Rauvolfioideae

Rauvolfioideae
	Karanda plum ( Carissa edulis )
Systematics
	Nuclear eudicotyledons
	Asterids
	Euasterids I
Order :	Enzianartige (Gentianales)
Family :	Dog poison family (Apocynaceae)
Subfamily :	Rauvolfioideae
Scientific name
	Rauvolfioideae
	Kostel.

The Rauvolfioideae are a subfamily in the plant family of the dog venom family (Apocynaceae).

description

Tribus Willughbeieae: Illustration of Landolphia watsoniana from Koehler's medicinal plants

Tribus Alstonieae: Illustration of Alstonia constricta

Vegetative characteristics

They are woody plants that grow as shrubs , trees or lianas , or perennial herbaceous plants . The mostly against constantly arranged leaves are simple.

Generative characteristics

The hermaphrodite flowers are five-fold with a double flower envelope . The five petals are fused Roehrig. There is only one circle with five connected stamens . The pollen grains are porous. The two carpels are free (apocarp) or fused together (synkarp).

There are berries , stone fruits or follicles formed.

Systematics

Tribus Alstonieae: Alstonia scholaris

Tribe Alyxieae: Alyxia oliviformis

Tribe Amsonieae: Amsonia orientalis

Tribe Aspidospermeae: Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco

Tribe Carisseae: Acokanthera oblongifolia

Tribe Melodineae: Melodinus australis fruiting

Tribe Plumerieae: Allamanda schottii

Tribus Plumerieae: suicide tree ( Cerbera odollam )

Tribe Tabernaemontaneae: dainty toad tree ( Tabernaemontana elegans )

Tribus Vinceae: Kopsia fruticosa

Tribus Vinceae: Indian snake root ( Rauvolfia serpentina )

Tribus Vinceae: flower of the lesser periwinkle ( Vinca minor )

Willughbeieae tribe: branch with leaves and flowers of Hancornia speciosa

The first use to group the family - still as "Rauwolfieae" - took place in 1834 by Vincenz Franz Kosteletzky . The subfamily Rauvolfioideae was Simões 2007 in the nine tribes: Carisseae, Chilocarpeae, Ambelanieae, Macoubeae, Tabernaemontaneae, Plumerieae, Alyxieae, Cerbereae and Allamandeae, of which the three tribes Chilocarpeae as well as Macoubeae contain only one genus.

The subfamily Rauvolfioideae has been divided into eleven tribes since Endress 2014 . According to Endress 2007, it comprised 83 genera and since 2010 contains 79 genera:

Tribus Alstonieae G.Don : It contains about two genera:
- Alstonia R.Br. nom. cons .: The 44or sospecies are distributed from Mexico to tropical Central America and from tropical Africa to the islands in the southern Pacific. Including:
  - Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br.
  - Alstonia congensis Engl.
- Dyera Hook. f. : There are roughly two species common in Thailand and western Malesia , for example:
  - Dyera costulata (Miq.) Hook. f. : It occurs from the Thai peninsula to western Malesia.

Tribus Alyxieae G.Don : It contains about seven genera:
- Alyxia Banks ex R.Br. nom. cons .: The approximately 106 species are distributed from tropical and subtropical Asia to the islands in the Pacific.
- Chilocarpus flower : The approximately 14 species are distributed from Indochina to New Guinea .
- Condylocarpon Desf. : The seven or so species are common in the Neotropic .
- Lepinia Decne. : The fouror sospecies occur from New Guinea to islands in the Pacific.
- Lepiniopsis Valeton : The two species occur from Malesia to New Guinea and the Carolines .
- Plectaneia Thouars : The three or so species only occur in Madagascar .

Tribe Amsonieae MEEndress : It was established in 2014 and contains only one genus.
- Amsonia Walter (Syn .: Ansonia Raf. ): The approximately 18 species are distributed from the Balkan Peninsula to temperate East Asia and from the central and southeastern USA to Mexico .

Tribus Aspidospermeae Miers : It contains about six genera:

Aspidosperma Mart. & Zucc. nom. cons .: The approximately 67 species are common in the Neotropic. Including:
Aspidosperma quebracho-blanco Schltdl.

Geissospermum Allemão : The six or so species are common in tropical South America.
Geissospermum laeve (Vell.) Miers : It occurs from northern to northeastern Brazil and in the Guyanas .

Haplophyton A.DC. : The roughly two species are distributed from the southern United States to Mexico as well as Guatemala and Cuba .

Microplumeria Baill. : There is only one type:
Microplumeria anomala (Müll.Arg.) Markgr. : It occurs in the Venezuelan state of Amazonas , in Colombia and Brazil .

