Stone herbs

Stone herbs
	Mountain stone herb ( Alyssum montanum ), illustration
Systematics
	Rosids
	Eurosiden II
Order :	Cruciferous (Brassicales)
Family :	Cruciferous vegetables (Brassicaceae)
Tribe :	Alysseae
Genre :	Stone herbs
Scientific name
	Alyssum
	L.

The genus stone herbs ( Alyssum ) belongs to the cruciferous family (Brassicaceae).

description

Illustration of Alyssum cuneifolium from Atlas of Alpine Flora

Umbrella-shaped inflorescences of the wulfen stone herb ( Alyssum wulfenianum )

Calyx stone herb seeds ( Alyssum alyssoides )

Vegetative characteristics

Alyssum species grow as annual , biennial or perennial herbaceous plants , rarely subshrubs and reach heights of about 8 to 100 centimeters. The root is thin and spindle-shaped. Above-ground parts of plants usually have sedentary star hairs or rarely simple hairs ( trichomes ). The upright, ascending or lying stems can be branched or unbranched. The stalked or sessile leaves are arranged in basal rosettes and / or alternately distributed on the stem. The simple leaf blades are entire.

Generative characteristics

Grape-like inflorescences stand alone or in umbrella-clusters or paniculate whole inflorescences and contain few to many flowers. The flower stalks are thin or squat. The hermaphroditic flowers are radial symmetry and four-fold with a double flower envelope (perianth). The four sepals are ovate to elongated. The four petals are yellow, white or rarely pink. There are six stamens . The stamens can be unilateral, bilateral or non-winged and there can be appendages or they are toothed. The anthers are egg-shaped or oblong. There are four nectar glands, one on each side of the lateral stamens, but there are no central nectar glands. In each ovary two (rarely four to eight) are located in the apical or parietal placentation one or ovules . The scar is heady.

The stemmed pods are usually very flat and shaped differently depending on the species. formed with winged or wingless seeds. There are no nerves on the fluffy hairy or smooth valves. The replay is rounded. The broad septum is fully developed, membranous and without nerves. The seeds lying in two rows or without rows are flattened, more or less circular to egg-shaped and can have wings. The seed coat can be smooth or slightly reticulated.

Systematics and distribution

The genus name Alyssum was first published in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 2, pp. 650-652. Type species is Alyssum montanum L. Synonyms for Alyssum L. are: Gamosepalum Hausskn. , Psilonema C.A.Mey. , Ptilotrichum C.A.Mey. The generic name Alyssum is derived from the Greek a - for not or without and lyssa for rabies or madness.

The genus Alyssum belongs to the tribe Alysseae in the family Brassicaceae .

The areas of the Alyssum species are mainly located in Southeast Europe , Southwest Asia and North Africa . One focus of biodiversity is the Mediterranean area . Some species are neophytes in many areas of the world .

