Condylocarpon

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Condylocarpon
Condylocarpon spec.

Condylocarpon spec.

Systematics
Euasterids I
Order : Enzianartige (Gentianales)
Family : Dog poison family (Apocynaceae)
Subfamily : Rauvolfioideae
Tribe : Alyxieae
Genre : Condylocarpon
Scientific name
Condylocarpon
Desf.

Condylocarpon is a plant genus of the family of Hundsgiftgewächse . Their species grow as lianas with small, inconspicuous flowers and dry, non-sloping fruits. They occur in tropical America . It is believed that it spreads via the water .

Synonyms

Synonyms for Condylocarpon are Hortsmania Miq. , Maycockia A.DC. and Rhipidia Markgr.

morphology

The Condylocarpon TYPES grow as woody vines with thin lentizellenübersäten branches and milky latex .

leaves

Condylocarpon guyanense and Condylocarpon isthmicum have three leaves per node , in the other species the leaves are arranged opposite one another. Apart from Condylocarpon myrtifolium , the leaves within a species show considerable variability in their size and shape. In all species they are undivided, entire and hairless on the upper side. The underside of the leaf is also hairless in Condylocarpon glabrum , Condylocarpon guyanense and Condylocarpon myrtifolium ; in Condylocarpon intermedium it is hairy only along the midrib . Due to the great variability of the upper surface of the leaf in the other species, leaf characteristics seem to be of rather low taxonomic value, although they were often used in earlier papers to differentiate between species. The herbarium material , which is now available in a reasonable number, allows a better view of the range of differences within the genus.

blossoms

Condylocarpon has a multi-flowered thyrsus as inflorescence , which can sometimes resemble an umbel . The chalice is made up of five parts and is regular. The white, yellow or orange crowns show a great variety of shapes and sizes, with all condylocarpon species being less than one centimeter in diameter , and are therefore a very useful feature for species demarcation within the genus. In Condylocarpon glabrum , Condylocarpon guyanense , Condylocarpon intermedium and Condylocarpon isthmicum , the petals have appendages that are red-brown to red-violet speckled or striped on the underside. The crowns of these four species can reach a diameter of seven millimeters, but more than half of it is accounted for by the appendages; without this it is only 2.0 to 2.5 mm. The petals of the other species lack these appendages. Condylocarpon myrtifolium has the smallest flowers with a crown diameter of about 3.5 mm; the crowns of Condylocarpon pubiflorum are the largest within the genus at 9 mm. The five stamens have about 0.2 mm long stamens, which are located in the middle of the corolla tube or slightly above. The anthers are egg to lance-shaped and vary in length from 0.3 to 0.5 mm. The apocarpic gynoeceum consists of two carpels ; the ovary is conical, hairless and between 0.3 and 0.8 mm high. The number of ovules per carpel is usually four, the ovules of Condylocarpon amazonicum , Condylocarpon glabrum , Condylocarpon guyanense and Condylocarpon myrtifolium are arranged in two rows. In Condylocarpon amazonicum and Condylocarpon myrtifolium , all but one ovule in each carpel degenerate to maturity; In Condylocarpon myrtifolium , a carpel also recedes. Condylocarpon intermedium and Condylocarpon isthmicum have five or six ovules per carpel; the specimens examined by Mary E. Fallen often had four or five seeds in each mature carpel. The ovules of Condylocarpon pubiflorum are more often arranged in four or five rows than in two rows; In addition, the number of ovules per row is greater than in the other species, so that each carpel has about 16 ovules. Mary E. Fallen suspected that a large proportion of the ovules reached maturity in this species, as the three ripe fruit-bearing specimens available to her had 12, 15 and 16 developed seeds per carpel.

fruit

The fruit of Condylocarpon usually consists of two free-hanging, woody partial fruits that do not open to release seeds. The partial fruits of the species Condylocarpon glabrum , Condylocarpon guyanense , Condylocarpon intermedium and Condylocarpon isthmicum are hairless and divided into several flat or angular segments with one seed each, whereby these seed-containing segments are wider than the areas in between. The ovary wall is interspersed with maturity with many air bubbles, so that the fruit is light and buoyant; Condylocarpon isthmicum fruits remained above water in the laboratory for 16 days. The segments of Condylocarpon intermedium, which are triangular in cross-section, are inflated when ripe; the inner ovary wall then consists of a 3 to 4 mm thick, light, corky tissue. In the areas connecting the seed segments, the carpel, whose diameter is only a few millimeters, lacks this cork layer. When the carpel is broken open at the constrictions, it is divided into four or five corky diaspores . It can be assumed that this cork layer serves as protection for the embryo in connection with spreading via salt water . The partial fruits of Condylocarpon amazonicum are spindle-shaped, thread-like at the ends, covered by velvety brown hair and each contain a single seed. The fruit of Condylocarpon myrtifolium is hairless and flat; when ripe, due to the degeneration of the other parts, it consists only of an elliptical carpel with a single seed. In all types, this is folded lengthwise, spindle-shaped and 8.0 to 10.0 mm long. The seed coat is warty; the cotyledons are lancet-shaped and measure a little more than half the length of the embryo .

