Araujia

Araujia
	Araujia sericifera
Systematics
Order :	Enzianartige (Gentianales)
Family :	Dog poison family (Apocynaceae)
Subfamily :	Silk plants (Asclepiadoideae)
Tribe :	Asclepiadeae
Sub tribus :	Oxypetalinae
Genre :	Araujia
Scientific name
	Araujia
	Loaf.

Araujia is a genus of plants in the subfamily of the silk plants (Asclepiadoideae). The 9 to 13 species are originally only native to South America.

description

Illustration of Araujia sericifera

Radially symmetrical flower of Araujia sericifera

Araujia sericifera seeds

Vegetative characteristics

Araujia species grow as perennials, subshrubs and creepers. The 5 to 6 meter long shoot axes lignify at least at the base and are hairy bald to densely bristly. They contain a white milky juice .

The opposite leaves are arranged petiole and leaf blade. The herbaceous, simple leaf blades are 5 to 11 centimeters long (exceptionally up to 15 centimeters) and 0.8 to 4 centimeters wide (exceptionally up to 8 centimeters), broadly ovoid, triangular, spear-shaped with a pointed upper end. The base of the blades is heart-shaped, truncated to wedge-shaped. The top and bottom of the leaf are colored differently, the top of the leaf is hairy to weak and finely fluffy and the underside of the leaf is clearly fluffy to woolly, with the hairs ( trichomes ) being whitish. There are two to four glands (colletera) at the base of the leaves.

Generative characteristics

One to five flowers are screw-like to sciadioidal (= pseudo-umbel-shaped, derived from a screw through the reduction of the rhachis ) in one inflorescence , with one to three flowers opening at the same time. The short inflorescence stem and the flower stalks are hairy with short felts.

The flower buds are egg-shaped to spherical. The hermaphrodite flowers are radially symmetrical and five-fold. The five large, free sepals are leaf-like, more or less erect, egg-shaped and pointed. The five 5 to 20 millimeters long, more or less upright petals are fused between half and about three quarters of the length urn-shaped to bell-shaped. The colors of the petals vary from cream-pink to cream-green. The broadly triangular petals are dextral wound or twisted. The secondary crown embedded in the corolla tube is made up of five parts and is shorter than the gynostegium. Their tips, which are only fused or free at their base, are broad-triangular, upright or also curved. The gynostegium is sessile and hidden in the corolla tube. The wings of the five stamens run parallel to each other and are shorter than the stylus and the anthers are rectangular. The hanging pollinia are ovate to spherical.

The individually standing, hanging follicles have a length of 7.5 to 15 centimeters and a diameter of 0.4 to 3 centimeters and are ellipsoidal, with a pedunculate cross section and a blunt or slightly beaked tip. They can have longitudinal pits and be bare or slightly warty on the outside. The pericarp is thickly lignified. The dark brown seeds are egg-shaped with a length of 4.5 to 7 mm and a diameter of 2 to 2.5 mm. The edge has no wings, but it is serrated. The silky head of hair is 4 to 5 cm long.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 20 ( Araujia angustifolia ) or 22 ( Araujia sericifera ).

Flower ecology

The pollination is mostly done by moths with long proboscis. For Araujia sericifera , the German trivial name "torture plant" and the English trivial name "moth catcher" are used. This refers to the fact that the flower works on the principle of a clamp trap and the proboscis of the butterflies can be pinched in such a way that the insect can no longer be caught is released. Only after the flower has been pollinated (usually the next morning) does the clamping effect decrease and the butterfly comes free again.

Occurrence

The Araujia species are native to South America from Bolivia , Paraguay and Uruguay to Brazil and Argentina . They occur there in dry to damp forests and thorn bush savannahs, often even in cultivated land or abandoned cultivated land.

Araujia sericifera is used as an ornamental plant and has now grown wild in many regions of the world, for example in New Zealand , South Africa , southern Spain and North America .

Araujia megapotamica , flower

Araujia odorata

Appearance of Araujia sericifera

Araujia sericifera , flower and young fruit

Systematics

The genus Araujia was established in 1817 by Felix de Avellar Brotero (1744-1828) in Descriptions of a new Genus of Plants, named Araujia, and of a new Species of Passiflora , in the Transactions of the Linnean Society of London , Vol. 12, p . 62 ff. firstdescribed and displayed on the panel 4 and 5, wherein he as monotypic published genus, so only one kind. The only species published there is the Araujia sericifera bread. , No statement was made about a deposited herbarium. In 1992, Paul I. Forster and Peter V. Bruyns established a document from the Herbarium Jardim Botânico Museu Nacional de História Natural Universidade de Lisboa (LISU) as lectotype material . Synonyms for araujia bread. are: Choristigma Kurtz ex Heger nom. illeg., Hickenia Lillo , Lagenia E. Fourn . , Morrenia Lindl. , Physianthus Mart. , Pentaphragm Zucc. ex Rchb. nom. nud., Stuckertia Kuntze .

