Mandevilla

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Mandevilla
Chilean jasmine (Mandevilla laxa) - illustration

Chilean jasmine ( Mandevilla laxa ) - illustration

Systematics
Euasterids I
Order : Enzianartige (Gentianales)
Family : Dog poison family (Apocynaceae)
Subfamily : Apocynoideae
Tribe : Mesechiteae
Genre : Mandevilla
Scientific name
Mandevilla
Lindl.

Mandevilla ( Syn .: Dipladenia A.DC. ) is a genus of about 110 to 175 species of neotropical lianas , climbing plants or subshrubs in the family of the dog poison plants (Apocynaceae). Some species can be found in culture and in Europe as indoor or garden plants.

description

Habitus

Mandevilla species are typically pendulous climbers, but some species have an erect, recumbent, or climbing habit . In some species, parts of the stem axes lignify like in a subshrub ( lianas ). Most of the species have terrestrial roots, at least one species, Mandevilla boliviensis in Costa Rica, but lives epiphytically on other plants.

root

The rooting is allorhiz with a vertical, cylindrical, thin and woody taproot . The roots are four-rayed (tetrarch), with four xylem strands . In the lower part of the root, the side roots go from the tap root. At least some Mandevilla species, such as Mandevilla velutina or Mandevilla illustris , develop beets as underground storage organs through thickening of the main root . These mainly store water for dry periods.

leaves

The simple leaves are petiolate and are opposite to the stem axis . The blade is thin and membranous or paper-like, rarely leathery. The leaf shape is very constant within the species, only highly variable in some species from Central America, such as M. tubiflora . The leaves are slightly hairy in almost all species, exceptions are, for example, Mandevilla acutiloba and Mandevilla subsagittata .

Typical of the genus is the presence of glands , adaxial (on the upper side of the leaf) on the midrib. The glands are spindle-shaped and hardly or not at all palpable. In the species of the subgenus Mandevilla the glands are only at the base of the midrib , in the subgenus Exosthostemon they are unevenly scattered over the entire vein. The nodes of the stem axis are also glandular in most species, here the glands of everything concentrate on the axils of the petioles.

Stipules are present.

Inflorescences and flowers

Mandevilla sanderi
Mandevilla sanderi

The inflorescences are terminal or in the leaf axils emerging panicles and rarely contain more than twelve flowers . Depending on the species, the flower diameter varies between less than 1 cm and 5 cm, and in some cultivated forms even more. Each flower stalk arises from the axilla of a single bract . The bract is often dry and cuticle-like or foil-like, it falls off when the fruit is ripe.

The hermaphrodite flowers are fivefold. The calyx consists of five sepals . These are egg-shaped, narrowly elliptical or almost linear. At the base of the sepals there are multicellular trichomes called collaterals , which can secrete mucus .

The crown is either funnel-shaped or saucer-shaped. The color varies between white, yellowish, light yellow, reddish, violet or purple. More rarely, the crown is multi-colored. The five lobes are egg-shaped, narrowly egg-shaped or vice versa. The inside of the inflorescence is hairy downy.

There is only a circle of five stamens . The stamens never reach out of the flower envelope. The anthers are elongated, or narrowly elongated, typically they are sticking out and fused with the pestle . The filaments are not overgrown and hairy.

The ovary is on top. The stylus head is umbrella-shaped and often pentagonal. The two carpels are apocarp, that is, they are not fused, but touch at the tip.

Fruit and seeds

The fruits are apocarpic , not fused, or very rarely syncarpic, fused capsule fruits . They are cylindrical or pearl-shaped. Usually they are hairy or glandular, rarely bald.

The numerous seeds are elongated or stocky and furrowed lengthways. They are cropped on one side.

pollination

Pollination of Mandevilla works via zoogamy , that is, pollination by animals. Investigations on Mandevilla pentlandiana in Argentina revealed bumblebees ( Bombus ), the western honey bee ( Apis mellifera ) and the golden-bellied emerald hummingbird ( Chlorostilbon lucidus ), a hummingbird , as pollinators. The plant offers nectar to the pollinators . The same investigation showed that a single flower always contains around 2 milligrams of sugar (an inflorescence around 11 milligrams), and that it produces a total of around 5 to 6 milligrams when it is open for several days.

ingredients

The plants contain a white (poisonous) milky sap .

distribution

Species of Mandevilla are common in almost the entire Neotropic , that is, in the tropical part of America. About 90 species are native to South America . In Central America there are 21, with the diversity center in Mexico and Guatemala. The northern border of the distribution area runs through Mexico, the southern border through Argentina.