Since 2015 there are only about 114 Alyssum species:
Calyx stone herb ( Alyssum alyssoides ) Alyssum gmelinii Silicles of Alyssum simplex Alyssum strigosum Alyssum turkestanicum Alyssum wulfenianum subsp. wulfenianum Alyssum wulfenianum subsp. ovirense Alyssum aizoides Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey. Chalice stone herb or common stone herb ( Alyssum alyssoides (L.) L. , Syn .: Alyssum calycinum L. , Alyssum campestre (L.) L. , Alyssum minus Rothm. , Clypeola alyssoides L. , Clypeola campestris L. ) Alyssum andinum Rupr. : It occurs after Euro + Med in the Caucasus region. Alyssum argyrophyllum Schott & Kotschy : It occurs after Euro + Med in Turkey. Alyssum armenum Boiss. : It occurs after Euro + Med in Armenia. Alyssum artwinense N.Busch : It occurs after Euro + Med in Turkey. Alyssum atlanticum Desf. : It occurs in Morocco , Algeria , Tunisia , Libya and in Spain . Alyssum aurantiacum Boiss. : It occurs after Euro + Med in Turkey. Alyssum austrodalmaticum Trinajstic : It occurs in Croatia. Alyssum baumgartnerianum Bornm. ex Jos.Baumgartner : It occurs in Turkey, Lebanon, Syria, Israel and Iran. Alyssum blancheanum Gomb. : It occurs after Euro + Med in the area of Syria and Lebanon. Alyssum bornmuelleri Hausskn. ex Degen : It occurs in Turkey. Alyssum bosniacum Beck : It occurs in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Alyssum bulbotrichum Hausskn. & Bornm. : It occurs in Turkey. Alyssum cacuminum Španiel, Marhold & Lihová : It was first described in 2014 and occurs in France and Spain. Alyssum caespitosum Jos.Baumgartner : It occurs after Euro + Med in Turkey. Alyssum cephalotes Boiss. It occurs in Bulgaria. Alyssum contemptum Schott & Kotschy : It occurs after Euro + Med in the area of Syria and Lebanon. Alyssum corningii T.R.Dudley : It occurs in Turkey. Alyssum cuneifolium Ten. : It occurs in Spain, France, Italy, Bulgaria and Greece. Alyssum dagestanicum Rupr. : It occurs after Euro + Med in Crete. Alyssum damascenum Boiss. & Gaill. : It occurs after Euro + Med in the area of Syria and Lebanon and in the area of Israel and Jordan. Alyssum dasycarpum Stephan ex Willd. : It occurs in West Asia, the Caucasus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Pakistan and Xinjiang . Alyssum diffusum Ten. . With three subspecies: Alyssum diffusum Ten. subsp. diffusum : It occurs in Spain, France and Italy and is a neophyte in Greece. Alyssum diffusum subsp. calabricum Španiel, Marhold, NGPassal. & Lihová : It was first described in 2011 and occurs in Italy. Alyssum diffusum subsp. garganicum Španiel, Marhold, NGPassal. & Lihová : It was first described in 2011 and occurs in Italy. Alyssum djurdjurae Chabert : It occurs in Algeria. Alyssum doerfleri Degen : It occurs in Greece and North Macedonia . Alyssum erosulum Gennari & Pestal. ex Clementi (Syn .: Alyssum suffrutescens Boiss. ): It occurs in Turkey. Alyssum fastigiatum Heywood : It occurs only in Spain. Alyssum flexicaule Jord. : It occurs after Euro + Med in France. Alyssum foliosum Bory & Chaub. : It occurs in Greece, Crete, North Macedonia and in European and Asian Turkey. Alyssum fulvescens Sm .: It occurs in two varieties in the Aegean. Alyssum fulvescens Sm. Var. Fulvescens Alyssum fulvescens var. Stellatocarpum Hub.-Mor. Alyssum gallaecicum (S.Ortiz) Španiel, Marhold, Lihová : It occurs in Spain after Euro + Med. Alyssum gmelinii Jord. & Fourr. Alyssum granatense Boiss. & Reut. : It occurs in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya , Spain and Portugal. Alyssum gustavssonii Hartvig : It occurs in Greece. Alyssum hajastanum Avet. : It occurs after Euro + Med in Armenia. Alyssum handelii Hayek : It only occurs in Greece. Alyssum harputicum T.R.Dudley : It occurs after Euro + Med in Turkey. Alyssum hezarmasjedense Kavousi & Nazary : It was first described from Iran in 2014. Wire-haired stone herb ( Alyssum hirsutum M.Bieb. ): It occurs in Eastern and Southeastern Europe, the Caucasus, Turkey, Iran and Turkmenistan. Alyssum idaeum Boiss. & Hero. : This endemic occurs only in Crete . Alyssum iljinskae V.I.Dorof. : It occurs after Euro + Med in Ukraine. Alyssum iranicum Hausskn. ex Jos.Baumgartner : It occurs after Euro + Med in the area of Syria and Lebanon and in the area of Israel and Jordan. Alyssum kaynakiae Yılmaz : It was first described from Turkey in 2012. Alyssum lanceolatum Jos.Baumgartner Alyssum lassiticum Halacsy : It occurs after Euro + Med in Crete. Alyssum lepidoto-stellatum (Hausskn. & Bornm.) TRDudley : It occurs in Turkey. Alyssum lepidotum Boiss. : It occurs after Euro + Med in Turkey. Alyssum loiseleurii P. Fourn. (Syn .: Alyssum arenarium Loisel. ): It occurs in Spain and France. Alyssum lycaonicum (OESchulz) TRDudley : It occurs after Euro + Med