Amynthas
Amynthas | ||||||||||
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Amynthas aspergillum or Amynthas robustus , Sai Kung West Country Park, Hong Kong |
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Systematics | ||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||
Amynthas | ||||||||||
Kinberg , 1866 |
Amynthas is a genus of little bristles from the family of Megascolecidae (giantearthworms) in the order of Crassiclitellata (earthworms in the broader sense), the several hundred species of which are widespreadin East Asia , Southeast Asia and Oceania in particular.
features
The giant earthworms of the genus Amynthas have cylindrical bodies and, depending on the species, reach different lengths between a few centimeters and about three meters.
According to Johan GH Kinberg, characteristic features of the genus Amynthas are a head lobe that is seated on the upper side at the front end, not through the rear edge , but only through the side edges, which is formed by the upper, front part of the narrow and short mouth segment, compared to the rear segments front segments twice as long, plus numerous tiny bristles arranged regularly around each segment , the number of which on the rear segments is higher than the number in front.
A pair of blind sacks in the 27th segment and a chewing stomach in the 8th and 9th segment are characteristic of the genus. The giant earthworms of the genus Amynthas have a ring-shaped clitellum that extends from the 14th, rarely from the 13th to the 16th segment. Like all girdle worms , they are hermaphrodites , the unpaired female genitals of which are anteriorly on the 14th segment, the two male behind it on the 18th, rarely 19th segment. As with other earthworms, the one or two pairs of testes are in the 10th and 11th or only 11th segment, i.e. in front of the ovaries in the 13th segment. The prostates are grape-shaped. The receptacula seminis are usually paired, rarely numerous or unpaired and open into paired, rarely numerous or unpaired small or large openings - as in other Megascolecidae - at all or some furrows from the transition from the 4th to the 5th to the transition from the 9th to the 10th segment outwards, i.e. always in front of the testicle-bearing segments. There are no copulatory bags.
Development cycle
Like all girdle worms , the giant earthworms of the genus Amynthas are hermaphrodites and reproduce sexually through mutual mating, with the sperm of the respective sex partner being stored in the receptacula seminis . With the help of the short clitellum , cocoons are formed, in which both mothers lay their eggs and inseminate them with the sperm of their sex partner. The embryos develop into finished earthworms in the cocoon.
Habitat and way of life
The Amynthas earthworms, like other Crassiclitellates, are soil-dwellers and substrate- eaters , which digest the organic components of the ingested substrate and, through their burial activity, ensure that the forest soil is loosened and aerated.
Sample species and their distribution
In 1866, Johan Gustaf Hjalmar Kinberg described the type species Amynthas aeruginosus, native to the Pacific island of Guam, at the same time as the genus Amynthas (he also wrote Amyntas at one point ) . Since then, over 400 species of this genus have been described, although the status of most of them has not been clarified.
Perhaps the largest species of this genus, as well as of the giant earthworm family, is Amynthas mekongianus ( Synonym Megascolex mekongianus Cognetti, 1922 ), native to the Mekong Valley , which can reach lengths of almost 3 m.
