Anaclise

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Anaklise or Anaklisis (from ancient Greek ανακλίνειν anaklīnein , German , lean ' in) means pediatrics and in the psychoanalysis the emotional need for reference to another person.

Theory and practical meaning

Myelination stages of the brain according to Paul Flechsig (1920). The dark areas become early, the light gray later and the white z. Sometimes myelinated only during puberty.
Cortical homunculus; well-known illustration after Wilder Penfield (1950). Both the motor cortex shown and the sensory cortex are organized according to the dwarf figure shown (sensorimotor region). The sketch of the Homunculus represents a topistic illustration in which the zones of the hand, mouth, and lips are relatively more pronounced.
Functional organization of the cerebral cortex. - The fields marked darker in color correspond to the most extensive and earliest myelinated brain centers.
Side view of the left hemisphere
  • Primary motor area
  • Pre / supplementary motor areas
  • Primarily sensitive areas
  • Sensitive areas of association
  • Audio fields
  • Fields of view

    • The need for support, as it is to be understood by the term anaclise, is on the one hand assessed as a dependency, insofar as the partner or the carer then largely determines feeling , thinking and wanting for both sides. On the other hand, the need in infants can be assessed as a sign of the incipient object relationship . “Leaning” is to be understood as an elementary sensory experience in the sense of body contact . This need - possibly in a figurative sense - is important not only in paediatrics, but also when choosing a partner. When choosing a partner, one speaks of a leaning type . Since the early childhood developmental stage of increasingly differentiated contact between the child and the mother and the associated internalization is seen by psychoanalysis as beginning in the oral phase , Freud's theory of primary narcissism must also be taken into account. The theory of the oral phase has been supplemented by the concept of the anaklise. It is less to assume a self-directed libidinal and narcissistic energy than a simple need for contact on the part of the child. The designation of sexual energy ( libido ) or oral sexuality or infantile sexuality appears to be too exaggerated for this, even if the kissing mouth plays a role in adult sexuality. The primary care theory advocated by Freud appears to be refuted by the experimental investigations of Harry Harlow and Stephen Suomi . On the other hand, Freud's view of the libidinal importance of the early oral development phase seems to be confirmed insofar as consequential damage occurred in later sexual behavior in those rhesus monkeys raised as surrogate mothers with food-donating wire dummies, see Chap. Animal confirmation .

    The results of brain research have confirmed that the sensorimotor cortex is one of the earliest developed areas of the brain (Fig. Myelination stages) and that the representations of the hand, mouth and lips are relatively more pronounced here (Fig. Cortical homunculus). This underscores the importance of the oral early childhood development phase. René A. Spitz called these zones organs of primitive perception . He also counted the organ of equilibrium and its central representation among these . These "institutions" convey a primitive consciousness, the more pleasant if positive perceptions as a feeling of pleasure can be called, in the negative case about by a lack of agreement between the individual sensations or of poor gratification as discomfort , dizziness , anxiety , nausea , vomiting . By Hermann Oppenheim vertigo was already in 1894 a. a. defined as a feeling of discomfort.

    The theory is of practical importance insofar as the withdrawal of closeness to a caregiver , as was and is especially observed in children's homes , leads to psychological abnormalities. These include: refusal to eat, vomiting, three-month colic , eczema , coprophagia , etc. In more severe cases, anaclitic depression occurs . After more than five months, hospitalism occurs, which can even lead to death. The triggering moments are not only withdrawal of a familiar contact person, but also rejection , excessive concern for the child ( overprotection ) or a change between affection and hostility.

    Animal confirmation

    More recently, the concept has also been supported by animal experiments. Rhesus monkeys raised under lack of contact were later unable to play or develop social relationships. They suffered from fears and outbursts of extreme excitement and destructiveness. The adult animals ultimately showed no sexual interest.

    Anaclitic-diatrophic equation

    Relationship to God as the basis of wonderful healing.
    Nausea (feeling sick) can be understood as a disruption of the anaclitic-diatrophic equation.

