Cerbera

Cerbera
	Cerbera manghas
Systematics
	Euasterids I
Order :	Enzianartige (Gentianales)
Family :	Dog poison family (Apocynaceae)
Subfamily :	Rauvolfioideae
Tribe :	Plumerieae
Genre :	Cerbera
Scientific name
	Cerbera
	L.

The Cerbera are a genus of plants within the dog venom family (Apocynaceae). The approximately six species are native to Africa, tropical Asia, Australia and the Pacific islands.

description

Illustration by Cerbera odollam , referred to there as two species, from Koehler's Medicinal Plants , 1897: “ See-Mango. A flowering branch of Cerbera lactaria Ham. 1 flower in longitudinal section; 2 stamen and corolla; 3 pestle with stylus and scar; 4 Cross section of the fruit without the outer fruit skin; 5 bud of Cerbera Odollam Ham .; 6 flower of the same in longitudinal section; 7 stamen and corolla; 8 fruit, partly freed from the outer skin; 9 the same in cross section. A, 1, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 slightly reduced; 2,3,7 enlarged "

Inflorescence of Cerbera floribunda

Inflorescence from above of Cerbera manghas

Fruit of Cerbera manghas

Appearance and leaves

Cerbera species grow as evergreen trees or sometimes shrubs . They contain milk juice . The branches are strong. The alternate and spirally arranged leaves are divided into a petiole and a leaf blade. The leaf blade is simple. There are 20 to 30 pairs of lateral nerves that extend almost at right angles from the median nerve.

Inflorescences and flowers

The zymous inflorescences stand on long inflorescence shafts . There are bracts available.

The relatively large, showy flowers are hermaphroditic, radial symmetry and five-fold. The five sepals are only briefly fused and have no glands on the inside. The five petals are fused together like a funnel, while the corolla tube is long. The crown throat is somewhat widened and ribbed or there are five downy-haired scales in it. The five crown lobes overlap to the left. The five stamens are inserted in the crown throat. The stamens are short. The slender, elongated and pointed anthers are not fused with the scar and are rounded at their base. The two free, upper carpels each contain four ovules . The thread-like stylus is widened in the upper area and ends in a short two-column scar.

Fruits and seeds

One or two, single or double stone fruits are formed per flower , which contain one or two seeds per fruit compartment. The relatively large stone fruits are ellipsoidal to spherical and have a thick, woody-fibrous endocarp .

The wingless seed containing the embryo with two thin cotyledons ( cotyledons ) and a very short radicle , but no endosperm .

Inflorescence from the side of Cerbera manghas

Cerberus tree ( Cerbera odollam )

Systematics and distribution

The genus Cerbera was established in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 1, p. 208. Synonyms for Cerbera L. are: Tanghinia Thouars , Elcana Blanco , Odollam Adans. Cerbera manghas L. was established as the lectotype species in Jarvis: Taxon , Volume 41, p. 560 in 1992 . The last revision of the genus Cerbera took place in Antony JM Leeuwenberg: Series of revisions of Apocynaceae XLVII: the genus Cerbera L. , Agricultural University Wageningen papers , Volume 98, Issue 3, 1999, pp. 1-64. The generic name Cerbera is derived from Kerberos , Latinized Cerberus, the hellhound and gatekeeper in Greek mythology who guards the entrance to the underworld; this refers to the poisonous seeds.

The Cerbera species are native to Africa, tropical Asia, Australia and the Pacific islands. Three types of Cerbera ( e.g. Cerbera manghas and Cerbera odollam ) thrive in mangrove forests .

The genus Cerbera belongs to the tribe Plumerieae in the subfamily Rauvolfioideae within the family Apocynaceae .

There are (three to) six types of Cerbera :

Cerbera dumicola P.I. Forest. : It only occurs in Queensland .
Cerbera floribunda K.Schum. : Its range extends from southeast Sulawesi to the western Pacific region .
Cerbera inflata STBlake : Its range extends from Papua New Guinea to northeast Queensland.
Cerbera laeta Leeuwenb. : It only occurs in Papua New Guinea.
Cerbera manghas L. (Syn .: Cerbera forsteri Seem. , Cerbera linnaei Montr. , Cerbera tanghin Hook. , Cerbera venenifera (Poir.) Steud. , Elcana seminuda Blanco , Tabernaemontana obtusifolia Poir. , Tanghinia manghas (L.) G.Don , Tanghinia venenifera Poir. ): It occurs in Tanzania and is widespread from the islands of the western Indian Ocean to those of the Pacific.
Cerbera Odollam ( Cerbera odollam Gaertn. , Syn .: Cerbera dilatata Markgr. , Cerbera forsteri Seem. , Cerbera Lactaria Buch.-Ham. Ex Spreng. , Odollamia malabarica Raf. , Tanghinia Lactaria (Buch.-Ham. Ex Spreng.) G. Don , Tanghinia odollam (Gaertn.) G.Don ): It is widespread from southern India to the islands in the Pacific Ocean.

use

Cerbera manghas and Cerbera odollam are used as an ornamental plant.

swell

Bingtao Li, Antony JM Leeuwenberg & David J. Middleton: Apocynaceae : Cerbera , p. 164 - the same text as the printed text online , In: Wu Zheng-yi & Peter H. Raven (eds.): Flora of China , Volume 16 - Gentianaceae through Boraginaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 1995. ISBN 0-915279-33-9
Antony JM Leeuwenberg: Series of revisions of Apocynaceae XLVII: the genus Cerbera L. , Agricultural University Wageningen papers , Volume 98, Issue 3, 1999, pp. 1-64.

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Bingtao Li, Antony JM Leeuwenberg & David J. Middleton: Apocynaceae : Cerbera , p. 164 - the same text as the printed text online , In: Wu Zheng-yi & Peter H. Raven (eds.): Flora of China , Volume 16 - Gentianaceae through Boraginaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 1995. ISBN 0-915279-33-9
↑ First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .
↑ Entry in Tropicos . last accessed on December 26, 2012
↑ Cerbera in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Last accessed December 26, 2012
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Cerbera - World Checklist of Selected Plant Families of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Last accessed on November 17, 2018.
↑ Gordon Cheers (Ed.): Botanica. The ABC of plants. 10,000 species in text and images . Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft, 2003, ISBN 3-8331-1600-5 (therein page 211).

Web links

Commons : Cerbera - collection of images, videos and audio files

[FoC-1] Bingtao Li, Antony JM Leeuwenberg & David J. Middleton: Apocynaceae : Cerbera , p. 164 - the same text as the printed text online , In: Wu Zheng-yi & Peter H. Raven (eds.): Flora of China , Volume 16 - Gentianaceae through Boraginaceae , Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 1995. ISBN 0-915279-33-9

[biodiversitylibrary-2] First publication scanned at biodiversitylibrary.org .

[tropicos-3] Entry in Tropicos . last accessed on December 26, 2012

[GRIN-4] Cerbera in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Last accessed December 26, 2012

[WCSP-5] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Cerbera - World Checklist of Selected Plant Families of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Last accessed on November 17, 2018.

[Botanica2003-6] Gordon Cheers (Ed.): Botanica. The ABC of plants. 10,000 species in text and images . Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft, 2003, ISBN 3-8331-1600-5 (therein page 211).