in Turkey. Alyssum macrocalyx Coss. & Durieu : It occurs in Morocco. Alyssum macropodum Boiss. & Balansa : It occurs after Euro + Med in Turkey. Alyssum minutum Schltdl. ex DC. : It occurs in Morocco, Algeria, in southern and eastern Europe, in western Asia and in the Caucasus region. Alyssum misirdalianum Orcan & Binzet : It was first described from Turkey in 2009. Alyssum moellendorfianum Ash. ex Beck : It occurs after Euro + Med in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Mountain stone herb ( Alyssum montanum L. nom. Cons.) Alyssum mouradicum Boiss. & Balansa : It occurs after Euro + Med in the area of Syria and Lebanon. Alyssum mozaffarianii Kavousi : It was first described in 2001 from the Irane. Alyssum Muelleri Boiss. & Buhse : It occurs after Euro + Med in Armenia. Alyssum neglectum Magauer, Frajman & Schönswetter : It was first described from Austria in 2014. Alyssum ochroleucum Boiss. & A.Huet : It occurs after Euro + Med in Turkey. Alyssum orophilum Jord. & Fourr. : It occurs after Euro + Med in France. Alyssum paphlagonicum (Hausskn.) TRDudley : It occurs after Euro + Med in Turkey. Alyssum persicum Boiss. Alyssum pirinicum (Stoj. & Acht.) Ančev : It occurs only in Bulgaria. Alyssum pluscanescens (Raim. Ex Jos.Baumgartner) Španiel, Lihová & Marhold : It occurs after Euro + Med in Austria, Kratine, Slovenia and Romania. Alyssum pogonocarpum Carlström : It occurs only in the Aegean Sea. Alyssum praecox Boiss. : It only occurs in Turkey. Alyssum propinquum Jos.Baumgartner : It was first described from Asia Minor. Alyssum pseudomouradicum Hausskn. & Bornm. ex Jos.Baumgartner : It was first described from Asia Minor. Alyssum reiseri Velen. : It occurs after Euro + Med in Bulgaria. Transylvanian stone herb or creeping stone herb ( Alyssum repens Baumg. ): It occurs in south-eastern Europe, in Austria, in the Ukraine, in western Asia and in the Caucasus and is a neophyte in the Czech Republic. Alyssum rhodanense Jord. & Fourr. : It occurs after Euro + Med in France. Alyssum rostratum Steven : After Euro + Med it occurs in Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova, Ukraine and European Russia. Alyssum siculum Jord. : It occurs in Greece, Sicily and Crete. Alyssum simplex Rudolphi (Syn .: Alyssum campestre auct. Alyssum micranthum C.A.Mey. , Alyssum minus auct. Alyssum minus var. Micranthum (Camey) TRDudley. , Clypeola minor L. nom inval..): It is used in North Africa, Southern and Eastern Europe, Western Asia, the Caucasus, Central Asia and Xinjiang and is a neophyte in North America and Switzerland. Alyssum simulans Runemark ex Hartvig : It occurs after Euro + Med in Greece. Alyssum smyrnaeum C.A.Mey. : It occurs in Greece, Crete, Crimea and in European and Asian Turkey. Alyssum sphacioticum Boiss. & Hero. : It only occurs in Crete. Alyssum stapfii Vierh. : It occurs in Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran and Afghanistan. Alyssum stribrnyi Velen. : After Euro + Med, it occurs in Serbia, North Macedonia, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey. Alyssum strictum Willd. : It occurs in Turkey, Armenia, Syria, Iraq and Iran. Alyssum strigosum Banks & Sol. . With the subspecies: Alyssum strigosum Banks & Sol. subsp. strigosum : It occurs in Spain, in south-east Europe, in the Crimea and in western Asia. Alyssum strigosum subsp. cedrorum (Schott & Kotschy) TRDudley : It occurs only in the area of Syria and Lebanon. Alyssum sulphureum T.R.Dudley & Hub.-Mor. : It occurs after Euro + Med in the area of Syria and Lebanon. Alyssum szovitsianum fish. & CAMey. (Syn .: Alyssum stenostachyum Botsch. & Vved. ): It occurs in Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. Alyssum taygeteum Heldr. : It only occurs in Greece. Alyssum trichocarpum T.R.Dudley & Hub.-Mor. : It only occurs in Turkey. Alyssum trichostachyum Rupr. : It occurs after Euro + Med on the Balkan Peninsula, in Turkey, in the Caucasus region and in Ukraine. Alyssum turkestanicum Regel & Schmalh. : It occurs in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran. Alyssum umbellatum Desv. : It occurs in Greece, North Macedonia, Bulgaria, Crimea, Turkey and Cyprus. Alyssum vernale kit. ex Hornem. Alyssum wierzbickii Heuff. : It occurs in Serbia, Croatia, Bulgaria and Romania. Alyssum wulfenianum Willd. . With two subspecies: Wulfen stone herb ( Alyssum wulfenianum Willd. Subsp. Wulfenianum ): It occurs in Austria and Slovenia. Obir stone herb ( Alyssum wulfenianum subsp. Ovirense (A.Kern.) Magauer, Schönswetter & Frajman , Syn .: Alyssum ovirense A.Kern. , Alyssum heinzii Ullep. ) It occurs in Austria, Italy, Slovenia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro in front. Alyssum xanthocarpum Boiss. : It occurs in Turkey, Armenia and Syria.

