michael Friedrich Wild: Experiments and observations in the field of physics . Munich 1834 Digitized in the Google book search
- ↑ Michael Friedrich Wild: Ueber generales Maas and weight - derived from the demands of nature, trade, the police and the currently still usual measures and weights . 2 parts, Freiburg 1809 SLUB Dresden .
- ↑ Grand Ducal Baden Government Gazette . Karlsruhe, 1810, pp. 335–337: Decree of November 10, 1810 . urn : nbn: de: bvb: 12-bsb10510056-6 , Fig. 313-315.
- ↑ Maasordnung for the Grand Duchy of Baden - with the corresponding instructions . Karlsruhe 1829 ( digitized version )
- ^ Order of measures and weights for the Grand Duchy of Baden from November 24, 1869. In the Law and Ordinance Sheet for the Grand Duchy of Baden . Karlsruhe, 1869, No. XXXII, pp. 519-523 ( digitized version ).