Strempeliopsis Benth. : There are about two species in Cuba and Jamaica .

Vallesia Ruiz & Pav .: The eleven or so species are common in the Neotropic.

Tribe Carisseae Dumort. : It contains about two genera:
- Acokanthera G.Don : The fiveor sospecies are distributed from Ethiopia to southern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula .
- Wax trees ( Carissa L. nom. Cons.): The approximately nine species are distributed from Africa to Indochina and from Australia to New Caledonia .

Tribus Hunterieae Miers : It contains about four genera:
- Gonioma E. Mey . : The two species occur in southern Africa and Madagascar.
- Hunteria Roxb. : The twelve or so species are distributed from tropical Africa to western Malesia.
- Picralima Pierre : There is only one type:
  - Picralima nitida (Stapf) T.Durand & H.Durand : It occurs from tropical West Africa to Uganda .
- Pleiocarpa Benth. : The roughly six species occur in tropical Africa.

Tribus Melodineae G.Don : It contains about four to five genera:
- Craspidospermum Bojer ex A.DC. : There is only one type:
  - Craspidospermum verticillatum Bojer ex Decne. : It occurs in central and eastern Madagascar.
- Diplorhynchus Welw. ex Ficalho & Hiern : There is only one type:
  - Diplorhynchus condylocarpon (Müll.Arg.) Pichon : It occurs from the Democratic Republic of the Congo to Tanzania and in northern Namibia .
- Melodinus J.R. Forst . & G.Forst. : The approximately 24 species are distributed from tropical and subtropical Asia to the islands in the western Pacific.
- Pycnobotrya Benth. : There is only one type:
  - Pycnobotrya nitida Benth. (Syn .: Pycnobotrya multiflora K.Schum. Ex Stapf ): It occurs in tropical Africa from southern Nigeria, Gabon and Cameroon to the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
- Stephanostegia Baill. : There are about two species in Madagascar.

Tribe Plumerieae E. Mey. : It contains about ten genera:

Jungle bells ( Allamanda L. ): The approximately 15 species are common in the Neotropic.

Anechites Griseb. : There is only one type:
Anechites nerium (Aubl.) Urb. : It comes from Central America to Peru and Venezuela and is widespread on Caribbean islands.

Cameraria L .: The seven or so species are distributed from southeastern Mexico to Central America and on the Caribbean islands.

Cerbera L .: The roughly six species occur in Tanzania and from the islands in the western Indian Ocean to the islands in the western Pacific.

Cerberiopsis Vieill. ex Pancher & Sébert : The three or so species only occur in New Caledonia .

Himatanthus Willd. ex Schult. : The nine or so species are distributed from tropical Central and tropical South America.

Mortoniella Woodson : There is only one type:
Mortoniella pittieri Woodson : It occurs in Central America.

Plumeria L .: The 19 or so species are distributed from Mexico to Central America to northern South America and from Florida to the Caribbean islands.

Skytanthus Meyen : The three or so species are distributed from Peru to Chile and Brazil.

Thevetia L. nom. cons: The three or so species are distributed in Cuba and from Mexico to tropical South America.

Tribus Tabernaemontaneae G.Don : It is divided into two subtribes and contains about 19 genera (some of them are synonymous with some authors):

Subtribus Ambelaniinae (Pichon ex Boiteau & al.) AOSimões & MEEndress : The seven or so species are common in the Neotropic:

Ambelania Aubl. : The three or so species are common in tropical South America.
Ambelania acida Aubl. : Northern and northeastern Brazil, the Guyanas and from Venezuela to Peru

Macoubea Aubl. : The three or so species are distributed from tropical Central to tropical South America.

Molongum Pichon : The three or so species are common in tropical South America.

Mucoa Zarucchi : The roughly two species are common in tropical South America.

Neocouma Pierre : There are roughly two types that are common in tropical South America.

Rhigospira Miers : There is only one type:
Rhigospira quadrangularis (Müll.Arg.) Miers : It occurs in tropical South America.

Spongiosperma Zarucchi : The six or so species are common in tropical South America.

Subtribus Tabernaemontaninae K.Schum. :

Callichilia Stapf : The six or so species are distributed in tropical West Africa and Central Africa.

Calocrater K. Schum. : There is only one type:
Calocrater preussii K.Schum. : It occurs in west-central tropical Africa.

Carvalhoa K. Schum. : The two species are found in eastern and southern tropical Africa.

Crioceras Pierre : There is only one type:
Crioceras dipladeniiflorus (Stapf) K.Schum. : It occurs in west-central tropical Africa.