Some species no longer belong to the genus Alyssum :

Alyssum saxatile L. → Rock stone herb ( Aurinia saxatilis (L.) Desv. )
Alyssum maritimum L. → Lobularia maritima L.

In 2015 about 87 species from the genus Alyssum were transformed into the genus Odontarrhena C.A.Mey. ex Ledeb. posed.

swell

Ihsan Ali Al-Shehbaz : Brassicaceae. : Alyssum , p. 447 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 7: Magnoliophyta: Salicaceae to Brassicaceae , Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford, 2010. ISBN 978-0-19-531822-7 (section description)
Tai-yien Cheo, Lianli Lu, Guang Yang, Ihsan Al-Shehbaz, Vladimir Dorofeev: Brassicaceae. : Alyssum , p. 59 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 8: Brassicaceae through Saxifragaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2001 ISBN 0-915279-93-2 . (Sections Description and Systematics)
Alyssum at Tropicos.org. In: Flora of Pakistan . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis (Sections Description and Systematics)

Individual evidence

↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum , 2, 1753, pp. 650-652 scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org.
↑ Alyssum at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed May 25, 2015.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj Karol Marhold, 2011: Brassicaceae. : Datasheet Alyssum In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y Alyssum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Stanislav Španiel, Matúš KempaEsteban Salmerón-Sánchez, Javier Fuertes-Aguilar, Juan F. Mota, Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz, Dmitry A. German, Katarína Olšavská, Barbora Šingliarová, Judita Zozomová-Lihová, Karol Marhold: Alyase : database of names, chromosome numbers, and ploidy levels of Alysseae (Brassicaceae), with a new generic concept of the tribe. In: Plant Systematics and Evolution , Volume 301, Issue 10, December 2015, pp. 2463–2491. doi: 10.1007 / s00606-015-1257-3 online.
↑ Karol Marhold, 2011: Brassicaceae. : Datasheet Odontarrhena In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.

Web links

Commons : Stone Herbs ( Alyssum ) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

The genus Alyssum in Flora Europaea .

[Linné1753-1] Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum , 2, 1753, pp. 650-652 scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org.

[Tropicos-2] Alyssum at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed May 25, 2015.

[Euro+MedAlyssum-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj Karol Marhold, 2011: Brassicaceae. : Datasheet Alyssum In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.

[GRIN-4] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y Alyssum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.

[Španiel2015-5] Stanislav Španiel, Matúš KempaEsteban Salmerón-Sánchez, Javier Fuertes-Aguilar, Juan F. Mota, Ihsan A. Al-Shehbaz, Dmitry A. German, Katarína Olšavská, Barbora Šingliarová, Judita Zozomová-Lihová, Karol Marhold: Alyase : database of names, chromosome numbers, and ploidy levels of Alysseae (Brassicaceae), with a new generic concept of the tribe. In: Plant Systematics and Evolution , Volume 301, Issue 10, December 2015, pp. 2463–2491. doi: 10.1007 / s00606-015-1257-3 online.

[Euro+MedOdontarrhena-6] Karol Marhold, 2011: Brassicaceae. : Datasheet Odontarrhena In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity.