Apocynum
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Indian hemp ( Apocynum cannabinum ) |
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The plant genus Apocynum , also called dog poison , belongs to the subfamily of the Apocynoideae in the family of the dog poison plants (Apocynaceae). Some species have been used in folk medicine and some ingredients are also being studied for modern medicine.
description
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Habit and leaves
Apocynum species grow terrestrially mostly as perennial herbaceous plants or sometimes as shrubs . The roots are thin. The plants contain a white (poisonous) milky sap . In the seedlings, the cotyledon is about the same length as the radicle.
The most opposite, rarely alternate on the stem axis arranged leaves are simple. The leaf margin is serrated. Stipules are present.
Inflorescences and flowers
The terminal inflorescences are thyrsenic .
The hermaphroditic flowers are radial symmetry and usually five-fold. There are five sepals . The petals are bell-shaped or pelvis-shaped with a wide open throat and corolla lobes that overlap to the right. There is only the inner circle of five stamens . The stamens are fused with the base of the corolla tube. The anthers are fused with the stamp.
The two free (apocarpen) carpels are half under constant. There are many ovules in each carpel . There is a fleshy, scaly discus present.
Fruits and seeds
The follicles are slim and contain many seeds. The embryo is straight.
Systematics and distribution
The distribution area of the genus Apocynum includes the temperate areas of North America and Eurasia . So there is a Holarctic distribution.
The first publication of the accepted botanical generic name Apocynum was in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 213. Type species is Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Synonyms for Apocynum L. are: Apocynastrum Heist. ex Fabr. , Cynopaema Lunell , Poacynum Baill. and Trachomitum Woodson .
The genus Apocynum belongs to the tribe Apocyneae in the subfamily Apocynoideae within the dog venom family (Apocynaceae). Apocynum is the type genus of the subfamily Apocynoideae and the Apocynaceae Juss family .
There are about six to nine species in the genus Apocynum :
- Common dog poison ( Apocynum androsaemifolium L. ): It is common in North America with seven subspecies.
- Indian hemp , Canadian hemp, American hemp, Indian hemp or hemp-like dog strangler ( Apocynum cannabinum L. , Syn . : Apocynum suksdorfii Greene , Apocynum sibiricum Jacq. ): It is common in Canada and the United States.
- Apocynum × floribundum Greene (= Apocynum androsaemifolium × Apocynum cannabinum , Syn .: Apocynum × medium Greene ): It is widespread from Canada to northern Mexico.
- Apocynum pictum Schrenk (Syn .: Apocynum hendersonii Hook. F. , Poacynum hendersonii (Hook. F.) Woodson ): It grows in salt deserts, desert edges and on river banks. The distribution area extends from Kazakhstan and Mongolia to the Chinese provinces of Gansu , Qinghai and Xinjiang .
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Venetian dog poison ( Apocynum venetum L. , Syn .: Trachomitum venetum (L.) Woodson ): It grows in salt deserts (for example in the Lop Nor desert ), desert edges, sedimentation areas and on river banks. It is from southern Central Europe through Southwest Asia , Russia , India , Pakistan , Japan , Mongolia , Inner Mongolia , Tibet and the Chinese provinces of Gansu , Hebei , Henan , Jiangsu , Liaoning , Qinghai , Shaanxi , Shandong , Shanxi as well widespread in Xinjiang . The species can be broken down into numerous subspecies, including:
- Apocynum venetum subsp. sarmatiense (Woodson) ined .: (Syn .: Apocynum sarmatiense (Woodson) Wissjul. , Trachomitum sarmatiense Woodson ): It occurs from Eastern and Southeastern Europe to Iran .
- Apocynum venetum subsp. venetum : It only occurs in Italy.
No longer belong to the genus:
- Apocynum frutescens L. → Ichnocarpus frutescens (L.) R.Br.
- Apocynum nerium Aubl. → Anechites nerium (Aubl.) Urb.
ingredients
Apocynin was described in 1883 by the German pharmacologist Oswald Schmiedeberg , who isolated it for the first time from the roots of Canadian hemp ( Apocynum cannabinum ). The effectiveness of this type against edema and heart problems was already known. The drug is called "Apocyni cannabini radix". It also contains cardenolide glycosides such as cymarin, rubber (bornesite) and fatty oils. Apocynum androsaemifolium is similar in its composition of ingredients .
use
Apocynum pictum and Apocynum venetum are used in a variety of ways: The firm bast fibers that are extracted from the inner bark are used to make clothing, knitting, fishing nets and high-quality paper. The leaves contain up to 5% milky sap (latex), from which rubber is made, and a medicine that is used as a sedative and to treat high blood pressure. The flowers of this species are fragrant and are planted as a bee forage plant. The fibers from Apocynum cannabinum are also used.
swell
- Bingtao Li, Antony JM Leeuwenberg, David J. Middleton: Apocynaceae. : Apocynum , p. 181 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 16: Gentianaceae through Boraginaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 1995, ISBN 0-915279-33-9 . (Sections Description and Distribution)
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Apocynum. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved November 2, 2017.
- ^ A b Apocynum in Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved November 2, 2017.
- ↑ Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great zander. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2. Types and varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 .
- ↑ a b c Bingtao Li, Antony JM Leeuwenberg, David J. Middleton: Apocynaceae. : Apocynum , p. 181 - online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 16: Gentianaceae through Boraginaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 1995, ISBN 0-915279-33-9 .
- ↑ Otto Schmiedeberg: About the effective components of the root of Apocynum canabinum L. In: Arch. Exp. Path. Pharm. , Vol. 16, 1883, pp. 161-164.
- ↑ HC Wood: A study of Apocynum cannabinum. , In: J. Am. Med. Assoc. , Volume 43, 1904, pp. 1953-1957; Abstract ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. .