Schizozygia Baill. : There is only one type:
Schizozygia coffaeoides Baill. : It occurs from Somalia to Angola and the Comoros .

Tabernaemontana L. (Syn .: Anacampta Miers , Anartia Miers , Bonafousia A.DC. , Camerunia (Pichon) Boiteau , Capuronetta Markgr. , Clerkia Neck. , Codonemma Miers , Conopharyngia G.Don , Domkeocarpa Markgr. , Ervatamia (A.DC .) Stapf , Gabunia K.Schum. , Hazunta Pichon , Leptopharyngia (Stapf) Boiteau , Merizadenia Miers , Muntafara Pichon , Ochronerium Baill. , Odontostigma A.Rich. , Oistanthera Markgr. , Pagiantha Markgr. , Pandaca Noronha ex Thouars , Pandacastrum Pichon , Peschiera A.DC. , Phrissocarpus Miers , Pterotaberna Stapf , Protogabunia Boiteau , Quadricasaea Woodson , Reichardia Dennst. , Rejoua Gaudich. , Sarcopharyngia (Stapf) Boiteau , Stemmadenia Benth. , Transcript sols (Müll.Arg.) Markgr. , Taberna Miers , Testudipes Markgr. , Woytkowskia Woodson ): The approximately 120 species are common in the tropics and subtropics.

Tabernanthe Baill. : The two species occur from Cameroon to Angola.

Voacanga Thouars : The approximately 13 species are distributed from tropical to southern Africa, Madagascar and from Malesia to Queensland . For example:
Voacanga africana Stapf

Tribus Vinceae Duby : According to Simões et al. 2016 about nine genera with about 153 species:

Catharanth ( Catharanthus G.Don , Syn .: Ammocallis Small , Lochnera Rchb. Ex Endl. Nom. Illeg.): The approximately nine species occur on Madagascar and on the Indian subcontinent.

Kamettia Kostel. (Syn .: Ellertonia Wight nom. Illeg.): There are about two species in India and Thailand .

Kopsia flower nom. cons .: The approximately 24 species occur from southern China to the islands of the western Pacific.

Laxoplumeria Markgr. (Syn .: Bisquamaria Richon ): The five species since 2018 are distributed from Panama to tropical South America.

Ochrosia Juss. (Syn .: Ochrosion St.-Lag. Orth. Var., Bleekeria Hassk. , Calpicarpum G.Don , Diderota Comm. Ex A.DC. , Excavatia Markgr. , Lactaria Rumph. Ex Raf. , Neisosperma Raf. , Pseudochrosia Blume ): The approximately 44 species occur on islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

Petchia Livera : The eight or so species occur in Cameroon, Madagascar, the Comoros and Sri Lanka .

Snake root ( Rauvolfia L. ): The 60 to 74 species come from the subtropics to the tropics.

Tonduzia Pittier : The twoor sospecies were put by some authors to Alstonia but belong to the Vinceae and according to Simões et al. In 2016 this genre will remain.

Evergreen ( Vinca L. , Syn .: Pervinca Mill. ): The approximately six species occur in Europe and from Macaronesia to Central Asia.

Tribe Willughbeieae A.DC. : It contains about 18 genera:

Ancylobothrys Pierre : The seven or so species are distributed from tropical to southern Africa and Madagascar.

Bousigonia Pierre : The three or so species are distributed from Indochina to southern China .

Chamaeclitandra (Stapf) Pichon : There is only one kind:
Chamaeclitandra henriquesiana (Hallier f.) Pichon : It occurs in tropical Central Africa .

Clitandra Benth. : There is only one type:
Clitandra cymulosa Benth. : It occurs in tropical Africa.

Couma Aubl. : The five or so species are distributed from Central America to tropical South America.
Couma utilis (Mart.) Müll.Arg. : From northern Brazil, Colombia and Venezuela

Cyclocotyla Stapf : There is only one type:
Cyclocotyla congolensis Stapf : It occurs from Nigeria to tropical Central Africa.

Cylindropsis Pierre : There is only one species:
Cylindropsis parvifolia Pierre : It occurs from southern Nigeria to western-central tropical Africa.

Dictyophleba Pierre : The six or so species occur in tropical Africa and the Comoros.

Hancornia Gomes : There is only one type:
Hancornia speciosa Gomes : It occurs in Brazil, Peru, Bolivia and Paraguay .

Lacmellea H. Karst. : The approximately 24 species are distributed from Central America to tropical South America.

Landolphia P.Beauv. nom. cons .: The approximately 63 species are distributed from tropical to southern Africa and Madagascar.

Leuconotis Jack : The four or so species are distributed from Indochina to western Malesia.