    The concept of the anaclitic-diatrophic equation introduced by Gitelson (1962) is understood to mean a reciprocal relationship between mother and child on the symbiotic level, which exists between the anaclitic needs of the infant on the one hand and the diatrophic, nourishing-care needs of the mother on the other therefore brings about a balance between different needs. This relationship between mother and child was viewed not only as a prototype for therapeutic relationships such as the hypnotic relationship based on the effects of suggestion and trance ( hypnoanalysis ). It was also seen as a fundamental relationship, for example, in the psychoanalytic relationship based on the process of transference . According to Spitz (1967), it was generally assessed as shaping any kind of interpersonal relationship, such as love relationships, or for social, professional or political role and group relationships.

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ a b Anaclisis. In: Norbert Boss (Ed.): Roche Lexicon Medicine. 2nd Edition. Hoffmann-La Roche AG and Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munich 1987, ISBN 3-541-13191-8 , p. 65, Gesundheit.de/roche .
    2. ↑ a b Anaklise . In: Uwe Henrik Peters : Dictionary of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology. 3. Edition. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munich 1984, p. 28.
    3. ↑ a b c Stavros Mentzos : Neurotic Conflict Processing. Introduction to the psychoanalytic theory of neuroses, taking into account more recent perspectives. Fischer-Taschenbuch, Frankfurt 1992, ISBN 3-596-42239-6
      (a) pp. 90-93 (on “Anaklise”);
      (b) pp. 93, 189 (on head. “Anaclitic Depression”);
      (c) p. 92 (on head. "Animal experiment confirmation").
    4. ↑ Philip G. Zimbardo , Richard J. Gerrig: Psychology . Pearson, Hallbergmoos near Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-8273-7275-8 , p. 394 ff. (Social development in the course of life).
    5. ↑ Paul Flechsig : Anatomy of the human brain and spinal cord on myelogenetic basis. Thieme, Leipzig 1920.
    6. ↑ Wilder Penfield , Theodore Rasmussen : The Cerebral Cortex of Man. A Clinical Study of Localization of Function . The Macmillan Comp., New York 1950; Hafner, New York 1968.
    7. ↑ a b c Psychological development . In: Sven Olaf Hoffmann , G. Hochapfel: theory of neuroses, psychotherapeutic and psychosomatic medicine. Compact textbook. 6th edition. Schattauer, Stuttgart 1999, ISBN 3-7945-1960-4 , pp. 26-35, especially p. 33.
    8. ^ Hermann Oppenheim : Textbook of nervous diseases. Karger, Berlin 1894 (up to 7th edition 1923); quoted n. Bodechtel 1974.
    9. ↑ Gustav Bodechtel: Differential diagnosis of neurological diseases. 3. Edition. Georg Thieme, Stuttgart 1974, pp. 989, 995 (reference H. Oppenheim).
    10. ↑ dizziness. In: Norbert Boss (Ed.): Roche Lexicon Medicine. 2nd Edition. Hoffmann-La Roche AG and Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munich 1987, ISBN 3-541-13191-8 , p. 1552, Gesundheit.de/roche .
    11. ↑ a b René A. Spitz : From infant to toddler. Natural history of mother-child relationships in the first year of life . (1967) 11th edition. Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1996, ISBN 3-608-91823-X .
    12. ↑ John Bowlby : Separation . Psychological damage as a result of the separation of mother and child. Kindler, Munich 1976, ISBN 3-463-02171-4 .
    13. ↑ John Bowlby: On the Nature of the Mother-Child Relationship. In: Psyche. 13 (1959/60), pp. 415-456.
    14. ↑ Harry Harlow : Social Deprivation in Monkeys. In: Scientific American 207 (1962), p. 137.
    15. ↑ M. Gitelson: The curative factors in psychoanalysis . I: The first phase in psychoanalysis. In: Int. J. Psychoanal. 43: 194-205 (1962).
    16. ↑ anaclitic-diatrophic equation. In: Thure von Uexküll u. a. (Ed.): Psychosomatic Medicine. 3. Edition. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munich 1986, ISBN 3-541-08843-5 , pp. 240, 242.
    17. ↑ anaclitic-diatrophic equation. In: Thure von Uexküll, Ilse Grubrich-Simitis (ed.); Wolfgang Loch : On the theory, technology and therapy of psychoanalysis . S. Fischer Conditio humana, 1972, ISBN 3-10-844801-3 , p. 262.