Kopsia
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Kopsia is a genus of shrubs and small trees from the family of the dog poison plants (Apocynaceae), which occurs with more than 20 species in Southeast Asia and in western Oceania . The flowers have a saucer-shaped crown with a white or pink base color and in some species with a conspicuously colored, yellow or red center as a sap mark .
description
Vegetative characteristics
The Kopsia species are consistently evergreen shrubs and small trees. The largest plant height is given as 14 m for Kopsia arborea . Buttress roots do not occur. Young twigs are usually a bit angular, older ones are rounded, angular or winged. Thorns are missing. The branches are mostly bare, less often downy-haired. Lenticels are present or absent. The leaves are opposite , and in pairs they are about the same size. They are usually stalked up to 17 mm long, but in some species they can also be sessile. The bases of the younger leaves or the petioles usually enclose the terminal bud, those of the older the stem axis and thereby form an edge between the petioles. In the leaf axils there are small glandular emergences ( colleters ). The simple and undivided, entire leaf blade is usually lightly leathery to leathery, more rarely herbaceous. It is broadly elliptical to oblong or lanceolate, reaches a length of up to 32 cm and a width of up to 12 cm, has a wedge-shaped to blunt or rounded base and is curved at the front or short to long pointed. The blade is glabrous on both sides in most species, with some short downy hairs on the midrib and side nerves. It has a feathery nerve with - depending on the species - 7 to 46 pairs of side nerves of the first order, which often connect at their end to form a nerve accompanying the edge of the spread. The side nerves of the first order are easily distinguishable in most species. The plant contains a white milky sap .
Inflorescences and flowers
The inflorescences are usually only a few centimeters long stalks or sessile at the ends of the branches, very rarely some also in the leaf axils. They are dichasial at the base , less often trichasial. Depending on the species, the partial inflorescences can be dichasial or monochasial ( winding ) and the short-stalked, rarely sessile flowers are arranged more densely or loosely. The inflorescences are glabrous to densely downy hairy. The cover sheets and front sheets are small and last a long time.
The hermaphrodite , fragrant flowers are built with radial symmetry and five-fold. The calyx, which is divided almost to the base, is only 1.5–3 mm long in most species, with upright, mostly egg-shaped, mostly blunt or rounded calyx tips, which bear a gland on the outside under the tip. In some species, such as Kopsia arborea , the sepals can also be elongated, up to 6.3 mm long and pointed. There are no colleters in the axils of the calyx-lobes. The corolla, which has grown together from five petals, is salver-plate-shaped, with a narrow corolla tube and horizontally protruding free corolla lobes, which are twisted in the position of the buds to overlap to the right. The corolla lobes are elliptical, obverse-shaped, elongated to linear and rounded to pointed at the front. Mouth scales or a secondary crown are missing. The crown is mostly bald on the outside, more rarely it has some hairs on the corolla lobes and on the outside at the upper end of the corolla tube. At the throat, the crown is usually more dense, downy, but sometimes also bald. The dimensions of the flower range from the small-flowered Kopsia larutensis with 7–10.5 mm long tubes and 5–10 mm long and 1–1.5 mm wide lobes to large-flowered species such as Kopsia flavida , the 26–38 (–49) mm long tubes and 16–31 mm long and 6–12.5 mm wide lobes. The coloring of the crown is species-specific, with a white or pink base color and in some species with a conspicuously colored, yellow or red center as a sap mark. The five stamens are hidden in the corolla tube and have thin, short, straight stamens. In most species, they are inserted into the corolla tube just below the upper end, but in some species they are also about in the middle of the corolla tube and only rarely towards the base of the corolla tube. The corolla tube is somewhat enlarged at the point where the stamens are inserted and downy hairy on the inside in this area. The dust bags, which consist of two counters, are dorsifix, i.e. attached to the stamens on their backs. They are egg-shaped to lanceolate, have a rounded or heart-shaped base and are pointed at the front. The anthers are fertile along their entire length and open lengthways with slits. They are not connected to the stylus head. The upper permanent gynoecium consists of two bare or fluff haired fruit leaves , only at the top to a common stylus are fused. The bald, thread-like stylus usually does not reach up to the stamens and ends in a short, cylindrical, pointed stylus head with a wider collar at the base. The surface of the scar that is ready for conception is located on the sides of the stylus head. Each carpel contains two ovules , but usually only one develops. At the base of the flower sits a disc , which consists of two lobes, usually elongated to awl, alternating with the carpels. This disc is hairy in Kopsia griffithii , and glabrous in all other species.
