Mauer Steinkraut
| Mauer Steinkraut | ||||||||||||
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Alyssum murale |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Alyssum murale | ||||||||||||
| Waldst. & Kit. |
The wall stone herb ( Alyssum murale , or Odontarrhena muralis ) is a species of the genus stone herbs ( Alyssum ) in the cruciferous family (Brassicaceae). It is native to Southeastern Europe and the Near and Middle East. In Germany it is cultivated as an ornamental plant, it has occasionally gone wild here. The species is remarkable in that it selectively enriches the metal nickel from the soil solution.
features
The Wall alyssum is a herbaceous, sometimes at the base of woody perennial plant with arching ascending to upright flowering and non-flowering, often tufted heaped from a rootstock driving stems reach 25 to 70 centimeters in height. The stem leaves are narrow, obovate to lanceolate, blunt to pointed at the front, the edge of the leaf completely or partially toothed. They are about one to three centimeters long, sessile or almost sessile, occasionally clustered in rosettes, but not forming a basal rosette of leaves. Their upper side is fresh green to gray-green and sparsely haired, the underside with dense star hairs gray-green.
The plant is usually richly branched only in the inflorescence, in the upper third of the stem. The floriferous inflorescence forms a panicle , often also a panicle flattened at the top. The petals of the inflorescence are (2–) 2.5 to 3.5 millimeters long, they are colored golden yellow, rounded at the tip and not edged. The egg-shaped sepals are 1.5 to 2 millimeters long and star-haired on the outside.
The fruits are broadly elliptical, flat pods that are sometimes slightly edged at the top . They are tomentose, but not completely covered by star hair. There is only one seed in each compartment. The two to three millimeters large seeds are winged on the edge.
The species blooms from May to June, in the mountains until August.
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 16.
Ecology and location
The Wall Steinkraut grows in open rubble heaps and weed fields, on roadsides, occasionally in pastureland. It occurs preferentially on serpentine rock , more rarely also on limestone or flysch . The adventitious occurrences in Germany are mostly in walls or on rocks. In the Mediterranean area, the species grows from sea level to 1800, rarely to 2200 meters.
distribution
The species is native to Southeast Europe and Southwest Asia, on the Balkan Peninsula , north to Croatia and Romania, in Ukraine, the southwest of Russia, the Caucasus , Anatolia , east to Iran. It was introduced to Central Europe and mostly grows inconsistently here, but may have recently become naturalized as a neophyte . It was introduced to North America and naturalized, there are occurrences in British Columbia, Ontario, Quebec, Colorado, Oregon, Utah, mostly in the mountains from 1500 to 1800 meters altitude.
use
The wall stone herb is used as an ornamental plant, in gardeners it is often sold under the name Alyssum argenteum , but this is actually a different species. It can be distinguished mainly by a few details in the shape of the petals.
Hyperaccumulation of nickel
The serpentine soils, on which the species prefers to grow, are usually enriched with the heavy metal nickel , which is toxic to most plants , to which the species has particularly adapted. Their ability to absorb nickel ions from the soil solution and to enrich them as so-called hyperaccumulators is being tested for soil remediation of soils contaminated with nickel and for possible mining of nickel from ores with very low metal concentrations (" phytomining "). The plant's ability to selectively absorb and enrich nickel in soils other than serpentine soils is advantageous. The species is able to grow in soils up to about 30 to 40 millimoles of nickel per kilogram without damage, it survives up to 80 mmol with significantly reduced vitality, then with chlorotic , dwarfed leaves and very little growth. The metal is accumulated in cell vacuoles of the epidermis and the bases of the trichomes .
Taxonomy
The species was first described by Franz Adam von Waldstein-Wartenberg and Pál Kitaibel in 1799 after plants from what was then Hungary. Within the genus Alyssum the species belongs to the section Odontarrhena (Meyer) Koch, subsection Compressa Dudley, Series Integra Dudley and is their type species . It is characterized by extreme diversity and polymorphism , so that more than 40 names have been given for small species, subspecies or varieties. Their delimitation is uncertain and controversial, it is only possible for specialists.
More recently, there have been taxonomists who have given up the broad, presumably non- monophyletic genus Alyssum , thereby upgrading the Odontarrhena section to an independent species. The species would then have to Odontarrhena muralis (Waldst. & Kit.) Endl. be named.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Arne Strid: Mountain Flora of Greece . Flora of Greece, Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press, 2010, ISBN 978-0521127240 , pages 295-296.
- ^ A b Oskar Sebald: Brassicaceae . In: O. Sebald, S. Seybold, G. Philippi: The fern and flowering plants of Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Hypericaceae to Primulaceae . 2nd Edition. E. Ulmer Verlag, 1993, ISBN 3-8001-3323-7 , page 264.
- ↑ a b Alyssum murale . In: Flora of North America . Vol. 7, pages 248, 250 (online at efloras.org).
- ↑ Alyssum murale at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ↑ Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Müller: Rothmaler excursion flora from Germany . Volume 5: Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 , pages 244–245.
- ^ K. Kavousi: Notes on the plant family Cruciferae in Iran, new species and new records . In: Iranian Journal of Botany 9 (1), 2001, pp. 47-54.
- ^ AJM Baker, SP McGrath, CMD Sidoli, RD Reeves: The possibility of in situ heavy metal decontamination of polluted soils using crops of metal-accumulating plants . In: Resources, Conservation and Recycling 11, 1994, pp. 41-49.
- ^ R. Barbaroux, G. Mercier, JF Blais, JL Morel, MO Simonnot: A new method for obtaining nickel metal from the hyperaccumulator plant Alyssum murale . In: Separation and Purification Technology 83, 2011, pp. 57-65.
- ↑ C. Leigh Broadhurst, Rufus L. Chaney, J. Scott Angle, Eric F. Erbe, Timothy K. Maugel: Nickel Localization and Response to Increasing Ni Soil Levels in Leaves of the Ni Hyperaccumulator Alyssum murale . In: Plant and Soil 265, 2004, pp. 225-242.
- ^ TR Dudley: Synopsis of the Genus Alyssum . In: Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 45 (3), 1964, pp. 358-373.
- ↑ TR Dudley: Studies in Alyssum: Near Eastern Representatives and Their allies I . In: Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 45 (1), 1964, pp. 57-100.
- ↑ Ivana Rešetnik, Stanislav Španiel (2018): The new circumscription of the genus Alyssum L. (Brassicaceae) in the flora of Croatia. Glasnik Hrvatskog botaničkog društva 6 (2): 4-16.
Web links
- Genus: Stone herb (Alyssum) in Thomas Meyer: Flora-de: Flora von Deutschland (old name of the website: Flowers in Swabia). Retrieved January 23, 2016.
- Alyssum murale Waldst. & Kit., Mauer-Steinkraut at FloraWeb - data and information on wild plants and vegetation in Germany, published by the BfN Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, with distribution map for Germany.