Dog poison plants

Dog poison plants
	Great periwinkle ( Vinca major )
Systematics
	Eudicotyledons
	Nuclear eudicotyledons
	Asterids
	Euasterids I
Order :	Enzianartige (Gentianales)
Family :	Dog poison plants
Scientific name
	Apocynaceae
	Yuss.

The dog poison plants (Apocynaceae) are a family of plants belonging to the order of the gentian-like (Gentianales).

description

Because the new size of the family was made necessary by molecular biological findings, there are not many common morphological characteristics that apply to all subfamilies.

The family includes some trees ( Tabernaemontana , Dyera ), shrubs and herbaceous plants , but above all lianas and succulents . Many species contain a (mostly clear) milky sap . The majority of the species are evergreen.

The mostly opposite leaves are usually undivided and with entire margins. Multicellular glands (colleter) are often present on the leaves or flowers. Stipules are small or absent.

The flowers are usually four or five-fold. The mostly two upper permanent carpels are rarely an ovary grown. Some species have a highly specialized pollination mechanism. The stylus sometimes forms a "clavuncula".

There are follicles , but also berries, capsule formed and stone fruits. The seeds sometimes also have a tuft of hair (coma).

Systematics and distribution

Subfamily Apocynoideae: Mandevilla sanderi

Subfamily Apocynoideae: Wrightia antidysenterica

Subfamily Asclepiadoideae: wax flower ( Hoya carnosa )

Subfamily Asclepiadoideae: bloom of Stapelia variegata with a visit

Subfamily Rauvolfioideae: Jungle Bell ( Allamanda cathartica )

Subfamily Periplocoideae: inflorescence of Cryptolepis buchananii

Subfamily Periplocoideae: Smooth tree loop ( Periploca laevigata )

Subfamily Secamonoideae: opposite leaves and flowers of Secamone elliptica

This family was first published in 1789 under the name "Apocineae" by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu in Genera Plantarum , pp. 143–144. Type genus is Apocynum L. Synonyms for Apocynaceae Juss. are Asclepiadaceae Borkh. , Carissaceae Bertolini , Cerberaceae Martynov , Ophioxylaceae Perleb. , Pacouriaceae Martynov , Periplocaceae Schltr. , Plumeriaceae Horan. , Stapeliaceae Horan. , Vincaceae Vest , Willughbeiaceae J. Agardh .

The range of the family Apocynaceae includes the temperate , the subtropical and tropical areas almost worldwide. This is also where the greatest biodiversity can be found. In Europe only a few genera and species are native, in Central Europe only two types of periwinkle ( Vinca ) and the swallowwort ( Vincetoxicum hirundinaria ).

The dog poison family (Apocynaceae) is divided into five subfamilies with about 380 genera :

Subfamily Apocynoideae Burnett

→ Main article : Apocynoideae with description, systematics and genera.

Subfamily Asclepiadoideae R.Br. ex Burnett

→ Main article : Asclepiadoideae (silk plant family) with description, system and genera.

Subfamily Rauvolfioideae Kostel.

→ Main article : Rauvolfioideae with description, systematics and genera.

Subfamily Periplocoideae R.Br. ex Endl. : It contains about 33 genera:

Atherandra Decne. : The only two species are common in Southeast Asia and western Malesia .

Baroniella Costantin & Gallaud : The eight or so species only occur in Madagascar .

Baseonema Schltr. & Rendle : It contains only one type:
Baseonema gregorii Schltr. & Rendle : It thrives in savannahs in tropical East Africa .

Batesanthus N.E.Br. : The only two species thrive in damp forests in Central and West Africa .

Buckollia Venter & RLVerh. : The only two species thrive in semi-arid areas at altitudes of 1400 to 1800 meters in Ethiopia , Kenya , Somalia and Uganda .

Camptocarpus Decne. : The nine or so species occur only in Madagascar and Mauritius .

Chlorocyathus olive. (Syn .: Kappia Venter ) The only two species thrive in forests in Zimbabwe and South Africa .

Cryptolepis R.Br. : The 15 or so species are common in the tropics of the Old World.

Cryptostegia R.Br. : The only two species occur only in Madagascar.

Decalepis Wight & Arn. : The five or so species occur in India.

Ectadium E. Mey . : The only three species occur only in Namibia .

Epistemma D.V. Field & JBHall : The only three species thrive as epiphytes in lowland forests in Gabon , Ghana and the Ivory Coast .

Finlaysonia Wall. (Syn .: Gurua Buch.- Ham. Ex Wight nom. Illeg., Atherolepis Hook. F. , Gongylosperma King & Gamble , Hanghomia Gagnep. & Thérint , Meladerma Kerr , Stelmacrypton Baill. ): The approximately seven species are from the Moluccas , India and China spread over Southeast Asia and the Philippines to New Guinea and Australia .