Types and distribution

The condylocarpon species grow in Nicaragua , Trinidad and Tobago , French Guiana , Guyana , Suriname , Venezuela , Bolivia , Colombia , Peru , Brazil , northeast Argentina and Paraguay . Five of the species are endemic to the Amazon region , so it can be assumed that the genus originated there. Although some species are geographically widespread, their habitat is limited to certain ecological areas. Most belong to the plant community of the wet or humid lowland forest on river banks, a single one to the drier Cerrado community . The only condylocarpon species found outside of continental South America can also grow in coastal regions .

Like R. Govaerts, Mary E. Fallen recognized only seven species:

  • Condylocarpon amazonicum (= Condylocarpon reticulatum = Condylocarpon occidentale ): It occurs in tropical South America.
  • Condylocarpon glabrum : It was only found in Brazil.
  • Condylocarpon guyanense : It occurs in Guyana, French Guayaya and northern Brazil.
  • Condylocarpon intermedium (= Condylocarpon intermedium var. Brevifolium Müll.Arg = Condylocarpon obtusiusculum = Condylocarpon breviarticulatum = Condylocarpon longii ). With the subspecies:
    • Condylocarpon intermedium subsp. intermedium : It occurs in tropical America.
    • Condylocarpon intermedium subsp. laxum (Müll.Arg.) Fallen (= Condylocarpon gracile ): It occurs only in Brazil.
  • Condylocarpon isthmicum (= Echites isthmica = Condylocarpon rauwolfiae = Maycockia rauwolfiae = Condylocarpon rauwolfiae var. Acuminatum Müll.Arg. = Condylocarpon rauwolfiae var. Tomentosum Müll.Arg. = Condylocarpon obtusiusculum . It occurs from Brazil to north-eastern Argentina):
  • Condylocarpon myrtifolium (= Hortsmania myrtifolia ): It occurs in tropical South America.
  • Condylocarpon pubiflorum (= Condylocarpon ciliatum = Condylocarpon hirtellum ): It occurs in tropical South America.

Differentiation of the species

  • Petals with reddish brown markings and appendages; Fruits clearly articulated, hairless and flat or angular in cross-section; Leaves opposite or whorled
    • three, sometimes four leaves per node
      • Drawing not on the petals, but pale markings on the petals; Leaves glabrous on both sides; nine to eleven pairs of side ribs : Condylocarpon guyanense
      • Drawing mostly limited to the petal appendages; The underside of the leaves is hairy in places; six to nine pairs of side ribs: Condylocarpon isthmicum
    • Leaves opposite
      • Corolla tube darker at base than at the level of the stamens ; Underside of the leaf sparsely hairy along the midrib : Condylocarpon intermedium
      • Corolla tube not darker at base; Leaves glabrous on both sides: Condylocarpon glabrum
  • Petals without red-brown markings or appendages; pointed fruits with a round cross-section and hairiness or a single hairless partial fruit with only one seed; Leaves opposite
    • hairy fruit, consisting of two partial fruits; Leaves sparsely to densely hairy on the underside; Twigs with light to thick golden brown hairs
      • Stem axis 2.0 to 6.0 mm long; Flowers 4.0 to 5.0 mm long; Petals 2.0 to 5.0 mm long; Ovules arranged in four or five rows; Fruit divided into several non-sloping, downy hairy segments with one seed each: Condylocarpon pubiflorum
      • Stem axis 0.5 to 1.0 mm long; Flowers 3.5 to 4.0 mm long; Petals 1.0 to 1.8 mm long; Ovules arranged in two rows; Fruit covered by long brown hair with only one developing seed per carpel: Condylocarpon amazonicum
    • Fruit consisting of a flattened, hairless carpel with only one seed; Leaves completely glabrous; Twigs glabrous, younger hairy fluffy: Condylocarpon myrtifolium

Scientific recording

The first valid description was made in 1822 by René Desfontaines , who described the species Condylocarpon guyanense on the basis of a fruit-bearing specimen. This had been sent to him by Joseph Martin, director of the Jardin de Botanique de Cayenne . In Prodromus de Candolle recognized two types of condylocarpon in 1844 . In addition to Condylocarpon guyanense , he assigned Echites isthmica Vellozo (1829) to the genus Condylocarpon . He also described the genus Maycockia to give Dr. To honor James Maycock, a physician and naturalist who cataloged the plants of Barbados in the early 19th century . The type of the new genus, Maycockia rauwolfiae , is synonymous with Condylocarpon isthmicum . Because Vellozo's type specimens were lost, the type for Condylocarpon isthmicum is the plate from Echites isthmica , which is contained in Vellozos Flora Fluminensis from 1829. Their poor quality was determined by de Candolle in 1844 in connection with the new connection as well as by Müller in 1860 in his later consideration of the group in the Flora Brasiliensis by Martius. Although the plate of Echites isthmica contains flowers and fruits, the flowers are depicted so ambiguously that one can see little more than the structure of the crown made up of five parts. Hence the type must have been a fruit-bearing specimen. When de Candolle described the genus Maycockia , the two Condylocarpon species of that time, Condylocarpon guyanense and Condylocarpon isthmicum , were only known from fruit-bearing specimens. Since the type for Maycockia was based on a flowering specimen, the erroneous assignment is understandable.