Fruits and seeds
The fruits , which each develop from a single carpel, are usually in pairs. Sometimes, however, one of the two remains undeveloped, particularly often with Kopsia arborea . They are ellipsoidal or curved, mostly ± flattened stone fruits , which are up to 2 cm long in most species, but can also be more than 4 cm long in Kopsia arborea , for example . As far as the fruits of the individual species are known, they usually have a spur or at least a sharp protrusion on the ventral side, which is directed towards the flower center. This is only absent in Kopsia arborea and, on the other hand, is particularly long with Kopsia flavida at 13 mm. The color of the fruits is unknown in most species, in Kopsia arborea it is blue-black, in Kopsia hainanensis it is given as red or orange. The stone core is thin-walled. The egg-shaped, flattened seeds are curved, broader at one end and pointed at the other. The endosperm is very thin or absent.
ingredients
The Kopsia species are rich in alkaloids . The alkaloids belong to the aspidosperman type, subtypes aspidofractinin and eburnan. In the broader sense, they are indole alkaloids .
Chromosomes
The chromosome numbers of two Kopsia species are known so far . Kopsia fruticosa has a diploid chromosome set with 2n = 36, Kopsia arborea a diploid chromosome set with 2n = 72. The haploid base number of the genus thus results in x = 18.
distribution
The genus colonizes most of Southeast Asia and Melanesia as well as the northeast of Australia . The western and northern borders of the range run from the Nicobar and Andaman Islands across the southeast of Myanmar and northern Thailand to the tropical south of China , to the northeast to Hong Kong , and is formed almost everywhere by Kopsia arborea , which, however, is also found in the Philippines , is widespread in Malaysia and Indonesia and still occurs in the east in the tropical coastal strip of the Australian state of Queensland . The eastern boundary of the genus is formed by Kopsia flavida , whose distribution area extends from the Philippines and western Micronesia (e.g. Babelthuap ) through New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago to the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu . The Kopsia fruticosa , which is native to the south-east of Myanmar , is cultivated as an ornamental and medicinal plant and can occasionally grow wild outside of the genus' original range.
Most species have only a small range with a diameter of a few 100 km. In addition to the small-scale to regionally distributed species, there are only three widely distributed species with area diameters of more than 800 km, namely Kopsia arborea , Kopsia flavida , and Kopsia pauciflora .
The area with the greatest species density is the southern part of the Malay Peninsula belonging to Malaysia , where eleven species are indigenous, five of them endemic , two others only in Singapore and another only on the Anambas Islands . Further accumulation areas of small-scale species are the north of Borneo , where three species are endemic in Sarawak and one species in Sabah , as well as Vietnam with three endemic species.
habitat
The ecological requirements of the Kopsia species are only roughly known; the habitat requirements of several species are unknown at all. The species mostly occur in the undergrowth and the lower tree layer of different tropical forests, both in evergreen tropical rainforests and in relatively dry, rain-green monsoon forests . Individual species, such as Kopsia singapurensis , are also known to be found in swamp forests and on river banks. Occurrences at forest edges and in secondary forests are also mentioned for several species. Most of the occurrences are in deep elevations down to about 300 m , several species occur down to about 900 m . For two species, Kopsia arborea and Kopsia pauciflora , a wide range of occurrences from sea level up to about 1500 m is known.
Flower and fruit biology
The flowers are open during the day. The appearance of the flowers suggests pollination by butterflies ( psychophilia ). As with other stone fruit plants, the seeds of Kopsia are likely to be spread by birds or mammals .
Taxonomy and systematics
The genus Kopsia was described by Carl Ludwig Blume in 1823 . The only species at that time was Kopsia arborea . It is thus the holotype of the genus. Calpicarpum G.Don and Kentrochrosia K.Schum. & Lauterb. are synonyms of Kopsia .
An older homonym is Kopsia Dumort. , a name that dates back to 1822 and refers to part of the summer root ( Orobanche ) with the type species Kopsia ramosa (= Orobanche ramosa ) . So that the priority rule does not apply, the name Kopsia Blume had to be protected as a noun conservandum .