Gymnanthera R.Br. : The roughly three species are distributed in Indonesia , the Philippines, Papua New Guinea and Australia.

Hemidesmus R.Br. : It contains only one type:
Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R.Br. ex Schult. : It thrives in the lowlands of India and Malaysia .

Ischnolepis Jum. & H.Perrier : It contains only one type:
Ischnolepis graminifolia (Costantin & Gallaud) Klack. : It only occurs in Madagascar.

Maclaudia Venter & RLVerh. : It contains only one type:
Maclaudia felixii Venter & RLVerh. : It thrives in dry forests at an altitude of about 1000 meters only in Guinea .

Mondia Skeels : The only two species are common in tropical Africa.

Myriopteron handle. (Syn .: Jenkinsia ) Wall. ex Voigt : It contains only one species:
Myriopteron extensum (Wight & Arn.) K.Schum. (Syn .: Myriopteron paniculatum ) handle. : It thrives in thickets and open forests at altitudes of 600 to 1600 meters in India, Myanmar , Thailand , Vietnam , China and Indonesia .

Omphalogonus Baill. : The only two species are found in Benin , Burkina Faso , the Central African Republic , the Ivory Coast , Ghana , Guinea, Guinea-Bissau , Kenya , Nigeria , Senegal , Sudan , Tanzania and Togo .

Pentopetia Decne. (Syn .: Acustelma Baill. , Gonocrypta Baill. , Kompitsia Costantin & Gallaud , Pentopetiopsis Costantin & Gallaud ): The approximately 23 species are distributed in Madagascar, the Comoros , Seychelles and Aldabra .

Tree snares ( Periploca L. , Syn .: Campelepis Falc. , Cyprinia Browicz , Socotora Balf. F. ): The approximately 13 species are distributed in Eurasia, Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and the Canary Islands .

Petopentia Bullock : it contains only one species:
Petopentia natalensis (Schltr.) Bullock : It occurs only in the South African provinces of Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal .

Phyllanthera flower (Syn .: Pentanura flower , Streptomanes K.Schum. Ex Schltr. ): The six or so species are common in Malaysia, Java , Sumatra , Australia and New Guinea .

Raphionacme Harv. (Syn .: Apoxyanthera Hochst. , Chlorocyathus Oliv. , Mafekingia Baill. , Pentagonanthus Bullock , Zaczatea Baill. , Zucchellia Decne. ): The approximately 30 species thrive in arid to semi-arid areas in Africa.

Sacleuxia Baill. (Syn .: Gymnolaema Benth. Non Decne. , Macropelma K.Schum. ): The only three species occur in Kenya and Tanzania.

Sarcorrhiza Bullock : it contains only one species:
Sarcorhiza epiphytica Bullock : It occurs in the Congo and Tanzania.

Schlechterella K. Schum. (Syn .: Pleurostelma Schltr. Non Baill. , Triodoglossum Bullock ): The only two species are common in Ethiopia , Kenya, Mozambique , Somalia and Tanzania.

Stomatostemma N.E.Br. : The only two species thrive in dry woodlands in Mozambique, Zambia , Zimbabwe , Botswana , Swaziland and South Africa .

Streptocaulon Wight & Arn. (Syn .: Triplolepis Turcz. ): The five or so species are distributed in India, Myanmar, China, Singapore , Indonesia and the Philippines.

Tacazzea Decne. (Syn .: Aechmolepis Decne. , Leptopaetia Harv. , Zacateza Bullock ): The five or so species are widespread in Africa.

Telectadium Baill. : The only three species thrive in the lowland forest in Laos and Vietnam.

Zygostelma Benth. : It contains only one type:
Zygostelma benthamii Baill. : It occurs in Cambodia , Laos and Thailand.

Subfamily Secamonoideae Endl. : It contains about eight genera and almost all species are common in the Paleotropic . The center of biodiversity is Madagascar . They are mainly lianas, less often bushes:
- Tribe Secamoneae G.Don. :
  - Calyptranthera clack. : The eleven or so species occur in Madagascar and the Mascarene Mountains .
  - Genianthus Hook. f. : The approximately 17 species are distributed from China to tropical Asia.
  - Goniostemma Wight : Of the only two species, one occurs in China and the other in the Indian subcontinent.
  - Pervillaea Decne. (Syn .: Menabea Baill. ): The approximately five species occur in Madagascar and Mauritius.
  - Secamone R.Br. (Including Rhynchostigma Benth. ): The 90 to 133 species are distributed from the tropics of the Old World to the islands in the southwestern Pacific.
  - Secamonopsis Jum. : The only two species occur in Madagascar.
  - Toxocarpus Wight & Arn. : The 33 or so species are distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia.
  - Trichosandra Decne. . With only one type:
    - Trichosandra borbonica Decne. : It occurs on Réunion.

swell

The Apocynaceae family on the AP website . (Sections Description and Systematics)
Sigrid Liede-Schumann & Ulrich Meve: The Genera of Asclepiadoideae, Secamonoideae and Periplocoideae (Apocynaceae) , 2006 (section systematics)
Apocynaceae in the Flora Malesiana.