species
The following species have been described in the genus Amynthas :
- Amynthas acinus Y. Hong & James, 2009
- Amynthas aeruginosus Kinberg , 1866 ( Guam ; type species)
- Amynthas agrestis (Goto and Hatai, 1899)
- Amynthas ailiaoensis James, HT. Shih & HW. Chang, 2005
- Amynthas alexandri (Beddard, 1900)
- Amynthas alveolatus Y. Hong & James, 2001
- Amynthas amis Shen, 2012
- Amynthas amplipapillatus Shen, 2012
- Amynthas angtanensis Y. Hong & James, 2014
- Amynthas angulatus Y. Hong, 2007
- Amynthas ani Y. Hong & James, 2009
- Amynthas aquilonius
- Amynthas arx Blakemore, 2013
- Amynthas aspergillum (Perrier, 1872)
- Amynthas assimilis Y. Hong & Kim, 2002
- Amynthas bacoensis Y. Hong & James, 2004
- Amynthas baekamensis Y. Hong & James, 2009
- Amynthas baemsagolensis Y. Hong & James, 2001
- Amynthas baikmudongensis Y. Hong, 2017
- Amynthas banlaoensis Y. Hong, 2010
- Amynthas biconcavus Quan & Zhong, 1989
- Amynthas bilineatus C-F. Tsai & HP. Shen, 2007
- Amynthas bimontis Shen, 2014
- Amynthas binoculatus C-F. Tsai, Shen & SC. Tsai, 1999
- Amynthas biorbis C-F. Tsai & Shen, 2010
- Amynthas boletiformis Y. Hong & James, 2001
- Amynthas borealis Panha & Bantaowong, 2011
- Amynthas bouchei Zhao & Qiu, 2009
- Amynthas bubonis Y. Hong & James, 2001
- Amynthas calculatus Y. Hong & James, 2009
- Amynthas catenus C-F. Tsai, Shen & SC. Tsai, 2001
- Amynthas chiakensis Y. Hong & James, 2013
- Amynthas chilanensis C-F. Tsai & SC. Tsai, 2007
- Amynthas comptus (Gates, 1932)
- Amynthas conferticurtus Y. Hong & James, 2009
- Amynthas cruxus C-F. Tsai & Shen, 2007
- Amynthas cucullatus Y. Hong & James, 2009
- Amynthas cuneatus Y. Hong & James, 2001
- Amynthas dabudongensis Y. Hong & James, 2009
- Amynthas dageletensis Y. Hong & Kim, 2005
- Amynthas dauli
- Amynthas defecta (Gates, 1930)
- Amynthas deogyusanensis Y. Hong & James, 2001
- Amynthas diaoluomontis J. Sun, Q. Zhao & Qiu, 2009
- Amynthas diffringens (Baird, 1869)
- Amynthas dilatatus Qiu & Jiang, 2014
- Amynthas dinganensis Qiu & Zhao, 2013
- Amynthas dorualis
- Amynthas douliouensis Shen & Chang, 2016
- Amynthas draconis Y. Hong & James, 2001
- Amynthas eastoni Y. Hong & James, 2001
- Amynthas edwardsi Zhao & Qiu, 2009
- Amynthas eleganus Qiu, Y. Hong & Wei, 1991
- Amynthas eltoni K. Lee, 1981
- Amynthas endophilus Zhao & Qiu, 2013
- Amynthas ephippiatus Y. Hong & WK. Lee, 2001
- Amynthas erroneous A.D. Nguyen & TT Nguyen, 2015
- Amynthas exiguus (Gates, 1930)
- Amynthas fasciiformis Y. Hong & James, 2001
- Amynthas fenestrus Shen, SC. Tsai & CF. Tsai, 2003
- Amynthas fucosus (Gates, 1933)
- Amynthas gageodo Blakemore, 2012
- Amynthas geomunensis Y. Hong & James, 2001
- Amynthas gilvus Sun & Qiu, 2016
- Amynthas gongjuensis Y. Hong, 2002
- Amynthas gracilis (Kinberg, 1867)
- Amynthas gyeryongensis Y. Hong, 2002
- Amynthas gyneongriae Y. Hong & James, 2013
- Amynthas halconensis Y. Hong & James, 2004
- Amynthas hasamensis Y. Hong, 2011
- Amynthas hauyhowensis Y. Hong & James, 2014
- Amynthas heaneyi James, 2004
- Amynthas hengchunensis James, Shih & HW. Chang, 2005
- Amynthas heshanensis W-X. Zhang, JX. Li & Qiu, 2006
- Amynthas hilgendorfi (Michaelsen, 1892)
- Amynthas hohuanmontis C-F. Tsai, Shen & SC. Tsai, 2002
- Amynthas homoeotrochus Cognetti, 1912
- Amynthas hongyehensis C-F. Tsai & Shen, 2010
- Amynthas hsiyinensis Shen & Chih, 2014
- Amynthas huangi James, Shih & HW. Chang, 2005
- Amynthas hupbonensis (Stephenson, 1931)
- Amynthas infuscuatus Jiang & Sun, 2014
- Amynthas isarogensis Y. Hong & James, 2004
- Amynthas jamesi Y. Hong, 2007
- Amynthas jangbogoi Y. Hong & James, 2001
- Amynthas jiangmenensis W-X. Zhang, JX. Li & Qiu, 2006
- Amynthas jindoensis Y. Hong & James, 2001
- Amynthas kaopingensis James, Shih & HW. Chang, 2005
- Amynthas khamlai Y. Hong, 2010
- Amynthas kimhaeiensis Y. Hong & James, 2001
- Amynthas kinmenensis Shen, CH. Chang, CL. Li, Chih & JH. Chen, 2013
- Amynthas laceratus Y. Hong & James, 2009
- Amynthas leshanensis Sun & Qiu, 2016
- Amynthas libratus C-F. Tsai & Shen, 2010
- Amynthas longicauliculatus (Gates, 1931)
- Amynthas malinaoensis Y. Hong & James, 2004
- Amynthas megapapillatus Qiu, Y. Hong & Wei, 1991
- Amynthas mekongianus (Cognetti, 1922)
- Amynthas mindoroensis Y. Hong & James, 2004
- Amynthas mirifius
- Amynthas moakensis Y. Hong & Kim, 2002
- Amynthas monsoonus James, H.-T. Shih & H.-W. Chang, 2005
- Amynthas morrisi (Beddard, 1892)
- Amynthas mujuensis
- Amynthas mujuensis Y. Hong & Kim, 2002
- Amynthas multimaculatus Y. Hong & WK Lee, 2001
- Amynthas mutabilitas Shen, 2012
- Amynthas naejangensis Y. Hong & James, 2001
- Amynthas namhaensis Y. Hong & James, 2014
- Amynthas namphouinensis Y. Hong, 2008
- Amynthas nanganensis
- Amynthas nanrenensis James, HT. Shih & HW. Chang, 2005
- Amynthas nanshanensis Shen, SC. Tsai & CF. Tsai, 2003
- Amynthas naphopensis Y. Hong, 2010
- Amynthas nhonmontis A.D. Nguyen & TT Nguyen, 2015
- Amynthas obsoletus Qiu & Sun, 2013
- Amynthas octopapillatus Sun, Zhao & Qiu, 2009
- Amynthas odaesanensis Y. Hong & James, 2001
- Amynthas omeimontis
- Amynthas omodeoi Zhao & Qiu, 2009
- Amynthas orbicularis Sun & Jiang, 2016
- Amynthas oviformis Y. Hong & James, 2001
- Amynthas padasensis
- Amynthas pagyeiensis Y. Hong, 2001
- Amynthas paiki Y. Hong, 2001
- Amynthas palgongensis Y. Hong, 2001
- Amynthas papulosus (Rosa, 1896)
- Amynthas pavimentus C-F. Tsai & Shen, 2010
- Amynthas penpuensis Shen, SC. Tsai & CF. Tsai, 2003
- Amynthas perichaeta Beddard, 1900
- Amynthas phaedeangensis Y. Hong, 2010
- Amynthas phatubensis Panha & Bantaowong, 2011
- Amynthas philippinenssis Y. Hong & James, 2004
- Amynthas piagolensis Y. Hong & James, 2001
- Amynthas polyglandularis
- Amynthas proasacceus C-F. Tsai, Shen & SC. Tsai, 2001
- Amynthas pulvinus
- Amynthas pyeongchangensis Y. Hong & James, 2009
- Amynthas quadriorbis Shen & Chang, 2016
- Amynthas quinqueconvexus Y. Hong & James, 2009
- Amynthas retortus Sun & Jiang, 2016
- Amynthas righii Y. Hong & James, 2001