Kopsia is placed within the family of the dog poison plants (Apocynaceae) to the subfamily Rauvolfioideae . Along with genres such as periwinkle ( Vinca ) and room periwinkle ( Catharanthus ) is one Kopsia the tribe Vinceae . After this tribe in its earlier version was found to be non- monophyletic in a molecular biological study , the Vinceae have recently been redefined by excluding the genus Amsonia and including the genera Kamettia , Laxoplumeria and Tonduzia . This revision was based on an investigation based on five sequences from the chloroplast genome. In this work, Kopsia presented itself as the sister taxon of all other Vinceae, although this position did not result from all the methods used. A possible sister group relationship to the tribe Tabernaemontaneae showed a significantly poorer statistical security than belonging to the Vinceae. This is also supported by morphological features. The following cladogram shows the probable relationships:
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etymology
The genus Kopsia is named after the Dutch botanist Jan Kops (1765–1849).
species
Kopsia currently includes 24 species. In the revision of the genus published in 2004, 23 accepted species are dealt with. Another species, Kopsia vidalii from Vietnam , was recognized too late to be included in this work. It was described shortly afterwards in a separate publication. Since some regions in the range of the genus, such as Sumatra and Kalimantan , have not been investigated as intensively as the Malay Peninsula and are therefore less well represented in scientific collections , further small-scale species can be expected there.
Several species that were originally described under Kopsia or its synonym Calpicarpum are now part of Ochrosia . Kopsia cochinchinensis Kuntze is a synonym of Tabernaemontana divaricata , Kopsia pilosa A.DC. of Carruthersia pilosa and Kopsia majumdarii M.Gangop. & Chakrab. even from Kayea kunstleri ( Calophyllaceae ).
| Scientific name | distribution | Remarks |
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| Kopsia angustipetala Kerr | Mekong Valley in Laos and Thailand, from Vientiane to the east | |
| Kopsia arborea flower | Southeast Asia, NE Australia (Queensland) | |
| Kopsia dasyrachis Ridl. | NE Borneo (Sabah) | |
| Kopsia deverrei L. Allorge | West Malaysia ( Johor ) | |
| Kopsia flavida flower | Philippines, Micronesia, Moluccas , New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu | |
| Kopsia fruticosa ( Roxb. ) A.DC. | Southern Myanmar ( Tenasserim ), also cultivated | |
| Kopsia grandifolia D.J. Middleton | West Malaysia (Johor), Anambas Islands | |
| Kopsia griffithii King & Gamble | West Malaysia | 2 varieties |
| Kopsia hainanensis Tsiang | South China ( Hainan ) | |
| Kopsia harmandiana Pierre ex Pit. | Vietnam ( Annam ) | |
| Kopsia lapidilecta Sleesen | Natuna Islands (Indonesia) | |
| Kopsia larutensis King & Gamble | West Malaysia ( Perak , Kedah ) | |
| Kopsia macrophylla Hook.f. | West Malaysia, Singapore | |
| Kopsia pauciflora Hook.f. | Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Java | 2 varieties |
| Kopsia profunda Markgr. | West Malaysia | |
| Kopsia rajangensis D.J.Middleton | Borneo (Central Sarawak) | |
| Kopsia rosea D.J. Middleton | Malay Peninsula | |
| Kopsia singapurensis Ridl. | West Malaysia, Singapore | |
| Kopsia sleeseniana Markgr. | Borneo (Central Sarawak) | |
| Kopsia sumatrana D.J. Middleton | Central Sumatra | |
| Kopsia tenuis Leenh. & Steenis | NW Borneo (West Sarawak) | |
| Kopsia teoi L. Allorge | West Malaysia (Johor, Pahang ) | |
| Kopsia tonkinenis Pit. | Vietnam ( Tonkin ) | |
| Kopsia vidalii D.J. Middleton | Vietnam (Annam) |
use
Some species are used for medicinal purposes. Kopsia pauciflora has a laxative effect. In Malaysia several types of envelopes in syphilis used -Geschwüren. In traditional Chinese medicine , Kopsia arborea (syn. Kopsia officinalis ) is used against rheumatoid arthritis and against gout . In Vanuatu , Kopsia flavida is used as a contraceptive . Further folk medical uses handed down for Kopsia arborea are the application of a decoction of the bark for enemas and the use of the leaves and fruits against sore throats and tonsillitis .
Kopsia fruticosa in particular is cultivated as an ornamental plant.
Danger
Some Kopsia species are listed on the IUCN Red List of Endangered Species . Accordingly, the two species Kopsia sleeseniana and Kopsia tenuis occurring in the north of Borneo are classified as "Endangered" (VU) due to their small distribution area. In the case of Kopsia singapurensis , which occurs in the south of the Malay Peninsula and is also rated as “endangered” (VU), increasing settlement pressure is cited as the most important cause of threat. Another species listed, Kopsia lancifolia Markgr. is now considered a synonym for the widespread Kopsia pauciflora .
swell
- Forster PI 1996: 10. Kopsia. In: Flora of Australia. Vol. 28: Gentianales. CSIRO, Melbourne, ISBN 0-643-05884-2 (hardcover) or ISBN 0-643-05885-0 (softcover). P. 134.