Orthopichonia H.Huber : The six or so species are distributed from tropical West Africa to Sudan .

Pacouria Aubl. : The three or so species occur in tropical South America.

Parahancornia Ducke : The approximately seven species occur in tropical South America.

Saba (Pichon) Pichon : The three or so species occur in tropical Africa, the Comoros and Madagascar.

Vahadenia Stapf : There are about two species from tropical West Africa to Angola.

Willughbeia Roxb. nom. cons .: The 16 or so species are common in tropical Asia.

swell

Entry in the Apocynaceae family on the AP website . (engl.)

Individual evidence

^ Vincenz Franz Kosteletzky: General medical-pharmaceutical flora. Volume 3, H. Hoff, Mannheim 1834, p. 1054. Scanned in at Heinrich Heine University in Düsseldorf.
^ André O. Simões, Tatyana Livshultz, Elena Conti, Mary E. Endress: Phylogeny and systematics of the Rauvolfioideae (Apocynaceae) based on molecular and morphological evidence. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 94, Number 2, 2007, pp. 268-297. JSTOR 40035745 full text PDF.
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Mary E. Endress, Sigrid Liede-Schumann, Ulrich Meve: An updated classification for Apocynaceae. In: Phytotaxa, Volume 159, Issue 3, 2014. doi : 10.11646 / phytotaxa.159.3.2 full text PDF.
^ Mary E. Endress, Sigrid Liede-Schumann, Ulrich Meve: Advances in Apocynaceae: The enlightenment, an Introduction. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 94, number 2, 2007, pp. 259-267 doi : 10.3417 / 0026-6493 (2007) 94 [259: AIATEA] 2.0.CO; 2 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c André O. Simões, Mary E. Endress, Elena Conti: Systematics and character evolution of Tabernaemontaneae (Apocynaceae, Rauvolfioideae) based on molecular and morphological evidence. In: Taxon. Volume 59, Number 3, 2010, pp. 772-790, (online) .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc Rafaël Govaerts: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Database in ACCESS: 1-216203 , 2003 The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Apocynaceae. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved March 30, 2020.
↑ ^a ^b ^c André O. Simões, Luiza S. Kinoshita, Ingrid Koch, Márcio J. Silva, Mary E. Endress: Systematics and Character Evolution of Vinceae (Apocynaceae). In: Taxon , Volume 65, Issue 1, 2016, pp. 99–122. doi : 10.2307 / taxon.65.1.99 JSTOR taxon.65.1.99 full text PDF.

Web links

Commons : Rauvolfioideae - collection of images, videos and audio files

Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap

[Kosteletzky1834-1] Vincenz Franz Kosteletzky: General medical-pharmaceutical flora. Volume 3, H. Hoff, Mannheim 1834, p. 1054. Scanned in at Heinrich Heine University in Düsseldorf.

[Simões2007-2] André O. Simões, Tatyana Livshultz, Elena Conti, Mary E. Endress: Phylogeny and systematics of the Rauvolfioideae (Apocynaceae) based on molecular and morphological evidence. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 94, Number 2, 2007, pp. 268-297. JSTOR 40035745 full text PDF.

[Endress2014-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Mary E. Endress, Sigrid Liede-Schumann, Ulrich Meve: An updated classification for Apocynaceae. In: Phytotaxa, Volume 159, Issue 3, 2014. doi : 10.11646 / phytotaxa.159.3.2 full text PDF.

[Endress2007-4] Mary E. Endress, Sigrid Liede-Schumann, Ulrich Meve: Advances in Apocynaceae: The enlightenment, an Introduction. In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. Volume 94, number 2, 2007, pp. 259-267 doi : 10.3417 / 0026-6493 (2007) 94 [259: AIATEA] 2.0.CO; 2 .

[Simões2010-5] André O. Simões, Mary E. Endress, Elena Conti: Systematics and character evolution of Tabernaemontaneae (Apocynaceae, Rauvolfioideae) based on molecular and morphological evidence. In: Taxon. Volume 59, Number 3, 2010, pp. 772-790, (online) .

[WCSP-6] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc Rafaël Govaerts: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families Database in ACCESS: 1-216203 , 2003 The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Apocynaceae. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved March 30, 2020.

[Simões2016-7] André O. Simões, Luiza S. Kinoshita, Ingrid Koch, Márcio J. Silva, Mary E. Endress: Systematics and Character Evolution of Vinceae (Apocynaceae). In: Taxon , Volume 65, Issue 1, 2016, pp. 99–122. doi : 10.2307 / taxon.65.1.99 JSTOR taxon.65.1.99 full text PDF.