Old weights and measures (Tuscany)
The measurement system of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany was standardized on July 11, 1782 by a law of the Habsburg Grand Duke Peter Leopold , later Emperor Leopold II. This eliminated several regional measures. After the unification of Italy , the metric system was introduced in 1861 .
Length measurements
The basic unit of measure of length was the Braccio da Panno or Braccio fiorentino (Mz. Braccia , 'Arm, Elle'). A copper gauge exactly two Braccio da Panno (= one passetto , step) in a marble setting, which was kept in the archives of the finance department, served as a reference ( measuring standard ). After comparing it with copies of the French measure of length Toise , which the French metrologist Condamine had deposited in Florence and Rome, the Braccio da Panno - converted into the metric system newly developed at the time - was set at 0.583626 m.
- Overview
- 1 ⁄ 5 Canne (agrimensorie) = 1 ⁄ 2 Passetti = 1 Braccio da Panno = 1 3 ⁄ 5 Palmi = 12 Crazie = 20 Soldi = 60 Quattrini = 120 Piccoli = 240 Denari = 2880 Punti
Older values for the Braccio were probably around 0.4 to 0.5 meters, because traditionally in the Italian area 1 Canna á approx. 2-2 ½ m = 8 Palmi á approx. 25–30 cm. The Passetto measured 1 m, the Crazia ~ 5 cm, the Soldo ~ 3 cm, the Quattrino ~ 1 cm, the Piccolo 5 mm.
Before the Leopoldine Reform, there was the Braccio da Terra , which was used to measure the field and related to the Braccio da Panno as 17:18. From it the Miglio toscano (Tuscan mile) is derived , which contained 3000 Braccio da Terra, and was then fixed with 2833 1 ⁄ 3 Braccia da Panno. Subsequently, a Miglio riformato with 3000 Braccio da Panno was determined.
1 Miglio | ≈ 1653.607 m | = 2833.333 Braccia da Panno | (old = 3000 Braccia da Terra) | ≈ mile | |
1 canna | ≈ 2.918 m | = 2.5 Passetti = 5 Braccia | (old = 8 Palmi) | ≈ Perche | |
0.4 Canne = | 1 passetto | ≈ 1.167 m | = 2 braccia | ≈ step | |
0.2 Canne = 0.5 Passetti = | 1 Braccio | ≈ 0.587 m | = 20 Soldi = 240 Denari | (old = 12 Crazie) | ≈ cubit |
Braccia = 0.05 | 1 soldo | ≈ 2.918 cm | = 12 denari = 144 punti | (old = 4 quattrini = 6 piccoli) | ≈ inch or engl. Nail |
0.0833 Soldi = | 1 denaro | ≈ 2.432 mm | = 12 punti | = Line | |
Denari = 0.0833 | 1 punto | ≈ 0.203 mm | ≈ (typographical) point |
Measure of capacity
Depending on the intended use, different capacities were used. For liquids, the Barile da Vino or the Barile da Olivo , for dry things, the Stajo was the basic unit.
Overview:
1 Barile da Vino = 20 Fiasco = 80 Mezzetta = 160 Quartuccio
1 Barile da Vino | = 45.584 l |
1 Fiasco | ≈ 2.279 l |
1 mezzetta | ≈ 569.8 ml |
1 quartuccio | ≈ 284.9 ml |
1 Barile da Olivo = 16 Fiasco = 64 Mezzetta
1 Barile da Olivo | = 33.429 l |
1 Fiasco | ≈ 2.089 l |
1 mezzetta | ≈ 522.3 ml |
1 stajo = 2 mina = 4 quarto = 32 mezzetta = 64 quartuccio
1 stajo | = 24.363 L. |
1 mina | ≈ 12.182 l |
1 quarto | ≈ 6.091 l |
1 mezzetta | ≈ 761.3 ml |
1 quartuccio | ≈ 380.7 ml |
Weight measurements
The Libbra , also Libbra uniforme Toscana, was a Tuscan unit of weight. She weighed 339.542 grams. Two of his calibration pieces were kept in the archives of the finance department and in the mint .
Overview:
1 Libbra = 12 Oncia = 288 Denaro = 6912 Grano
1 libbra | = 339.542 g |
1 oncia | ≈ 28.295 g |
1 denaro | ≈ 1.179 g |
1 grano | ≈ 49.12 mg |
literature
- PW Brix, et al. (Ed.): General Encyclopedia of Physics, Volume 1, Introduction to Physics. Leopold Voss, Leipzig 1869, p. 480.
- Georg Kaspar Chelius: Measure and weight book. Frankfurt am Main 1840, p. 330.
- Freiherr F. von Zach (Ed.): Monthly correspondence for the promotion of geography and celestial science. Volume 21, Beckerische Buchhandlung, Gotha 1810, pp. 226–229 ( eReader , uni-jena.de).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e Lit. Zach 1810; Corrections can be found in Lit. Chelius 1840, pp. 147, 330 (information from Johann Samuel Traugott Gehler's physical dictionary. Volume 9, 1836, p. 1385, footnote 2; digitized version, Google, full view ).
- ^ Raccolta ufficiale delle leggi e dei decreti del Regno d'Italia , Dalla Stamperia reale, 1861.
- ^ Giovanni Inghirami: Di una base trigonometrica misurata in Toscana nell 'autunno del 1817, memoria. 1818. Addizioni , pp. 130 ff. ( Digitized version, Google, complete view ).
- ↑ Georg Kaspar Chelius: Measure and weight book. Frankfurt am Main 1840, page 330.
- ↑ a b c d e f Lit. Brix et al., 1869.
- ↑ a b c Tavole di Ragguaglio. Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza, Firenze (brunelleschi.imss.fi.it, accessed December 17, 2017).
- ↑ Braccio. sizes.com (accessed December 17, 2017).