Individual evidence

↑ Apocynum at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
^ ^A ^b Apocynaceae in Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
^ Mary E. Endress, Sigrid Liede-Schumann, Ulrich Meve: Advances in Apocynaceae: The enlightenment, an Introduction . In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden . Volume 94, number 2, 2007, pp. 259-267 doi : 10.3417 / 0026-6493 (2007) 94 [259: AIATEA] 2.0.CO; 2 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f David John Mabberley: Mabberley's Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses. 3. Edition. Cambridge University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z Sigrid Liede-Schumann & Ulrich Meve: The Genera of Asclepiadoideae, Secamonoideae and Periplocoideae (Apocynaceae) , 2006.
↑ R. Lahaye, L. Civeyrel, T. Bacon, NP Rowe: Evolution of shrub-like growth forms in the lianoid subfamily Secamonoideae (Apocynaceae sl) of Madagascar: phylogeny, biomechanics, and development. In: American Journal of Botany. 92, 2005, p. 1381, doi : 10.3732 / ajb.92.8.1381 .
↑ Renaud Lahaye, Jens Klackenberg, Mari Källersjö, Elise Van Campo & Laure Civeyrel: Phylogenetic relationships between derived Apocynaceae sl and within Secamonoideae based on chloroplast sequences , In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , Volume 94, 2007, pp. 376-391 . doi : 10.3417 / 0026-6493 (2007) 94 [376: PRBDAS] 2.0.CO; 2
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Apocynaceae - World Checklist of Selected Plant Families of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Last accessed on November 19, 2018.

literature

The Renaissance of the Apocynaceae sl: Recent Advances in Systematics, Phylogeny, and Evolution. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 88, Number 4, 2001, JSTOR i366713 .
Mary E. Endress, Siegried Liede-Schumann, Ulrich Meve: An updated classification for Apocynaceae. In: Phytotaxa. Volume 159, number 3, 2014, pp. 175-194 ( doi: 10.11646 / phytotaxa.159.3.2 ).
Mary E. Endress, PV Bruyns: A revised classification of the Apocynaceae sl In: Botanical Review. Volume 66, Number 1, 2000, pp. 1-56, JSTOR 4354361 .
Ulrich Meve, Siegried Liede-Schumann: The manifold evolution of succulence in Apocynaceae. In: Schumannia. Volume 6, 2010, pp. 183-206.
Bingtao Li, Antony JM Leeuwenberg & David J. Middleton: Apocynaceae , p. 143 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (ed.): Flora of China. Volume 16: Gentianaceae through Boraginaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 1995, ISBN 0-915279-33-9 (description section).

Web links

Commons : Apocynaceae - Collection of images, videos and audio files

The families of Apocynaceae , Asclepiadaceae and Periplocaceae at DELTA by L. Watson & MJ Dallwitz. (Section description)
Apocynaceae in the Western Australian flora . (Section description)

[tropicos-1] Apocynum at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

[GRIN-2] A ^b Apocynaceae in Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.

[Endress2007-3] Mary E. Endress, Sigrid Liede-Schumann, Ulrich Meve: Advances in Apocynaceae: The enlightenment, an Introduction . In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden . Volume 94, number 2, 2007, pp. 259-267 doi : 10.3417 / 0026-6493 (2007) 94 [259: AIATEA] 2.0.CO; 2 .

[Mabberley2008-4] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f David John Mabberley: Mabberley's Plant-Book. A portable dictionary of plants, their classification and uses. 3. Edition. Cambridge University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-521-82071-4 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).

[UniBayreuth-5] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z Sigrid Liede-Schumann & Ulrich Meve: The Genera of Asclepiadoideae, Secamonoideae and Periplocoideae (Apocynaceae) , 2006.

[Lahaye2005-6] R. Lahaye, L. Civeyrel, T. Bacon, NP Rowe: Evolution of shrub-like growth forms in the lianoid subfamily Secamonoideae (Apocynaceae sl) of Madagascar: phylogeny, biomechanics, and development. In: American Journal of Botany. 92, 2005, p. 1381, doi : 10.3732 / ajb.92.8.1381 .

[Lahaye2007-7] Renaud Lahaye, Jens Klackenberg, Mari Källersjö, Elise Van Campo & Laure Civeyrel: Phylogenetic relationships between derived Apocynaceae sl and within Secamonoideae based on chloroplast sequences , In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden , Volume 94, 2007, pp. 376-391 . doi : 10.3417 / 0026-6493 (2007) 94 [376: PRBDAS] 2.0.CO; 2

[WCSP-8] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Apocynaceae - World Checklist of Selected Plant Families of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Last accessed on November 19, 2018.