The genus Araujia belongs to the subtribe Oxypetalinae from the tribe Asclepiadeae in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae within the family of Apocynaceae .

The genus Araujia is divided into three sections and contains a total of 9 to 13 species.

Section of Araujia

Section Lagenia ( E. Fourn .) Malme

Section Schistanthera Schltr.

Araujia angustifolia (Hook. & Arn.) Steud. : It occurs from Brazil to northern Argentina.
Araujia brachystephana (Griseb.) Fontella & Goyder (Syn .: Morrenia brachystephana Griseb. ): This new combination took place in 2011. It is widespread from Bolivia to northern Argentina.
Araujia hassleriana (Malme) Fontella & Goyder (Syn .: Morrenia hassleriana Malme ): This new combination took place in 2011. It occurs in Paraguay.
Araujia herzogii (Schltr.) Fontella & Goyder (Syn .: Morrenia herzogii Schltr. ): This new combination took place in 2011. It occurs from Bolivia via Paraguay to northwestern Argentina (Salta).
Araujia megapotamica (Spreng.) G.Don : It occurs from the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul to northeast Argentina.
Araujia odorata (Hook. & Arn.) Fontella & Goyder : It occurs from Bolivia to Brazil and northeastern Argentina.
Araujia plumosa Schltr. : It occurs from Bolivia to Brazil and northern Argentina.
Araujia scalae (Hicken) Fontella & Goyder : It only occurs in Argentina.
Araujia sericifera bread. (Syn .: Araujia sericofera bread. Orthographic error in the first description, Araujia albens (Mart.) G.Don , Physianthus albens Mart. , Araujia hortorum E. Fourn. , Schubertia albens sensu auct.): It originally comes from the southern and southeastern Brazil to northeast Argentina.
Araujia stormiana Morong : It occurs from the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso do Sul to northern Argentina.
Araujia stuckertiana (Kurtz ex Heger) Fontella & Goyder : There are two subspecies:
- Araujia stuckertiana subsp. grandiflora (Malme) Fontella & Goyder (Syn .: Morrenia grandiflora Malme ): It occurs from Bolivia to northern Argentina.
- Araujia stuckertiana subsp. stuckertiana : It only occurs in Argentina.
Araujia subhastata E. Fourn. : It occurs in the Brazilian state of São Paulo .
Araujia variegata (Griseb.) Fontella & Goyder : It occurs from Bolivia to northern Argentina.

No longer counted in this genus:

Araujia graveolens (Lindl.) Mast. (Syn .: Physianthus graveolens hort., Physianthus auricomus R.Graham , Schubertia graveolens Lindl. ) → Schubertia grandiflora Mart.

swell

literature

Felix de Avelar Brotero: Descriptions of a new Genus of Plants, named Araujia, and of a new Species of Passiflora. , In: Transactions of the Linnean Society of London , 12, pp. 62-69: first description scanned at botanicus.org .

S. Liede-Schumann, U. Meve: The Genera of Asclepiadoideae, Secamonoideae and Periplocoideae (Apocynaceae) Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval , 2006 Araujia Brot. (Asclepiadeae - Oxypetalinae) , version dated September 21, 2000.

James C. Hickman (Ed.): The Jepson Manual. Higher Plants of California . University of California Press, Berkeley, Calif 1993, ISBN 0-520-08255-9 . Carol A. Hoffman: Asclepiadaceae in Jepson Manual Treatment - Online. (Section description)

Individual evidence

↑ Bruce Roy: An illustrated guide to common weeds of New Zealand , 282 pp., New Zealand Plant Protection Society, 1998.
↑ Gareth Coombs, Craig I. Peter: The invasive 'mothcatcher' (Araujia sericifera bread .; Asclepiadoideae) co-opts native honeybees as its primary pollinator in South Africa. AoB Plants, vol. 2010, online abstract .
↑ Araujia at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
^ Paul I. Forster, Peter V. Bruyns: Clarification of Synonymy for the Common Moth-Vine Araujia sericifera (Asclepiadaceae). In: Taxon , Volume 41, Issue 4, 1992, pp. 746-749.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Araujia. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved November 7, 2018.
↑ Araujia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.

Web links

Commons : Araujia - collection of images, videos and audio files

[Neuseeland-1] Bruce Roy: An illustrated guide to common weeds of New Zealand , 282 pp., New Zealand Plant Protection Society, 1998.

[Südafrika-2] Gareth Coombs, Craig I. Peter: The invasive 'mothcatcher' (Araujia sericifera bread .; Asclepiadoideae) co-opts native honeybees as its primary pollinator in South Africa. AoB Plants, vol. 2010, online abstract .

[tropicos-3] Araujia at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

[Forster1992-4] Paul I. Forster, Peter V. Bruyns: Clarification of Synonymy for the Common Moth-Vine Araujia sericifera (Asclepiadaceae). In: Taxon , Volume 41, Issue 4, 1992, pp. 746-749.

[WCSP-5] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Araujia. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved November 7, 2018.

[GRIN-6] Araujia in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.