- Li Ping-tao, Leeuwenberg AJM, Middleton DJ 1995: Apocynaceae. In: Flora of China. Vol. 16: Gentianaceae through Boraginaceae. Science Press, Beijing, Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, ISBN 0-915279-33-9 , pp. 143-188. - Kopsia - Online
- Middleton DJ 1999: Apocynaceae. In: Flora of Thailand. Vol. 7 (1). The Forest Herbarium, Royal Forest Department, Bangkok, pp. 1-153.
- Middleton DJ 2004: A revision of Kopsia (Apocynaceae: Rauvolfioideae). Harvard Papers in Botany 9: 89-142. - PDF .
- Middleton DJ 2007: Apocynaceae (subfamilies Rauvolfioideae and Apocynoideae). In: Flora Malesiana. Ser. I, Vol. 18. Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden, ISBN 978-90-71236-65-5 , 474 pp.
- Pitard J. 1933: Apocynacées. In: Lecomte H., Humbert H., Gagnepain F. (Eds.): Flore générale de l'Indo-Chine. Tome 3. Masson, Paris, pp. 1087-1262. - Kopsia - Online
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Li Ping-tao, Leeuwenberg AJM, Middleton DJ 1995 , pp. 162-163. - Kopsia - Online
- ↑ a b Endress ME, Bruyns PV 2000: A revised classification of the Apocynaceae sl The Botanical Review 66: 1-56. - doi : 10.1007 / BF02857781
- ↑ a b Sévenet T., Allorge L., David B., Awanga K., Hamid A., Hadi A., Kan-Fan C., Quirion J.-C., Remy F., Schaller H., Teo LE 1994: A preliminary chemotaxonomic review of Kopsia (Apocynaceae). Journal of Ethnopharmacology 41: 147-183. - doi : 10.1016 / 0378-8741 (94) 90030-2
- ↑ Van der Laan FM, Arends JC 1985: Cytotaxonomy of the Apocynaceae. Genetica 68: 3-35. - doi : 10.1007 / BF02424563
- ↑ Middleton DJ 2004 , p. 91.
- ↑ Middleton DJ 2007 , p. 5.
- ↑ Blume CL 1823: Catalogus van eenige the most remarkable zoo in as uitheemse, te vinden in 's Lands Plantentuin te Buitenzorg. Batavia, p. 12.
- ↑ Farr ER, Zijlstra G. (Ed.): Kopsia. In: Index Nominum Genericorum (Plantarum). Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, 1996, accessed April 18, 2013 .
- ^ Potgieter K., Albert VA 2001: Phylogenetic relationships within Apocynaceae sl based on trn L intron and trn L-F spacer sequences and propagule characters. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 88: 523-549. - online
- ↑ Endress ME, Liede-Schumann S., Meve U. 2007: Advances in Apocynaceae: the enlightenment, an introduction. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 94: 259-267. - online
- ↑ Simões AO, Livshultz T., Conti E., Endress ME 2007: Phylogeny and systematics of the Rauvolfioideae (Apocynaceae) based on molecular and morphological evidence. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 94: 268-297. - online
- ↑ Middleton DJ 2004 , p. 89.
- ^ Govaerts R., Leeuwenberg A. 2013: Kopsia . In: World Checklist of Apocynaceae. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet, accessed April 18, 2013.
- ↑ Middleton DJ 2004 .
- ↑ Middleton DJ 2005: A new species of Kopsia (Apocynaceae, Rauvolfioideae) from Vietnam. Adansonia 27: 287-289. - PDF ( Memento from May 14, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Middleton DJ 2004 , p. 90.
- ↑ Middleton DJ 2004 , p. 137.
- ↑ Kopsia fruticosa at TopTropicals.com
- ↑ Kopsia sleeseniana in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2012. Posted by: World Conservation Monitoring Center, 1998. Accessed April 18, 2013.
- ↑ Kopsia tenuis in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2012. Posted by: World Conservation Monitoring Center, 1998. Accessed April 18, 2013.
- ↑ Kopsia singapurensis in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2012. Posted by: Chua, LSL, 1998. Accessed April 18, 2013.
- ↑ Kopsia lancifolia in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2012. Posted by: World Conservation Monitoring Center, 1998. Accessed April 18, 2013.
- ↑ Middleton DJ 2004 , p. 120.
Web links
Wikispecies: Kopsia species directory