- Amynthas robustus (Perrier, 1872)
- Amynthas samgaki Y. Hong, 2011
- Amynthas sanchongensis Y. Hong & James, 2001
- Amynthas sangirensis
- Amynthas sangumburi
- Amynthas sangyeoli Y. Hong & James, 2001
- Amynthas sexpectatus C-F. Tsai, Shen & SC. Tsai, 1999
- Amynthas shinanmontis C-F. Tsai & HP. Shen, 2007
- Amynthas shinjiroi Y-H. Wang & Shih, 2010
- Amynthas siam Blakemore, 2011
- Amynthas sinsiensis Y. Hong & James, 2001
- Amynthas sladeni Lee, 1981
- Amynthas songnisanensis Y. Hong & WK Lee, 2001
- Amynthas sonjaesiki Y. Hong & James, 2009
- Amynthas srinan Panha & Bantaowong, 2011
- Amynthas tabulatus Y. Hong & James, 2009
- Amynthas taebaekensis Y. Hong & James, 2001
- Amynthas taiwumontis Shen, CH. Chang, CL. Li, Chih & JH. Chen, 2013
- Amynthas tantulus Shen, SC. Tsai & CF. Tsai, 2003
- Amynthas tayalis Tsai, CF., Shen & SC. Tsai, 1999
- Amynthas tenuis Qiu & Jiang (Jibao), 2013
- Amynthas tessellatus Shen, CF. Tsai & SC. Tsai, 2002
- Amynthas tetrapapillatus Quan & Zhong, 1989
- Amynthas tontong Panha & Bantaowong, 2011
- Amynthas tralfamadore Blakemore, 2013
- Amynthas tsou Shen & Chang, 2016
- Amynthas tungpuensis C-F. Tsai, Shen & SC. Tsai, 1999
- Amynthas uvaglandularis Shen, SC. Tsai & CF. Tsai, 2003
- Amynthas vanhi Y. Hong & James, 2014
- Amynthas vicinus Y. Hong & James, 2001
- Amynthas wangi Shen, FC. Tsai & CS. Tsai, 2003
- Amynthas wonjuensis Y. Hong & James, 2013
- Amynthas wuhumontis Shen, CH. Chang, CL. Li, Chih & JH. Chen, 2013
- Amynthas wujhouensis Shen, CH. Chang, CL. Li, Chih & JH. Chen, 2013
- Amynthas wulinensis C-F. Tsai, Shen & SC. Tsai, 2001
- Amynthas wuzhimontis Sun & Qiu, 2015
- Amynthas yamade Blakemore, 2010
- Amynthas yeoi Y. Hong, 2002
- Amynthas yongshilensis Y. Hong & James, 2001
- Amynthas youngtai Y. Hong & James, 2001
- Amynthas yunseondoi Y. Hong, 2007
- Amynthas zhongi Qiu & Wangwei, 1991
- Amynthas zonarius Sun & Qiu, 2015
literature
- Johan Gustaf Hjalmar Kinberg (1866): Annulata nova. Öfversigt af Kongliga Vetenskaps-Akademiens Förhandlingar 23 (4), pp. 97-103, here 97 ( Amynthas n.) And 101 ( Amyntas [sic] n.).
- RW Sims, EG Easton (1972): [1] A numerical revision of the earthworm genus Pheretima auct. (Megascolecidae: Oligochaeta) with the recognition of new genera and an appendix on the earthworms collected by the Royal Society North Borneo Expedition. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 4 (3), pp. 169-268, here p. 211, Genus Amynthas Kinberg, 1867. doi: 10.1111 / j.1095-8312.1972.tb00694.x
- RJ Blakemore, C. Csuzdi, MT Ito, N. Kaneko, T. Kawaguchi, M. Schilthuizen (2007): Taxonomic status and ecology of Oriental Pheretima darnleiensis (Fletcher, 1886) and other earthworms (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) from Mt Kinabalu, Borneo. Zootaxa 1613, pp. 23-44.
- RJ Blakemore, COE fellow, YNU, Japan, March 2007: Updated checklist of pheretimoids (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae: Pheretima auct.) Taxa ( Memento from July 22, 2012 in the Internet Archive )