Synonyms / etymology

The valid scientific name of the genus is Mandevilla , after Henry John Mandeville (1773–1861), a British envoy to Argentina who brought the first specimens of Mandevilla laxa to England. Another version in which the genus was named after Jehan de Mandeville , a medieval knight, is incorrect.

The most common synonym for the Mandevilla is Dipladenia A.DC. , a name derived from the Greek δίπλόος [diplóos] (= double), to δι- [di-] (= two) and αδήν [aden] (= gland), after the two glands on the edge of the scar head. The species and varieties are still known under this name in trade and horticulture.

Other less used synonyms are Amblyanthera garbage. Arg. , Eriadenia Miers , Laseguea A.DC. , Mitozus Miers and Salpinctes Woodson .

Mandevilla boliviensis
Chilean jasmine ( Mandevilla laxa )
Mandevilla subsagittata

Systematics

The genus Mandevilla belongs to the tribe Mesechiteae , in the subfamily Apocynoideae , the family dog poison plants (Apocynaceae). In addition to her seven genera belong to this tribe: Allomarkgrafia , Forsteronia , Macrosiphonia , Mesechites , Quiotania , Telosiphonia and Tintinnabularia . Genetic studies have shown that the genera Telosiphonia and Macrosiphonia are the two closest relatives of Mandevilla .

As with many tropical genera, the division into species is not completely clear. Around 110 to 175 species are currently counted in the genus. A selection of these are:

Culture

Mandevilla species and their varieties have been in culture for over 100 years. In the Wilhelminian era in particular, climbing plants were popular indoor plants, but then went a little out of fashion. The Mandevilla have been very popular again since around the year 2000 . However, they are usually treated with compressing agents , which intervene in the formation of the gibberellic acid responsible for elongation growth , in order to achieve a compact shape for the window sill.

The most popular species is Mandevilla sanderi with often paired, pink flowers with a yellow center. There are innumerable hybrids of this species in various shades of pink. Also widespread are Mandevilla splendens , with particularly large pink-white flowers or Mandevilla boliviensis with white flowers and a yellow calyx.

The Chilean jasmine ( Mandevilla laxa ) with its pure white flowers is particularly popular as a garden plant .

The recent popularity is also related to two new varieties 'Sundaville' and 'Tropidenia'. Both varieties form beets and can therefore survive a dry phase in which they are not poured. They were bred on Mandevilla sanderi and are registered trademarks . The 'Sundaville' brand is owned by Suntory Flowers Limited from Japan, whereas the 'Tropidenia' brand is registered to Jörg Meyer from Switzerland.

literature

  • J. Francisco Morales: A synopsis of the genus Mandevilla (Apocynaceae) in Mexico and Central America . In: Brittonia . tape 50 , no. 2 . The New York Botanical Garden , 1998, p. 214-232 .
  • Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius, August Wilhelm Eichler, Ignatz Urban (eds.): Flora Brasiliensis . VI, Part I, Fasc. 26, July 30, 1860, pp. 119-120 ( online [accessed August 7, 2007]).

Web links

Commons : Mandevilla  - collection of images, videos and audio files

References and comments

  1. ↑ Alwyn H. Gentry, CH Dodson: Diversity and Biogeography of Neotropical Vascular Epiphytes . In: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden . tape 74 , no. 2 , 1987, pp. 233 ( abstract ).
  2. ↑ Beatriz Appezzato-d-Glora, Maria Emília Maranhão Estelita: The developmental anatomy of the subterranean system in Mandevilla illustris (Vell.) Woodson and M. velutina (Mart. Ex Stadelm.) Woodson (Apocynaceae) . In: Revista brasil. Bot. Band 23 , no. 1 . São Paulo March 2000, p. 27–35 ( scielo.br [PDF; 1.3 MB ]).
  3. ^ A b André O. Simões, Mary E. Endress, Timotheüs van der Niet, Luiza S. Kinoshita, Elena Conti: Tribal and intergeneric relationships of Mesechiteae (Apocynoideae, Apocynaceae): evidence from three noncoding plastid DNA regions and morphology . In: American Journal of Botany . tape 91 , 2004, p. 1409–1418 ( amjbot.org [PDF; 108 kB ]).
  4. ↑ C. Torres, L. Galetto: Patterns and implications of floral nectar secretion, chemical composition, removal effects and standing crop in Mandevilla pentlandiana (Apocynaceae) . In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society . tape 127 , no. 3 , July 1998, pp. 207-223 .
  5. ↑ Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names . Extended Edition. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Free University Berlin Berlin 2018. [1]
  6. ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 , p. 364 (reprint from 1996).
  7. ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. P. 211.
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Taxus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved November 2, 2017.
  9. ↑ Houseplants A to Z. In: Plants & Gardeners. Retrieved August 14, 2007 .
This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on August 22, 2007 .