In 1851 Miquel published the description of a liana collected in Suriname from the dog poison family , which showed similarities with Tabernaemontana and Ochrosia . He named this after Nicolas Hortsman, an early explorer in the Guyanas and Pará . Hortsmania is synonymous with condylocarpon . It is possible that Miquel classified the specimen incorrectly because of the unusual fruit for Condylocarpon species, in which only one of the pistils in pairs develops; Instead of the paired, clearly multi-membered fruits typical for most species of the genus, Condylocarpon myrtifolium bears a single fruit with only one seed. Müller's monograph of the genus was published in 1860 in his consideration of the poisonous plants in the Flora Brasiliensis by Martius. He was the first to combine Maycockia and Hortsmania with condylocarpon . In addition, he described seven new species based on specimens that well-known collectors such as Schott, Riedel, Spruce and Sellow had collected in Brazil.

Rhipidia is also synonymous with condylocarpon . Described by Margrave in 1926 on the basis of a fruit-bearing specimen that had been collected in Pará as Anechites amazonica , Rhipidia was raised to generic rank by this when it received flowering material in 1930. He recognized the close relationship between Rhipidia and Condylocarpon , but he considered the former to be clearly different due to the short corolla lobes, the high placement of the stamens on the corolla tube, the ovary and the hairy, thread-like fruits. In 1943 Ducke declared Rhipidia synonymous with Condylocarpon . At that time he also described two new condylocarpon species from the Amazon region, Condylocarpon hirtellum , which is synonymous with Condylocarpon pubiflorum , and Condylocarpon reticulatum , synonymous with Condylocarpon amazonicum .

literature

  • Alphonse Pyrame de Candolle : Apocynaceae . In: Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis . Volume 8. 1844. pp. 317-489. (Latin)
  • M. Desfontaines: Description d'un nouveau genre de plantes nommé Condylocarpon . In: Mémoires du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle . Volume 8. Paris 1822. pp. 119-121. (French)
  • A. Ducke: New forest trees and climbers of the Brazilian Amazon . In: Trop. Woods . Volume 76, 1943. pp. 15-32. (English)
  • G. Erdtman: Pollen morphology and plant taxonomy. Angiosperms . Almqvist & Wiksell, Stockholm 1952. p. 539 pp. (English)
  • Mary E. Fallen: A systematic revision of Anechites (Apocynaceae) . In: Brittonia . Volume 35, 1983. (English)
  • J. Francis Macbride: Flora of Peru . Volume 13, Part 5, Number 1. 1959, p. 380. (English)
  • F. Markgraf: New Apocynaceae from South America II . In: Notes of the Botanical Garden and Museum in Berlin-Dahlem . Volume 9. 1926. pp. 959-963.
  • F. Markgraf: New Apocynaceae from South America III . In: Notes of the Botanical Garden and Museum in Berlin-Dahlem . Volume 10. 1930. pp. 1033-1039.
  • F. Margrave: Algumas Apocynáceas novas do Brasil . In: Bradea . Volume 3. 1980. pp. 77-87. (Portuguese?)
  • John Miers : On the Apocynaceae of South America . Williams and Norgate, Edinburgh 1878. (English)
  • Johannes Müller : Apocynaceae . In: Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius : Flora brasiliensis. Enumeratio plantarum in Brasilia hactenus detectarum . Volume 6, part 1. 1860. pp. 1–196, plates 1–53, of which plates 19 and 20 condylocarpon. (Latin)
  • M. Pichon: Classification des Apocynacées. I. Carissées et Ambélaniées . In: Mémoires du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle . Volume 24. 1948. (French)
  • M. Pichon: Classification des Apocynacées. IX. Rauwolfiées, Alstoniées, Allamandées et Tabernaémontanoidées . In: Mémoires du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle . Volume 27. 1948. (French)
  • M. Pichon: Classification des Apocynacées. XXV. Echitoidées et suppl. aux plumérioidées . In: Mémoires du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle . Series B, Bot. 1. 1951. pp. 1–174 (French)
  • B. Schick: Investigations into the biotechnology of the Apocynaceae flower. I. Morphology and function of the scar head . In: Flora . Volume 170, 1980.
  • Karl Moritz Schumann : Apocynaceae . In: Adolf Engler and Carl Prantl : The natural plant families . Volume 4, part 2. Leipzig 1897. pp. 109-189.
  • George Ledyard Stebbins : Adaptive radiation of reproductive characteristics in angiosperms, II. Seeds and seedlings . In: Annual Rev. Ecol. Sys. 2. 1971. (English)
  • José Mariano da Conceição Vellozo: Apocynaceae . In: Flora Fluminensis . Volume 3. 1827. (Latin)

Web links

Commons : Condylocarpon  - collection of images, videos and audio files
photos

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Condylocarpon isthmicum at IPNI
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Condylocarpon. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved November 16, 2018.